Abstract
The phenomenon of time delay is a commonplace in almost every scientific discipline. Time delay refers to the amount of time it takes for the matter, energy, or information in a dynamic system to transfer from one place to another or to make their full impact on the system after their emergence. Such a lagging effect causes the change of current state of the system to rely on past values of its state and/or input. For instance, the economic model in [127] reveals that economic growth relies on population growth and technological advancement. In particular, the population growth does not take effect on the economic growth until it transitions to the labor growth, which potentially takes a couple of decades. Similarly, the technological advancement does not boost the economy until the productivity of the workforce is improved through technology innovations. Other examples of time delay in the study of biology, physics, mathematics, and engineering are many, and we will mention a few in the following subsection as examples.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
The Prime Number Theorem: \(\lim _{x\rightarrow \infty }\frac {\pi (x)}{\frac {x}{\log (x)}}=1\).
References
K. Abidi, Y. Yildiz and B. E. Korpe, “Explicit time-delay compensation in teleoperation: An adaptive control approach,” International Journal of Robust and Nonlinear Control, Vol. 26, No. 15, pp. 3388–3403, 2016.
K. Abidi and I. Postlethwaite, “Discrete-time adaptive control for systems with input time-delay and non-sector bounded nonlinear functions,” IEEE Access, Vol. 7, pp. 4327–4337, 2019.
K. Abidi, I. Postlethwaite and T. T. Teo, “Discrete-time adaptive control of nonlinear systems with input delay,” The 38th Chinese Control Conference, pp. 588–593, Guangzhou, China, 2019.
Z. Artstein, “Linear systems with delayed controls: a reduction,” IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, Vol. 27, No. 4, pp. 869–879, 1982.
K. J. Aström and R. M. Murray, Feedback Systems: an Introduction for Scientists and Engineers, Princeton University Press, 2010.
N. Bekiaris-Liberis and M. Krstic, Nonlinear Control under Nonconstant Delays, Vol. 25, SIAM, 2013.
N. Bekiaris-Liberis and M. Krstic, “Predictor-feedback stabilization of multi-input nonlinear systems,” IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, Vol. 62, No. 2, pp. 516–531, 2017.
R. Bellman and K. L. Cooke, Differential-Difference Equations, New York: Academic, 1963.
G. Besancon, D. Georges and Z. Benayache, “Asymptotic state prediction for continuous-time systems with delayed input and application to control,” The 2007 European Control Conference, pp. 1786–1791, Kos, Greece, 2007.
D. Bresch-Pietri and M. Krstic, “Adaptive trajectory tracking despite unknown input delay and plant parameters,” Automatica, Vol. 45, No. 9, pp. 2074–2081, 2009.
D. Bresch-Pietri and M. Krstic, “Delay-adaptive predictor feedback for systems with unknown long actuator delay,” IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, Vol. 55, No. 9, pp. 2106–2112, 2010.
F. Cacace and A. Germani, “Output feedback control of linear systems with input, state and output delays by chains of predictors,” Automatica, Vol. 85, pp. 455–461, 2017.
B. Cahlon and D. Schmidt, “Stability criteria for certain high even order delay differential equations,” Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications, Vol. 334, No. 2, pp. 859–875, 2007.
B. M. Chen, Z. Lin and Y. Shamash, Linear Systems Theory: A Structural Decomposition Approach, Springer Science & Business Media, 2004.
K. L. Cooke and Z. Grossman, “Discrete delay, distributed delay and stability switches,” Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications, Vol. 86, No. 2, pp. 592–627, 1982.
S. Elaydi and S. Zhang, “Stability and periodicity of difference equations with finite delay,” Funkcialaj Ekvacioj, Vol. 37, No. 3, pp. 401–413, 1994.
K. Engelborghs, M. Dambrine and D. Roose, “Limitations of a class of stabilization methods for delay systems,” IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, Vol. 46, No. 2, pp. 336–339, 2001.
Y. A. Fiagbedzi and A. E. Pearson, “Feedback stabilization of linear autonomous time lag systems,” IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, Vol. 31, No. 9, pp. 847–855, 1986.
Y. A. Fiagbedzi and A. E. Pearson, “A multistage reduction technique for feedback stabilizing distributed time-lag systems,” Automatica, Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 311–326, 1987.
E. Fridman, “New Lyapunov-Krasovskii functionals for stability of linear retarded and neutral type systems,” Systems & Control Letters, Vol. 43, No. 4, pp. 309–319, 2001.
E. Fridman, Introduction to Time-delay Systems: Analysis and Control, Springer, 2014.
H. Gao and C. Wang, “A delay-dependent approach to robust H ∞ filtering for uncertain discrete-time state-delayed systems,” IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, Vol. 52, No. 6, pp. 1631–1640, 2004.
H. Gao, J. Lam, C. Wang and Y. Wang, “Delay-dependent output-feedback stabilisation of discrete-time systems with time-varying state delay,” IEE Proceedings-Control Theory and Applications, Vol. 151, No. 6, pp. 691–698, 2004.
H. Gao and T. Chen, “New results on stability of discrete-time systems with time-varying state delay,” IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, Vol. 52, No. 2, pp. 328–334, 2007.
Q. Gao and N. Olgac, “Bounds of imaginary spectra of LTI systems in the domain of two of the multiple time delays,” Automatica, Vol. 72. pp. 235–241, 2016.
H. Gorecki, S. Fuksa, P. Grabowski and A. Korytowski, Analysis and Synthesis of Time Delay Systems, New York: Wiley, 1989.
G. Gu and E. B. Lee, “Stability testing of time delay systems,” Automatica, Vol. 25, No. 5, pp. 777–780, 1989.
G. Gu, P. P. Khargonekar and E. B. Lee, “Approximation of infinite-dimensional systems,” IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, Vol. 34, No. 6, pp. 610–618, 1989.
K. Gu, V. L. Kharitonov and J. Chen, Stability of Time-Delay Systems, Boston, MA: Birkhäuser, 2003.
A. Halanay, Differential Equations: Stability, Oscillations, Time lags, Vol. 23, Academic Press, 1966.
J. K. Hale, Theory of Functional Differential Equations, New York: Springer, 1977.
F. Hoppensteadt, “Predator-prey model,” Scholarpedia, Vol. 1, No. 10, pp. 1563, 2006.
D. Israelsson and A. Johnsson, “A theory for circumnutations in Helianthus annuus,” Physiologia Plantarum, Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 957–976, 1967.
M. Jankovic, “Control Lyapunov-Razumikhin functions and robust stabilization of time delay systems,” IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, Vol. 546, No. 7, pp. 1048–1060, 2001.
M. Jankovic, “Cross-term forwarding for systems with time delay,” IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, Vol. 54, No. 3, pp. 498–511, 2009.
M. Jankovic, “Forwarding, backstepping, and finite spectrum assignment for time delay systems,” Automatica, Vol. 45, No. 1, pp. 2–9, 2009.
M. Jankovic, “Recursive predictor design for state and output feedback controllers for linear time delay systems,” Automatica, Vol. 46, pp. 510–517, 2010.
V. L. Kharitonov, Time-delay Systems: Lyapunov Functionals and Matrices, Springer Science & Business Media, 2012.
V. L. Kharitonov, “An extension of the prediction scheme to the case of systems with both input and state delay,” Automatica, Vol. 50, No. 1, pp. 211–217, 2014.
V. L. Kharitonov. “Predictor-based controls: the implementation problem,” Differential Equations, Vol. 51, No. 13, pp. 1675–1682, 2015.
V. L. Kharitonov, “Predictor based stabilization of neutral type systems with input delay,” Automatica, Vol. 52, pp. 125–134, 2015.
V. L. Kharitonov, “Prediction-based control for systems with state and several input delays,” Automatica, Vol. 79, pp. 11–16, 2017.
N. N. Krasovskii, J. McCord and J. Gudeman, Stability of Motion, Stanford University Press, 1963.
M. Krstic and D. Bresch-Pietri, “Delay-adaptive full-state predictor feedback for systems with unknown long actuator delay,” The 2009 American Control Conference, St. Louis, U.S.A., pp. 4500–4505, 2009.
M. Krstic, Delay Compensation for Nonlinear, Adaptive, and PDE Systems, Boston: Birkhäuser, 2009.
D. Ma and J. Chen, “Delay margin of low-order systems achievable by PID controllers,” IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, Vol. 64, No. 5, pp. 1958–1973, 2018.
D. Ma, R. Tian, A. Zulfiqar, J. Chen and T. Chai, “Bounds on delay consensus margin of second-order multi-agent systems with robust position and velocity feedback protocol,” IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, Vol. 64, No. 9, pp. 3780 - 3787, 2019.
M. S. Mahmoud, Robust Control and Filtering for Time-delay Systems, CRC Press, 2000.
A. Z. Manitius and A. W. Olbrot, “Finite spectrum assignment for systems with delays,” IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, Vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 541–553, 1979.
D. Q. Mayne, “Control of linear systems with time delay,” Electronics Letters, Vol. 4, No. 20, pp. 439–440, 1968.
F. Mazenc and M. Malisoff, “Local stabilization of nonlinear systems through the reduction model approach,” IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, Vol. 59, No. 11, pp. 3033–3039, 2014.
