Skip to main content

Perinatal Patients with Symptoms of Depression

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Women's Mood Disorders

Abstract

Approximately 10–20% of women experience perinatal depression (PND) (Gaynes et al., AHRQ Evid Rep Summ. 119:1–8, 2005). PND is often underdiagnosed and underreported, due in part to the overlap in PND symptoms and normative changes that occur during the perinatal period (Leung and Kaplan, J Am Diet Assoc 109:1566–1575, 2009). Further, many women experiencing PND feel hesitant to share struggles with health professionals and loved ones, often due to societal stigma and the shame associated with feeling depressed during a time when they are expected to feel joy (Dennis and Chung-Lee, Birth. 33:323–331). This pause that mothers may have in opening up about their experience can make women feel alone during this time, thereby worsening mental health outcomes (McCarthy and McMahon Health Care Women Int 29:618–637, 2008). PND is one of the most common complications that perinatal women experience, above and beyond many other prominent pregnancy or delivery-related complications (e.g., preeclampsia, c-section) (Robertson et al., Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 26:289–295, 2004).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Gaynes BN, Gavin NI, Meltzer-Brody S, Lohr KN, Swinson T, Gartlehner G, et al. Perinatal depression: prevalence, screening accuracy, and screening outcomes. AHRQ Evid Rep Summ. 2005;119:1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Leung BMY, Kaplan BJ. Perinatal depression: prevalence, risks, and the nutrition link—a review of the literature. J Am Diet Assoc. 2009;109(9):1566–75.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Dennis C-L, Chung-Lee L. Postpartum depression help-seeking barriers and maternal treatment preferences: a qualitative systematic review. Birth. 2006;33(4):323–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. McCarthy M, McMahon C. Acceptance and experience of treatment for postnatal depression in a community mental health setting. Health Care Women Int. 2008;29(6):618–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Robertson E, Grace S, Wallington T, Stewart DE. Antenatal risk for postpartum depression: a synthesis of recent literature. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2004;26(4):289–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Arlington: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  7. Stuart-Parrigon K, Stuart S. Perinatal depression: an update and overview. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2014;16(9):468.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. O’Hara MW, Wisner KL. Perinatal mental illness: definition, description and aetiology. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2014;28(1):3–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. O’Hara MW, Zekoski EM, Philipps LH, Wright EJ. Controlled prospective study of postpartum mood disorders: comparison of childbearing and nonchildbearing women. J Abnorm Psychol. 1990;99(1):3–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Melville JL, Gavin A, Guo Y, Fan M-Y, Katon WJ. Depressive disorders during pregnancy: prevalence and risk factors in a large urban sample. Obstet Gynecol. 2010;116(5):1064–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Holdt Somer SJ, Sinkey RG, Bryant AS. Epidemiology of racial/ethnic disparities in severe maternal morbidity and mortality. Semin Perinatol. 2017;41(5):258–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Cox JL, Holden JM, Sagvosky R. Detection of postnatal depression. Development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Br J Psychiatry. 1987;150(6):782–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Adouard F, Glangeaud-Freudenthal NMC, Golse B. Validation of the Edinburgh postnatal depression scale (EPDS) in a sample of women with high-risk pregnancies in France. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2005;8(2):89–95.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Gilbody S, Richards D, Brealey S, Hewitt C. Screening for depression in medical settings with the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ): a diagnostic meta-analysis. J Gen Intern Med. 2007;22:1596–602.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Kroenke K, Spiltzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med. 2001;16(9):606–13.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Le Strat Y, Dubertret C, Le Foll B. Prevalence and correlates of major depressive episode in pregnant and postpartum women in the United States. J Affect Disord. 2011;135(1–3):128–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Zuckerman B, Amaro H, Cabral H. Depressive symptoms during pregnancy: relationship to poor health behaviors. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1989;160(5):1107–11.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Kessler RC, Nelson CB, Mcgonagle KA, Swartz M, Blazer DG. Comorbidity of DSM-III-R major depressive disorder in the general population: results from the US National Comorbidity Survey. Br J Psychiatry. 1996;14

    Google Scholar 

  19. Lindahl V, Pearson JL, Colpe L. Prevalence of suicidality during pregnancy and the postpartum. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2005;8(2):77–87.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Paarlberg K, Vingerhoets A, Passchier J, Dekker G, Van Geijn H. Psychosocial factors and pregnancy outcome: a review with emphasis on methodological issues. J Psychosom Res. 1995;39(5):563–95.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Bonari L, Pinto N, Ahn E, Einarson A, Steiner M, Koren G. Perinatal risks of untreated depression during pregnancy. Can J Psychiatr. 2004;49(11):726–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Hall LA, Kotch JB, Browne D, Raynes MK. Self-esteem as a mediator of the effects of stressors and social resources on depressive symptoms in postpartum mothers. Nurs Res. 1996;45(4):231–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Salmela-Aro K, Nurmi J-E, Saisto T, Halmesmäki E. Goal reconstruction and depressive symptoms during the transition to motherhood: evidence from two cross-lagged longitudinal studies. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2001;81(6):1144–59.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Lovejoy MC, Graczyk PA, O’Hare E, Neuman G. Maternal depression and parenting behavior: a meta-analytic review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2000;20(5):561–92.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Flykt M, Kanninen K, Sinkkonen J, Punamäki R-L. Maternal depression and dyadic interaction: the role of maternal attachment style. Inf Child Develop. 2010;19(5):530–50.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Cadzow SP, Armstrong KL, Fraser JA. Stressed parents with infants: reassessing physical abuse risk factors. Child Abuse Negl. 1999;23(9):845–53.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Gaffney KF, Kitsantas P, Brito A, Swamidoss CSS. Postpartum depression, infant feeding practices, and infant weight gain at six months of age. J Pediatr Health Care. 2014;28(1):43–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Zajicek-Farber ML. Postnatal depression and infant health practices among high-risk women. J Child Fam Stud. 2009;18(2):236–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Beach SRH, Katz J, Kim S, Brody GH. Prospective effects of marital satisfaction on depressive symptoms in established marriages: a dyadic model. J Soc Pers Relat. 2003;20(3):355–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Mamun AA, Clavarino AM, Najman JM, Williams GM, O’Callaghan MJ, Bor W. Maternal depression and the quality of marital relationship: a 14-year prospective study. J Women's Health. 2009;18(12):2023–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Dudley M, Roy K, Kelk N, Bernard D. Psychological correlates of depression in fathers and mothers in the first postnatal year. J Reprod Infant Psychol. 2001;19(3):187–202.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Holden K, Smock P. The economic costs of marital dissolution: why do women bear a disproportionate cost? Annu Rev Sociol. 1991;17(1):51–78.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Matthew J. Cohen .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Cohen, M.J., Lundegard, L., Bernhardt, L., Schiller, C.E. (2021). Perinatal Patients with Symptoms of Depression. In: Cox, E. (eds) Women's Mood Disorders. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71497-0_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71497-0_11

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-71496-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-71497-0

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics