Skip to main content

The Untapped Potential: The Inclusive, Personal and Co-created Public Service Experience in Europe

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Digitalization of Democratic Processes in Europe

Abstract

For a representative public sector serving society, personal and proactive service delivery remains a largely uptapped potential in Europe. Personalized service delivery has the potential of increasing the perceived quality and personal value of existing public services. If delivered proactively, it can increase the inclusiveness of service delivery as end-users no longer have to identify and request service entitlements. From an efficiency perspective, personalized and proactive services utilize the data and insights government entities already have, can help them reduce administrative burdens and increase productive by automate service production to a greater extend. To date, governments and the public sector have not yet changed the service delivery model facilitating a new personalized and proactive service model. While the enabling concepts of both service personalization, user-engagement and co-creation (both direct and indirect) have long been known and the technology exist, the required regulatory and procedural changes have not materialized. It is therefore up to the end-users to demand more responsive, personalized and proactive service delivery inorder to create more value for their taxes and more personal value. While legal barriers, privacy and security issues are often used as an excuse for the lack of personalized and proactive service delivery to citizens, this article highlights the key challenges in light of the current state of affairs and proposes a number of potential solutions to these—including for user-engagement in the re-design of existing services and the co-creation of new ones. On the basis of European data and experiences in countries as diverse as Denmark, Portugal and the UK, this paper illustrates how the objective of increased online self-service can be underpinned by a changed approach to the reuse of existing government data, increasing efficiency and value creation through user-centric segmentation and the merger of relevant content, personal data and transactions.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • AMA - Agência para a Modernização Administrativ.: Guia de usabilidade: Lista de verificação. AMA - Agência para a Modernização Administrativa (2017).

    Google Scholar 

  • AMA - Agência para a Modernização Administrativ.: Usabilidade.gov.pt. AMA - Agência para a Modernização Administrativa (2017).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ae Chun, S. et al.: Collaborative e-Government. Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy 6 (1), 5–12 (2012).

    Google Scholar 

  • Andersen, K. V., Henriksen, H. Z.: E-government maturity models: Extension of the Layne and Lee model. Government Information Quarterly 23(2), 236–248 (2006).

    Google Scholar 

  • Björklund, F.: E-government and Moral Citizenship: The Case of Estonia. Citizenship Studies 20(6–7), 914–931 (2016).

    Google Scholar 

  • Le Blanc, D., Settecasi, N.: E-participation: A Quick Overview of Recent Qualitative Trends (2020).

    Google Scholar 

  • Boughzala, I., et al.: E-government 2.0: Back to Reality, a 2.0 Application to Vet. Case Studies in eGovernment 2.0, pp. 1–14. Springer (2015).

    Google Scholar 

  • de Bri, F., Bannister, F.: E-Government Stage Models: A Contextual Critique. System Sciences (HICSS), 2015 48th Hawaii International Conference on (New Jersey, 2015), pp. 2222–2231 (2015).

    Google Scholar 

  • Brynjolfsson, E., McAfee, A.: Race Against The Machine: How The Digital Revolution Is Accelerating Innovation, Driving Productivity, and Irreversibly Transforming Employment and The Economy (2012).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cegarra-Navarro, J.-G., et al.: 2014. Technology Knowledge and Governance: Empowering citizen engagement and participation. Government Information Quarterly 31 (4), 660–668 (2014).

    Google Scholar 

  • Chadwick, A., May, C.: Interaction Between States and Citizens in the Age of the Internet: “e-Government” in the United States, Britain, and the European Union. Governance 16(2), 271–300 (2003).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohn, M.: User Stories Applied: For Agile Software Development. Addison-Wesley Professional (2004).

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, F. D.: Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use, and User Acceptance of Information Technology on JSTOR. MIS Quarterly 13(3), 319–340 (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  • DIGST - Digitaliseringsstyrelsen: God selvbetjening. DIGST - Digitaliseringsstyrelsen (2017a).

    Google Scholar 

  • DIGST - Digitaliseringsstyrelsen: The digital path to future welfare: Joint national eGovernment strategy 2011–2015. DIGST -Digitaliseringsstyrelsen (2011).

    Google Scholar 

  • DIGST - Digitaliseringsstyrelsen: Udviklingsvejledning for god selvbetjening: Kravbanken. DIGST - Digitaliseringsstyrelsen (2017b).

    Google Scholar 

  • EC - DG Communications Networks, C.& T: Public Services Online - ‘Digital by Default or by Detour?’’ - Assessing User Centric eGovernment performance in Europe – eGovernment Benchmark 2012’ (2012).