F. Mazenc and M. Malisoff, “Stabilization and robustness analysis for time-varying systems with time-varying delays using a sequential subpredictors approach,” Automatica, Vol. 82, pp. 118–127, 2017.
F. Mazenc and M. Malisoff, “Stabilization of nonlinear time-varying systems through a new prediction based approach,” IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, Vol. 62, No. 6, pp. 2908–2915, 2017.
W. Michiels and S. I. Niculescu, Stability, Control, and Computation for Time-delay Systems: An Eigenvalue-based Approach, SIAM, 2014.
S. Mondie and W. Michiels, “Finite spectrum assignment of unstable time-delay systems with a safe implementation,” IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, Vol. 48, No. 12, pp. 2207–2212, 2003.
N. Olgac and R. Sipahi, “An exact method for the stability analysis of time-delayed linear time-invariant (LTI) systems,” IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, Vol. 47, No. 5, pp. 793–797, 2002.
P. Pepe, “The problem of the absolute continuity for Lyapunov–Krasovskii functionals,” IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, Vol. 52, No. 5, pp. 953–957, 2007.
P. Pepe, “Input-to-state stabilization of stabilizable, time-delay, control-affine, nonlinear systems,” IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, Vol. 54, No. 7, pp. 1688–1693, 2009.
P. Pepe, G. Pola and M. D. Di Benedetto, “On Lyapunov–Krasovskii characterizations of stability notions for discrete-time systems with uncertain time-varying time delays,” IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, Vol. 63, No. 6, pp. 1603–1617, 2017.
P. Pepe and E. Fridman, “On global exponential stability preservation under sampling for globally Lipschitz time-delay systems,” Automatica, Vol. 82, pp. 295–300, 2017.
P. Pepe, “Converse Lyapunov theorems for discrete-time switching systems with given switches digraphs,” IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, Vol. 64, No. 6, pp. 2502–2508, 2018.
J. P. Richard, “Time-delay systems: an overview of some recent advances and open problems,” Automatica, Vol. 39, No. 10, pp. 1667–1694, 2003.
O. M. Smith, “A controller to overcome deadtime”, ISA Journal, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 28–33, 1959.
G. Tao, “Model reference adaptive control of multivariable plants with delays,” International Journal of Control, Vol. 55, No. 2, pp. 393–414, 1992.
V. Van Assche, M. Dambrine, J. F. Lafay and J. P. Richard, “Some problems arising in the implementation of distributed-delay control laws,” Proc. 38th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, Vol. 5, pp. 4668–4672, Phoenix, U.S.A., 1999.
G. H. D. Visme, “The density of prime numbers,” The Mathematical Gazette, Vol. 45, No. 351, pp. 13–14, 1961.
C. Wang, Z. Zuo and Z. Ding, “Control scheme for LTI systems with Lipschitz non-linearity and unknown time-varying input delay,” IET Control Theory & Applications, Vol. 11, No. 17, pp. 3191–3195, 2017.
P. J. Wangersky and W. J. Cunningham, “Time lag in prey-predator population models,” Ecology, Vol. 38, No. 1, pp. 136–139, 1957.
E. M. Wright, “A functional equation in the heuristic theory of primes,” The Mathematical Gazette, Vol. 45, No. 351, pp. 15–16, 1961.
S.Y. Yoon and Z. Lin, “Predictor based control of linear systems with state, input and output delays,” Automatica, Vol. 53. pp. 385–391, 2015.
S. Zhang and M. P. Chen, “A new Razumikhin Theorem for delay difference equations,” Computers & Mathematics with Applications, Vol. 36, No. 10–12, pp. 405–412, 1998.
X. Zhang, M. Wu, J. She and Y. He, “Delay-dependent stabilization of linear systems with time-varying state and input delays,” Automatica, Vol. 41, No. 8, pp. 1405–1412, 2005.
B. Zhou, “Input delay compensation of linear systems with both state and input delays by nested prediction,” Automatica, Vol. 50, No. 5, pp. 1434–1443, 2014.
J. Zhu, T. Qi, D. Ma and J. Chen, Limits of Stability and Stabilization of Time-delay Systems: A Small-Gain Approach, Springer, 2018.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Wei, Y., Lin, Z. (2021). Introduction. In: Truncated Predictor Based Feedback Designs for Linear Systems with Input Delay. Control Engineering. Birkhäuser, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53429-5_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53429-5_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Birkhäuser, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-53428-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-53429-5
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)