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Patterns of PCB-138 Occurrence in the Breast Milk of Primiparae and Multiparae Using SHapley Additive exPlanations Analysis

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Artificial Intelligence: Theory and Applications

Part of the book series: Studies in Computational Intelligence ((SCI,volume 973))

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Abstract

Breastfeeding provides numerous health benefits for newborns by meeting infants’ nutritional needs and supporting associated immunological protection. Maternal milk is high in fat, and therefore, represents a very suitable medium for the bioaccumulation of lipophilic pollutants, such as organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). This makes breast milk the infant’s primary source of postnatal exposure to persistent toxic xenobiotics. In this study, we applied a novel SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) method to examine the key parameters that govern the distribution of PCB-138, an indicator of non-dioxin congeners, in the mother’s milk. According to the accuracy metrics, the eXtreme Gradient Boosting regression was employed successfully, with a predicted/observed relative error below 20% and a high correlation coefficient (r \(=\) 0.97), for modeling the relationships between PCB-138 and other non-dioxin congeners, the mother’s age, and the number of births. According to the results, PCB-156, PCB-180, HCB, HCH and PCB-118 have a major impact, while PCB-28, PCB-52 and PCB-189 have a minor impact on PCB-138 distribution in breast milk. Similar contaminant behaviors, which belong to both the indicator congener group (−28, −52, −180) and the toxicologically relevant PCBs (−118, −189), were also noted. The SHAP conclusions were only partially consistent with the results of the correlation analysis suggesting that POPs exhibit non-linear dynamics and interrelations. Therefore, current knowledge on the contamination of complex biomatrices would benefit from further detailed analyses of pollutant intermittent relationships.

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Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the funding provided by the Institute of Physics, Belgrade, through a grant by the Ministry of Education, Science, and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia and the bilateral scientific research project between the Republic of Serbia and Croatia 2019–2021 (No. 337-00-205/2019-09/22) “Persistent Organic Compounds in breast milk and their effects on the level of primary DNA damage in human cells”. Also, this paper was financed by the Science Fund of the Republic of Serbia #GRANT No. 6524105, AI—ATLAS.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Physics Belgrade, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Environment and Sustainable Development, Singidunum University, Belgrade, Serbia

    Gordana Jovanović & Mirjana Perišić

  2. Department of Health Studies, University of Zadar, Zadar, Croatia

    Marijana Matek Sarić

  3. Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, PO Box 291, 10001, Zagreb, Croatia

    Snježana Herceg Romanić

  4. Environment and Sustainable Development, Singidunum University, Belgrade, Serbia

    Svetlana Stanišić

  5. Institute of Physics Belgrade, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia

    Marija Mitrović Dankulov

  6. Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia

    Aleksandar Popović

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  1. Gordana Jovanović
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  2. Marijana Matek Sarić
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  3. Snježana Herceg Romanić
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Correspondence to Gordana Jovanović .

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  1. Singidunum University, Belgrade, Serbia

    Endre Pap

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Jovanović, G. et al. (2021). Patterns of PCB-138 Occurrence in the Breast Milk of Primiparae and Multiparae Using SHapley Additive exPlanations Analysis. In: Pap, E. (eds) Artificial Intelligence: Theory and Applications. Studies in Computational Intelligence, vol 973. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72711-6_11

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