    Google Scholar 

  • Elmer 3.0: http://www.brreg.no/elmer/. Accessed: 2015-03-01 (2014).

  • Farias, P. et al.: Governments that Serve: Innovations that Improve Service Delivery to Citizens (2017).

    Google Scholar 

  • Frissen, V., et al.: Public Services 2.0: Key Areas in the Public Sector Impact of Social Computing (2009).

    Google Scholar 

  • Furuli, K., Kongsrud, S.: Mypage and Borgendk: A Case Study of Two Government Service Web Portals. Asymptotic and Computational Methods in Spatial Statistics, p. 59 (2009).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gallo, C., et al.: Study on eGovernment and the Reduction of Administrative (2012).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gallo, C., et al.: Study on eGovernment and the Reduction of Administrative Burden. European Commission (2014).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gauld, R., et al.: Do They Want It? Do They Use It? The ‘Demand-Side’ of e-Government in Australia and New Zealand. Government Information Quarterly. 27(2), 177–186 (2010).

    Google Scholar 

  • GDS - Government Digital Service: Digital Service Standard - Service Manual. GDS - Government Digital Service (2017).

    Google Scholar 

  • gov.uk: https://www.gov.uk/service-manual/service-standard. Accessed: 2018-02-01 (2018).

  • Haque, S., Pathrannarakul, P.: E-Government Towards Good Governance: A Global Appraisal. Journal of E-governance 36(1), 25–34 (2013).

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, T. M., et al.: Open Government and e-government: Democratic Challenges from a Public Value Perspective. Information Polity 17(2), 83–97 (2012).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hernández, G. I., et al.: Knowledge-Based Public Service Transactions: An Intelligent Model-Driven Approach in Co-learning Contexts. Computers in Human Behavior 51, 1032–1041 (2015).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • IDABC, E. C.: Identity Management for pan-European e-government Services (2009).

    Google Scholar 

  • Information Society Household Survey: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/informationsociety/data/database (2020).

  • Janowski, T.: Digital Government Evolution: From Transformation to Contextualization. Government Information Quarterly 32(3), 221–236 (2015).

    Google Scholar 

  • Karakiza, M.: The Impact of Social Media in the Public Sector. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 175(0), 384–392 (2015).

    Google Scholar 

  • Krishnan, S., et al.: Determinants of Electronic Participation and Electronic Government Maturity: Insights from Cross-Country Data. International Journal of Information Management 37(4), 297–312 (2017).

    Google Scholar 

  • Layne, K., Lee, J.: Developing Fully Functional E-government: A Four Stage Model. Government Information Quarterly 18(2), 122–136 (2001).

    Google Scholar 

  • Leitner, C., et al.: eGovernment in Europe: The State of Affairs (2003).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lember, V., et al.: The Potential Impacts of Digital Technologies on Co-production and Co-creation. Public Management Review 21(11), 1665–1686 (2019).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lopes, N. V., et al.: Research Gaps on Public Service Delivery. ICEGOV ’17: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance (New York, 2017), 465–474 (2017).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lörincz, B., et al.: Digitizing Public Services in Europe: Putting Ambition into Action (2010).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lusoli, W., et al.: Pan-European Survey of Practices, Attitudes and Policy Preferences as Regards Personal Identity Data Management. JRC Scientific and Policy Reports, EUR. 25295 (2012).

    Google Scholar 

  • McGregor, E. B.: Public Service As Institution: The Conversation Continued. Public Administration Review 42(4), 316–320 (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  • Meijer, A.: Co-production in an Information Age: Individual and Community Engagement Supported by New Media. VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations 23(4), 1156–1172 (2012).

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyerhoff Nielsen, M.: eGovernance and Cooperation Models for Online Service Supply and Citizen Use: A Comparative Analysis of Denmark and Japan. JeDEM - Journal of eDemocracy and Open Government, CeDEM Issue: Best Papers from CeDEM Asia 16 and CeDEM17 Conferences 9(2), 68–107 (2017).

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyerhoff Nielsen, M.: Enablers and Obstacles: The Influence of Internet Coverage, Penetration and Digital Literacy on eParticipation. ePart’09 Conference (2009).

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyerhoff Nielsen, M.: Governance Lessons from Denmark’s Digital Transformation. Proceedings of the 20th Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research, pp. 456–461 (2019).

