Abstract
Incidences of suicide in Africa, especially among the youths, have been on the rise in recent years, culminating in moral panic, as well as social and public health concerns. In the continent, suicide has been identified as one of the three leading causes of death among those in the most economically productive age group. In spite of the unpredictability of suicide being an outcome of complex human processes, there is evidence that quite a number of factors lead people to engage in it. Therefore, in this chapter, a multifactorial and multidisciplinary approach will be deployed to discuss suicidal behaviour among African youths. This will be guided by an analysis of theories of suicide in fields of sociology, psychology, mental health and criminology. A renewed approach to addressing the problem of suicide among the youth on the continent by decriminalising suicidal behaviour is advocated, with other policy-oriented suggestions, preventive framework and control.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abdulai, T. (2020). Trends of online news media reported suicides in Ghana (1997–2019). BMC Public Health, 20, 35. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-8149-3
Adewuya, A., & Oladipo, E. (2019). Prevalence and associated factors for suicidal behaviours (ideation, planning, and attempt) among high school adolescents in Lagos, Nigeria. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 29(11), 1503–1512. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-019-01462-x
Adinkrah, M. (2011). Epidemiologic characteristics of suicidal behaviour in comtemporary Ghana. Crisis, 32(1), 31–36. https://doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000056
Adinkrah, M. (2016). Anti-suicide laws in Nine African Countries: Criminalization, prosecution and penalization. African Journal of Criminology and Justice Studies, 9(1), 279–292. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303809758_Anti-Suicide_Laws_in_Nine_African_Countries_Criminalization_Prosecution_and_Penalization
Alabi, O., Alabi, A., Ayinde, O., & Abdulmalik, J. (2014). Suicide and suicidal behaviour in Nigeria: A review. Dokita Journal, 5, 50–62. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271748010_Suicide_and_Suicidal_Behavior_in_Nigeria_A_review
Alem, A., Kebede, D., Jacobsson, L., & Kullgren, G. (1999). Suicide attempts among adults in Butajira, Ethiopia. Acta Psychiatry Scandinavica, 100(S397), 70–76. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1999.tb10697.x
Amare, T., Woldeyhannes, S. M., Haile, K., & Yeneabat, T. (2018). Prevalence and associated factors of suicide ideation and attempt among adolescent high school students in Dangila Town, Northwest Ethiopia. Hindawi Psychiatry Journal, 2018, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/7631453
Baumeister, R., & Leary, M. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 497–529. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497
Berkman, L., Glass, T., Brissette, I., & Seeman, T. (2000). From social integration to health: Durkheim in the new millennium. Social Science & Medicine, 51, 843–857. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0277-9536(00)00065-4
Chibanda, D., Sebit, M., & Acuda, S. (2002). Prevalence of major depression in deliberate self-harm individuals in Harare, Zimbabwe. East Africa Medical Journal, 79(5), 263–266. https://doi.org/10.4314/eamj.v79i5.8866
Conwell, Y. (1997). Management of suicidal behavior in the elderly. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 20, 667–683. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0193-953x(05)70336-1
Danigelis, N., & Pope, W. (1979). Durkheim’s theory of suicide as applied to the family: An empirical test. Social Forces, 57, 1081–1106. https://doi.org/10.2307/2577260
Dervic, K., Brent, D. A., & Oquendo, M. A. (2008). Completed suicide in childhood. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 31, 271–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2008.01.006
Dunlavy, A., Aquah, E., & Wilson, M. (2015). Suicidal ideation among school-attending adolescents in dar es salaam, Tanzania. Tanzania Journal of Health Research, 17(1), 147–161. https://doi.org/10.4314/thrb.v17i1.5
Durkheim, E. (1951). Suicide. Free Press.
Gliatto, M., & Rai, A. (1999). Evaluation and treatment of patients with suicidal ideation. American Family Physician, 59(6), 1500–1506. Retrieved from https://www.aafp.org/afp/1999/0315/p1500.html
Gregory, C. (2020, March 2). Suicide and suicide prevention: Understanding the risk factors, prevention, and what we can do to help. Psycom. Retrieved from https://www.psycom.net/depression.central.suicide.html
Hjelmeland, H., & Knizek, B. L. (2011). What kind of research do we need in suicidology today? In International handbook of suicide prevention: Research, policy and practice (pp. 181–198). John Wiley.
