Abstract
Heat and mass transfer principles, coupled with the modulation of energy and mass budgets, were covered in this chapter. Transfer processes regulate a spectrum of phenomena, such as variations of carbon and water exchanges or sediment transport. The main topics related to heat conduction were Fourier’s law and the thermal exchanges in the upper layers of soils, considering their influence in stationary and transient processes. Natural and forced convection processes were assessed through empirical parameters, ratios, and equations reflecting the interactions between fluid mechanics, in air and water, and the transfer of heat, particles, and molecules. Empirical tools for convection analysis considered the prevalence of viscous and inertial forces, allowing also estimation of ratio between depths of thermal and momentum boundary layers in objects. The fundamentals of radiation emissivity, transmissivity, absorption, net radiation, and radiative spatial relationships were also considered. The theoretical foundations and environmental relevance of mass transfer of gases and particles and the importance of Brownian, viscous, or Newtonian drag were also developed. The associated processes of creeping, jumping, impaction or wet transfer, dependent on the balance of forces such as friction, inertia, or gravity through the wind field and transport of sediments in watercourses were highlighted.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Arya, S. P. (1988). Introduction to micrometeorology (Vol. 42, 307 pp.). International geophysics series. Academic Press.
Bagnold, R. A. (1936). The movement of desert sand. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, 157, 594–620.
Bagnold, R. A. (1941). The physics of blown sand and desert dunes (p. 265). London: Methuen.
Bagnold, R. A. (1980). An empirical correlation of bedload transport rates in flumes in natural rivers. Proceedings of Royal Society of London A, 372(1751), 453–473.
Bennet, I. (1965). Monthly maps of mean daily insolation for the United States. Solar Energy, 9, 145–152.
Brown, G. W. (1969). Prediction temperatures of small streams. Water Resources Research, 5, 67–75.
Camenen, B. (2012). Discussion of understanding the influence of slope on the threshold of coarse grain motion: Revising critical stream power by C. Parker, N. J. Clifford and C.R. Throne. Geomorphology, 126, 51–65.
Campbell, G. S., & Norman, J. M. (1998). An introduction to environmental biophysics (293 pp.). Springer.
Cheng, X. L., Zeng, Q. C., & Hu, F. (2012). Stochastics modeling the effect of wind gust on dust entrainment during sand-storm. Chinese Science Bulletin, 57, 3595–3602.
Eaton, B. C., & Church, M. (2011). A rational sediment transport scaling relation based on dimensionless stream power. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 36, 901–910.
Ferguson, R. I. (2005). Estimating critical stream power for bedload transport calculations in Gravel-Bed rivers. Geomorphology, 70, 33–41.
Ferguson, R. I. (2012). River chanel slope, flow resistance, and gravel entrainment thresholds. Water Resources Research, 48, 1–13.
Foken, T. (2017). Micrometeorolog (2nd ed., 362 pp.). Berlin: Springer.
Fox, R. W., & McDonald A. T. (1985). Introduction to fluid mechanics (742 pp.). Wiley.
Gates, D. M. (1980). Biophysical ecology (611 p.). Springer.
Granja, H. M., Farrel, E. J., Ellis, J. T., & Sherman, D. J. (2012).Eolian Saltation at Esposende Beach, Portugal. Journal of Coastal Research, 56, 327–331.
Hillel, D. (1982). Introduction to soil physics (364 pp.). Academic Press.
Holman, J. P. (1983). Transferência de calor (639 pp.). McGraw-Hill (in portuguese)
Kawamura, R. (1951). Study of sand movement by wind (Vol. 5, No. 34). Institute of Science and Technology, University of Tokyo, Technical Reports. Translated as University of California Hydraulics Engineering Laboratory Report HEL 2–8, 1964.
Lamb, M. P., Dietrich, W. E., & Venditti, J. G. (2008). Is the critical shields stress for incipient sediment motion dependent on channel-bed slope? Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 113, FO2008. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JF00083.
Lammers, R. W., & Bledsoe, B. (2018). Parsimonious sediment transport equations based on Bagnold’s stream power approach. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 43, 242–258.