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyerhoff Nielsen, M.: Identifying eGovernment Success Factors: An Analysis of Selected National Governance Models and Their Experiences in Digitising Service Delivery. Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Electronic Governance and Open Society: Challenges in Eurasia, pp. 19–25 (2014a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyerhoff Nielsen, M.: Online Usability and Value Creation: Comparing the Usability Criteria and Governance Models in Denmark, Portugal, UK and USA. dms - der moderne staat. Digital Transformation in the Public Sector: From Design to Effect.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyerhoff Nielsen, M.: Supply and Use of Citizen eServices: An Analysis of Selected National Experiences in Relation to Existing Governance and Cooperation Models. NISPAcee Journal of Public Administration and Policy (2015).

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyerhoff Nielsen, M.: Tackling Identity Management, Service Delivery, and Social Security Challenges. ICEGOV2019: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance (New York City, 2019), 1–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyerhoff Nielsen, M.: The Good User Experience: Content, Self-Service and borger.dk. Presentation to IDA – Infocomm Development Authority of Singapore, 27 February 2014. DIGST - Digitaliseringsstyrelsen (2014b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyerhoff Nielsen, M., Krimmer, R.: Reuse of Data for Personal and Proactive Service: An Opportunity Not Yet Utilised. CeDEM15: Conference for E-Democracy and Open Government (Krems an der Donau, 2015), 273 (2015).

    Google Scholar 

  • Millard, J.: Are You Being Served?: Transforming e-government Through Service Personalisation. International Journal of Electronic Government Research (IJEGR) 7(4), 1–18 (2011).

    Google Scholar 

  • Millard, J., et al.: eParticipation Recommendations-Focusing on the European Level (2009).

    Google Scholar 

  • Millard, J.: European Strategies for e-Governance to 2020 and Beyond. In: Ojo, A., Millard, J. (eds.), Government 3.0–Next Generation Government Technology Infrastructure and Services, pp. 1–25. Springer (2017).

    Google Scholar 

  • Millard, J.: Government 1.5 - Is the Bottle Half Full or Half Empty? European Journal of ePractice 9, 35–48 (2010).

    Google Scholar 

  • Millard, J., Meyerhoff Nielsen, M.: European eParticipation Summary Report (2009).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ngini, C. U., et al.: Assessing the Global Accessibility of the Internet. Internet Research 12(4), 329–338 (2002).

    Google Scholar 

  • Nielsen, J.: Designing Web Usability: The Practice of Simplicity. New Riders Publishing (1999).

    Google Scholar 

  • Nielsen, J.: Usability Engineering. Elsevier (1994a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Nielsen, J.: Usability Inspection Methods. Conference Companion on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 413–414 (1994b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Nielsen, M. M.: Tutorial: How to Create an Ecosystem and Framework for Digital Public Sector Service Delivery. 2019 Sixth International Conference on eDemocracy & eGovernment (ICEDEG), pp. 6–9 (2019).

    Google Scholar 

  • Noveck, B. S.: Smart Citizens, Smarter State: The Technologies of Expertise and the Future of Governing. Harvard University Press (2015).

    Google Scholar 

  • OECD - Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development: Recommendation of the Council on Digital Government Strategies 15 July 2014 - C(2014)88. OECD (2014).

    Google Scholar 

  • OECD - Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development: Understanding Digital Divide (2001).

    Google Scholar 

  • Official Journal of the European Union: Directive 2003/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 November 2003 on the Re-use of Public Sector Information. Official Journal of the European Union, Official Journal L 345, 90–96 (2003).

    Google Scholar 

  • Official Journal of the European Union: Directive 2009/136/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of 25 November 2009 Amending Directive 2002/22/EC on Universal Service and Users’ Rights Relating to Electronic Communications Networks and Services, Directive 2002/58/EC Concerning the Proc. Official Journal of the European Union L 337, 11–36 (2009).

    Google Scholar 

  • Official Journal of the European Union: Directive 95/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 October 1995 on the Protection of Individuals with Regard to the Processing of Personal Data and on the Free Movement of Such Data. Official Journal of the European Union, Official Journal L 281, 31–50 (1995).

    Google Scholar 

  • Official Journal of the European Union: Regulation 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC (General Data Pr. Official Journal of the European Union, Official Journal L 119/1 (2016).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ozols, G., Meyerhoff Nielsen, M.: Connected Government Approach for Customer-Centric Public Service Delivery: Comparing Strategic, Governance and Technological Aspects in Latvia, Denmark and the United Kingdom (2018).

    Google Scholar 

  • Panagiotopoulos, P., et al.: Public Value Creation in Digital Government. Elsevier (2019).

    Google Scholar 

  • Peixoto, T., Fox, J.: When does ICT-Enabled Citizen Voice Lead to Government Responsiveness? World Bank, Washington, DC (2016).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Perez, C.: Technological Revoltions and Techno-Economic Paradigms. Technology Governance and Economic Dynamics 20, 1–26 (2009).

    Google Scholar 

  • Perez, C.: Unleashing a Golden Age After the Financial Collapse: Drawing Lessons from History. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions. 6, 9–23 (2013).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rose, J., et al.: Managing e-Government: Value Positions and Relationships. Information Systems Journal 25(5), 531–571 (2015).

    Google Scholar 

  • Roseth, B., et al.: Wait No More: Citizens, Red Tape, and Digital Government (2017).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosson, M. B., Carroll, J. M.: Scenario-Based Design. In: Jacko, J., Sears, A. (eds.) The Human-Computer Interaction Handbook: Fundamentals, Evolving Technologies and Emerging Applications, pp. 1032–1050. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates (2002).

    Google Scholar 

  • Savoldelli, A., et al.: Understanding the e-government Paradox: Learning from Literature and Practice on Barriers to Adoption. Government Information Quarterly 31(SUPPL.1), S63–S71 (2014).

    Google Scholar 

  • Scaran, V., et al.: Fostering Citizens’ Participation and Transparency with Social Tools and Personalization. In: Ojo, Adegboyega, Millard, J. (eds.) Government 3.0 – Next Generation Government Technology Infrastructure and Services Roadmaps, Enabling Technologies & Challenges, pp. 197–218. Springer (2017).

    Google Scholar 

  • Shneiderman, B.: Designing the User Interface: Strategies for Effective Human-Computer Interaction. Pearson Education India (2010).

    Google Scholar 

  • Shneiderman, B.: Universal Usability. Communications of the ACM 43(5), 84–91 (2000).

    Google Scholar 

  • Solvak, M., et al.: E-governance Diffusion: Population Level e-service Adoption Rates and Usage Patterns. Telematics and Informatics 36(August), 39–54 (2018).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tambouris, E., et al.: eParticipation in Europe: Current State and Practical Recommendations. E-government Success Around the World: Cases, Empirical Studies, and Practical Recommendations, pp. 341–357. IGI Global (2013).

    Google Scholar 

  • Toots, M.: Why E-participation Systems Fail: The Case of Estonia’s Osale.ee. Government Information Quarterly 36(3), 546–559 (2019).

    Google Scholar 

  • Traunmüller, R., Wimmer, M. A.: E-government at a Decisive Moment: Sketching a Roadmap to Excellence. Electronic Government, pp. 1–14. Springer (2003).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ubaldi, B., et al.: Denmark: Efficinet e-Government for Smart Service Delivery (2010).

    Google Scholar 

  • UNDESA - United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs: E-Government Survey 2012: E-Government for the people. United Nations (2012).

    Google Scholar 

  • Urciuoli, L., et al.: Drivers and Barriers Affecting Usage of e-Customs—A Global Survey with Customs Administrations Using Multivariate Analysis Techniques. Government Information Quarterly 30(4), 473–485 (2013).

    Google Scholar 

  • Venkatesh, V., Davis, F. D.: A Theoretical Extension of the Technology Acceptance Model: Four Longitudinal Field Studies. Management Science 46(2), 186–204 (2000).

    Google Scholar 

  • Warfield, J. N.: An Introduction to Systems Science. World Scientific (2006).

    Google Scholar 

  • Waters, J. K.: The Abcs of Identity Management. CSO, January (2004).

    Google Scholar 

  • Williamson, A., Meyerhoff Nielsen, M.: In: P. Parycek and N. Edelmann (eds.) Strategies for Building and Sustaining Successful User-Engagement. A Model, Tool Box and Check List for a One-Off or Cyclical Process. Conference for E-democracy and Open Governmnet, pp. 439–448. Donau-Universität Krems (2013).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wimmer, M. A., et al.: Once Only Principle: Benefits, Barriers and Next Steps. Proceedings of the 18th Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research, pp. 602–603 (2017).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This article is a result of the project “SmartEGOV: Harnessing EGOV for Smart Governance (Foundations, methods, Tools)/NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000037”, supported by Norte Portugal Regional Operational Programme (NORTE 2020), under the PORTUGAL 2020 Partnership Agreement, through the European Regional Development Fund (EFDR).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Morten Meyerhoff Nielsen .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Nielsen, M.M. (2021). The Untapped Potential: The Inclusive, Personal and Co-created Public Service Experience in Europe. In: Musiał-Karg, M., Luengo, Ó.G. (eds) Digitalization of Democratic Processes in Europe. Studies in Digital Politics and Governance. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71815-2_13

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics