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The History of Mapping

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Cardiac Bioelectric Therapy

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Abstract

Electrophysiological mapping includes sequence of activation mapping, refractory period mapping, and voltage mapping, each of which has its own history. This review is focused on the origin and development of activation mapping. Although areas of study of clinical cardiac electrophysiology did not originate until the late 1960s, activation mapping with electrodes on the surface of the heart had its origin 6 decades earlier, and has continued to develop until incorporated into the study of experimental and clinical electrophysiology of normal and abnormal cardiac rhythms. This is a story of advances in technology that provided the tools that enabled investigators to develop and advance the field of experimental and clinical cardiac electrophysiology of normal and abnormal cardiac rhythms. We have come a long way from the early days of using the string galvanometer, and, subsequently, for decades, the roving electrode probe or catheter. This progress would not have been possible if not for the many dedicated scientists and clinicians who developed and continue to develop the field.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH, USA

    Ivan Cakulev

  2. Department of Pharmacology, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA

    Andrew L. Wit

  3. Case Western Reserve University, Harrington Heart & Vascular Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA

    Albert L. Waldo

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  1. Ivan Cakulev
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  3. Albert L. Waldo
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Correspondence to Albert L. Waldo .

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  1. Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA

    Igor R. Efimov

  2. National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK

    Fu Siong Ng

  3. Philips EPD Solutions, Cambridge, MA, USA

    Jacob I. Laughner

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Cakulev, I., Wit, A.L., Waldo, A.L. (2021). The History of Mapping. In: Efimov, I.R., Ng, F.S., Laughner, J.I. (eds) Cardiac Bioelectric Therapy. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63355-4_3

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