Lee, R. (1978). Forest micrometeorology (276 pp.). Columbia University Press.
Levit, H. J., & e Gaspar, R. (1987). Energy budget for greenhouses in humid temperate climate. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 42, 241–254.
Li, W., Li, H., Shen, S., Cui, F., Shen, B., & Huang, Y. (2018). Study of particle rebound and deposition on fibre surface. Environmental Technology. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2018.1509137.
Linacre, E. T. (1972). Leaf temperature, diffusion resistance and transpiration. Agriculture Meteorology, 10, 365–382.
Linacre, E. T., Palmer, J. H., & Trickett, G. S. (1964). Heat and moisture transfer from trimmed glasshouse crops. Agricultural Meteorology, 1, 66–72.
List, R.J. (1963). Smithsonian meteorological tables (6th ed.). Smithsonian Inst., EUA.
Liu, B. Y., & Jordan, R. C. (1960). The interrelationship and characteristic distribution of direct, diffuse and total solar radiation. Solar Energy, 4, 1–9.
Martin, Y., & Church, M. (2000). Re-examination of bagnold’s empirical bedload formulae. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 25, 1011–1024.
Mimoso, J. M. (1987). Transmissão de calor, bases teóricas para aplicação à térmica de edifícios (157 pp.). Lisboa: LNEC (in portuguese).
Mitha, S., Tran, M. Q., Werner, B. T., & Half, P. K. (1986). The grain-bed impact process in Aeolian saltation. Acta Mechanica, 63, 267–278.
Monteith, J. L., & Unsworth, M. H. (1991). Principles of environmental physics (2nd ed., 291 pp.). Edward Arnold.
Monteith, J. L., & Unsworth, M. H. (2013). Principles of environmental physics (4th ed., p. 403). Oxford: Academic Press.
Oke, T. R. (1992). Boundary layer climates (2nd ed., 435 pp.). Routledge.
Özisic, N. M. (1990). Transferência de Calor. Um Texto Básico (661 pp.). Editora Guanabara Koogan S.A. (in portuguese).
Parker, C. (2010). Quantifying catchment-scale course sediment dynamics in British rivers. Thesis (Ph.D. dissertation). University of Nottingham, Nottingham
Parker, C., Clifford, N. J., & Thorn, C. R. (2011). Understanding the influence of slope on the threshold of coarse grain motion: Revising critical stream power. Geomorphology, 126, 51–65.
Rodrigues, A. M. (1993). Balanço energético foliar em estufas. M. Sc. thesis (Environment, Energy profile). Instituto Superior Técnico, U.T.L., Lisbon (in portuguese).
Ross, J. (1975). Radiative transfer in plant communities, pp 13–52. In: J. L. Monteith (Ed.), Vegetation and atmosphere (Vol. I, 277 pp.). Academic Press.
Seginer, I. (1984). On the night transpiration of the greenhouse roses under glass or plastic cover. Agricultural Meteorology, 30, 257–268.
Sinokrot, B. A., & Stefan, H. G. (1993). Stream temperature dynamics measurements and modelling. Water Resources Research, 29, 2299–2321.
Spitters, C. J. T., Toussaint, H. A. J. M., & e Goudriaan, J. (1986). Separating the diffuse and direct component of global radiation and its implications for modeling canopy photosynthesis, Part I, components of incoming radiation. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 38, 217–219.
Unsworth, M. H., Philips, N., Link, T. E., Bond, B. J., Falk, M., Harmon, M., et al. (2004). Components and controls of water flux in an old-growth douglas-Fir Western Hemlock ecosystem. Ecosystems, 7, 468–481.
Zingg, A. W. (1953). Wind tunnel study of the movement of sedimentary material. In Proceedings of the 5th Hydraulics Conference (Iowa City) (vol. 34,pp. 111–135).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Rodrigues, A., Sardinha, R.A., Pita, G. (2021). Heat and Mass Transfer Processes. In: Fundamental Principles of Environmental Physics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69025-0_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69025-0_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-69024-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-69025-0
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)