Huschka, D., & Mau, S. (2006). Social anomie and racial segregation in South Africa. Social Indicators Research, 76(3), 467–498. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-005-2903-x
Ikealumba, N., & Couper, I. (2006). Suicide and attempted suicide: The Rehoboth experience. Rural Remote Health, 6(535), 1. Retrieved from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17073530/
International Centre for Investigative Reporting. (2019). Nigeria has highest suicide rate in Africa, sixth globally. Abuja: The ICIR. Retrieved February 15, 2020, from https://www.icirnigeria.org/nigeria-has-highest-suicide-rate-in-africa-sixth-globally/
Joiner, T., & Van Orden, K. (2008). The interpersonal psychological theory of suicidal behavior indicates specific and crucial psychotherapeutic targets. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 1, 80–89. https://doi.org/10.1521/ijct.2008.1.1.80
Kaslow, N., Sherry, A., Bethea, K., Wyckoff, S., Compton, M. T., Grall, M. B., et al. (2015). Social risk and protective factors for suicide attempts in low income African American Men and Women. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behaviour, 35(4), 400–411. https://doi.org/10.1521/suli.2005.35.4.400
Kebede, D., & Ketsela, T. (1993). Suicide attempts in Ethiopian adolescents in Addis Abeba high schools. Ethiopian Medical Journal, 31(2), 83–90. Retrieved from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8513783/
Kedebe, D., & Alem, A. (1999). Suicide attempts and ideation among adults in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Acta Psychiatry Scandinavica, 100(S397), 35–39. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1999.tb10692.x
Khasakhala, L. I., Ndetei, D. M., & Mathai, M. (2013). Suicidal behaviour among youths associated with attending outpatient psychiatric clinic in Kenya psychopathology in both parents and youths. Annals of General Psychiatry, 12(13), 2–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1744-859x-12-13
Kinyanda, E., Hjelmeland, H., & Musisi, S. (2004). Deliberate self-harm as seen in Kampala, Uganda. Social Psychiatry Epidemiology, 39(4), 318–325. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-004-0748-2
Klonsky, E. D., May, A. M., & Saffer, B. (2016). Suicide, suicide attempts, and suicidal ideation. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 12(1), 307–330. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-021815-093204
Kootbodien, T., Naicker, N., Wilson, K., Ramesar, R., & London, L. (2020). Trends in Suicide Mortality in South Africa, 1997 to 2016. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(6), 1850. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17061850
Korczak, D. J. (2015). Suicidal ideation and behaviour. Paediatric Child Health, 20(5), 257–260. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4472054/
Markovic, V. (2019). Suicide squad: Boko Haram’s use of the female suicide bomber. Women & Criminal Justice, 29(4–5), 283–302. https://doi.org/10.1080/08974454.2019.1629153
Mars, B., Burrows, S., Hjelmeland, H., & Gunnell, D. (2014). Suicidal behaviour across the African continent: A review of the literature. BMC Public Health, 14, 606. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-606
Merton, R. (1968). Social theory and social structure. Free Press.
Mishara, L., & Weisstubb, D. (2016). The legal status of suicide: A global review. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 44, 54–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlp.2015.08.032
Muula, A., Kazembe, L., Rudatsikira, E., & Siziya, S. (2007). Suicidal ideation and associated factors among in-school adolescents in Zambia. Tanzania Health Research Bulletin, 9(3), 202–206. https://doi.org/10.4314/thrb.v9i3.14331
Naghavi, M. (2019). Global, regional, and national burden of suicide mortality 1990 to 2016: Systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. British Medical Journal, 364, 194. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l94
Ndosi, N., & Waziri, M. (1997). The nature of parasuicide in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania. Social Science Medicine, 44(1), 55–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0277-9536(96)00094-9
Neeleman, J. (1996). Suicide as a crime in the UK: Legal history, international comparisons and present implications. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 94(4), 252–257. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1996.tb09857
Ntseku, M. (2019). Social media pinpointed for rise in youth suicide. Cape Argus: Independent Media. Retrieved May 3, 2020, from https://www.iol.co.za/capeargus/news/social-media-pinpointed-for-rise-in-youth-suicide-34446427
O’Connor, R. C. (2011). Towards an integrated motivational-volitional model of suicidal behaviour. In International handbook of suicide prevention: Research, policy and practice (pp. 181–198). John Wiley.
Offiah, S. A., & Obiorah, C. (2014). Pattern of suicide in Nigeria: The Niger Delta experience. Journal of Medical Investigations and Practice, 9, 8–11. Retrieved from https://www.ajol.info/index.php/jomip/article/view/104670
Omigbodun, O., Dogra, N., Esan, O., & Adedokun, B. (2008). Prevalence and correlates of suicidal behaviour among adolescents in Southwest Nigeria. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 54(1), 34–46. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764007078360
Platt, S. (2011). Inequalities and suicidal behaviour. In International handbook of suicide prevention: Research, policy and practice (pp. 211–234). John Wiley.
Rosenthal, P., & Rosenthal, S. (1984). Suicidal behavior by preschool children. American Journal of Psychiatry, 141, 520–525. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.141.4.520
Sabbath, J. (1969). The suicidal adolescent: The expendable child. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 8, 272–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-7138(09)61906-3
Shilubane, H. N., Ruiter, R., Van Den Borne, B., Sewp, R., James, S., & Reddy, P. (2013). Suicide and related health risk behaviours among school learners in South Africa: Results from the 2002 and 2008 national youth risk behaviour surveys. BMC Public Health, 13(1), 926–935. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-926
Soloff, P., Kevin, G., Thomas, M., & Kevin, M. (2000). Characteristics of suicide attempts of patients with major depressive episode and borderline personality disorder: A comparative study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157(4), 601–608. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.157.4.601
Stack, S. (2005). Suicide in the media: A quantitative review of studies based on nonfictional stories. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behaviour, 35(2), 121–133. https://doi.org/10.1521/suli.35.2.121.62877
The Citizen. (2019). South Africa’s suicide rate four times the global rate. The Citizen South Africa. Retrieved March 11, 2020, from https://citizen.co.za/lifestyle/fitness-and-health-your-life-your-life/2189197/south-africas-suicide-rate-four-times-the-global-rate/
Thio, A. (2004). Deviant Behaviour (7th ed.). Pearson Education.
Uddin, R., Burton, N., Maple, M., Khan, S., & Khan, A. (2019). Suicidal ideation, suicide planning, and suicide attempts among adolescents in 59 low-income and middle-income countries: A population-based study. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health, 3(4), 223–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(18)30403-6
Van Orden, K., Witte, T., Cukrowicz, K., Braithwaite, S., Selby, E., & Joiner Jr., T. (2010). The interpersonal theory of suicide. Psychological Review, 117(2), 575–600. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018697
Vawda, N. (2012). Associations between family suicide and personal suicidal behaviour among youth in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. South African Family Practice, 54(3), 244–249. https://doi.org/10.1080/20786204.2012.10874222
Wanyoike, B. W. (2015). Suicide among university students in Kenya: Causes, implications and intervention. Journal on Language, Technology and Entreprenuership in Africa, 6(1), 35–53. Retrieved from https://www.ajol.info/index.php/jolte/article/view/125003
World Health Organization. (2016). Preventing suicide: A community engagement toolkit. Geneva: WHO Press. Retrieved February 17, 2017, from http://www.who.int/mental_health/suicide-prevention/en/
World Health Organization. (2018). National suicide prevention strategies: Progress, examples and indicators. WHO Press.
Woznica, J., & Shapiro, J. (1990). An analysis of adolescent suicide attempts: The expendable child. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 15, 789–796. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/15.6.789
Zhang, J. (2005). Conceptualizing a Strain theory of suicide. Chinese Mental Health Journal, 19(11), 778–782. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281399869_Conceptualizing_a_strain_theory_of_suicide_review
Zhang, J., & Lester, D. (2008). Psychological tensions found in suicide notes: A test for the strain theory of suicide. Archives of Suicide Research, 12(1), 67–73. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811110701800962
Zhang, J., & Song, Z. (2006). A preliminary test of the Strain theory of suicide. Chinese Journal of Behavioral Medical Science, 15(6), 487–489.
Zhang, J., & Tao, M. (2013). Relative deprivation and psychopathology of Chinese college students. Journal of Affective Disorders, 150(3), 903–907. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2013.05.013
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Aborisade, R.A. (2021). Suicide, Suicidal Ideation and Behaviour among African Youths: A Psycho-Social and Criminological Analysis. In: Chan, H.C.(., Adjorlolo, S. (eds) Crime, Mental Health and the Criminal Justice System in Africa. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71024-8_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71024-8_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-71023-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-71024-8
eBook Packages: Law and CriminologyLaw and Criminology (R0)