Abstract
Methodologies involved in manufacturing of self-assembled breath-figures patterns, namely: emulsion technique, drop-casting, spin- and dip-coating, are treated in detail. Physical processes occurring under these methods are discussed. Characterization of microporous surfaces with various experimental techniques is addressed. Surface characterization of polymer honeycomb reliefs with apparent contact angles, optical microscopy, SEM, ESEM, AFM, FTIR and Raman spectroscopies, NMR, XPS, XRD, TGA, DTA, DSC, and mass-spectroscopy methods are surveyed. Advantages and disadvantages of these techniques are discussed. Wetting of microporous surfaces is treated; the Cassie and Wenzel models of wetting of micro-rough surfaces are reviewed. Mathematical techniques (Voronoi entropy, Minkowski functional, etc.) enabling quantification of ordering inherent for honeycomb breath-figures topographies are reviewed.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Maruyama, N., et al. 1998. Mesoscopic patterns of molecular aggregates on solid substrates. Thin Solid Films 327–329: 854–856.
Kim, J., B. Lew, and W.S. Kim. 2011. Facile fabrication of super-hydrophobic nano-needle arrays via breath figures method. Nanoscale Research Letters 6 (1): 616.
Eslamian, M., and F. Soltani-Kordshuli. 2018. Development of multiple-droplet drop-casting method for the fabrication of coatings and thin solid films. Journal of Coatings Technology and Research 15 (2): 271–280.
Deegan, R.D., et al. 1997. Capillary flow as the cause of ring stains from dried liquid drops. Nature 389 (6653): 827.
———. 2000. Contact line deposits in an evaporating drop. Physical Review E 62 (1): 756.
Hu, H., and R.G. Larson. 2006. Marangoni effect reverses coffee-ring depositions. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 110 (14): 7090–7094.
———. 2005. Analysis of the effects of Marangoni stresses on the microflow in an evaporating sessile droplet. Langmuir 21 (9): 3972–3980.
Marín, Á.G., et al. 2011. Order-to-disorder transition in ring-shaped colloidal stains. Physical Review Letters 107 (8): 085502.
Stenzel, M.H., C. Barner-Kowollik, and T.P. Davis. 2006. Formation of honeycomb-structured, porous films via breath figures with different polymer architectures. Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 44 (8): 2363–2375.
Govor, L.V., et al. 2001. Self-organized networks based on conjugated polymers. Advanced Materials 13 (8): 588–591.
Angus, S.D., and T.P.J.L. Davis. 2002. Polymer surface design and informatics: Facile microscopy/image analysis techniques for self-organizing microporous polymer film characterization. Langmuir 18 (24): 9547–9553.
Yabu, H., et al. 2003. Preparation of honeycomb-patterned polyimide films by self-organization. Langmuir 19 (15): 6297–6300.
Nishikawa, T., et al. 2003. Micropatterns based on deformation of a viscoelastic honeycomb mesh. Langmuir 19 (15): 6193–6201.
Song, L., et al. 2004. Facile microstructuring of organic semiconducting polymers by the breath figure method: Hexagonally ordered bubble arrays in rigid rod-polymers. Advanced Materials 16 (2): 115–118.
Böker, A., et al. 2004. Hierarchical nanoparticle assemblies formed by decorating breath figures. Nature Materials 3 (5): 302.
Nemoto, J., et al. 2005. Production of mesoscopically patterned cellulose film. Bioresource Technology 96 (17): 1955–1958.
Hernández-Guerrero, M., and M.H. Stenzel. 2012. Honeycomb structured polymer films via breath figures. Polymer Chemistry 3 (3): 563–577.
Farbod, F., B. Pourabbas, and M. Sharif. 2013. Direct breath figure formation on PMMA and superhydrophobic surface using in situ perfluoro-modified silica nanoparticles. Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 51 (6): 441–451.
Huang, C., et al. 2014. Breath figure patterns made easy. ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces 6 (8): 5971–5976.
Vargas-Alfredo, N., et al. 2017. Antimicrobial 3D porous scaffolds prepared by additive manufacturing and breath figures. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 9 (42): 37454–37462.
Nishikawa, T., et al. 2002. Fabrication of honeycomb film of an amphiphilic copolymer at the air−water interface. Langmuir 18 (15): 5734–5740.
———. 1999. Honeycomb-patterned thin films of amphiphilic polymers as cell culture substrates. Materials Science and Engineering C 8-9: 495–500.
Cheng, C.X., et al. 2005. Porous polymer films and honeycomb structures based on amphiphilic dendronized block copolymers. Langmuir 21 (14): 6576–6581.
Ma, H., and J. Hao. 2010. Evaporation-induced ordered honeycomb structures of gold nanoparticles at the air/water interface. Chemistry 16 (2): 655–660.
Wan, L.-S., et al. 2011. Ordered microporous membranes templated by breath figures for size-selective separation. Journal of the American Chemical Society 134 (1): 95–98.
Park, M.S., and J.K. Kim. 2004. Breath figure patterns prepared by spin coating in a dry environment. Langmuir 20 (13): 5347–5352.
Park, M.S., W. Joo, and J.K. Kim. 2006. Porous structures of polymer films prepared by spin coating with mixed solvents under humid condition. Langmuir 22 (10): 4594–4598.
Park, M.S., and J.K. Kim. 2005. Broad-band antireflection coating at near-infrared wavelengths by a breath figure. Langmuir 21 (24): 11404–11408.
Fowler, P.D., et al. 2016. Controlling Marangoni-induced instabilities in spin-cast polymer films: How to prepare uniform films. The European Physical Journal E 39 (9): 90.
Sahu, N., B. Parija, and S. Panigrahi. 2009. Fundamental understanding and modeling of spin coating process: A review. Indian Journal of Physics 83 (4): 493–502.
Malkin, A.Y., and A.I. Isayev. 2017. Rheology: Concepts, methods, and applications. Elsevier.
Bormashenko, E., et al. 2005. Mesoscopic patterning in thin polymer films formed under the fast dip-coating process. Macromolecular Materials and Engineering 290 (2): 114–121.
Mansouri, J., E. Yapit, and V. Chen. 2013. Polysulfone filtration membranes with isoporous structures prepared by a combination of dip-coating and breath figure approach. Journal of Membrane Science 444: 237–251.
Ucar, I.O., and H.Y. Erbil. 2012. Dropwise condensation rate of water breath figures on polymer surfaces having similar surface free energies. Applied Surface Science 259: 515–523.
Jin, B., A. Acrivos, and A. Münch. 2005. The drag-out problem in film coating. Physics of Fluids 17 (10): 103603.
Landau, L., and B. Levich. 1988. Dragging of a liquid by a moving plate. In Dynamics of curved fronts, 141–153. Elsevier.
De Gennes, P.-G., F. Brochard-Wyart, and D. Quéré. 2013. Capillarity and wetting phenomena: Drops, bubbles, pearls, waves. Springer Science & Business Media.
Wilson, S.D.R. 1982. The drag-out problem in film coating theory. Journal of Engineering Mathematics 16 (3): 209–221.
Munoz-Bonilla, A., et al. 2009. Self-organized hierarchical structures in polymer surfaces: Self-assembled nanostructures within breath figures. Langmuir 25 (11): 6493–6499.
Luo, T., H. Bai, and L. Li. 2016. Breath figure in reactive vapor: A new route to nanopore array. Langmuir 33 (1): 347–352.
Zhang, S., et al. 2017. Supramolecular star polymer films with tunable honeycomb structures templated by breath figures. Polymer 117: 306–314.
Wang, J., et al. 2010. Quantum-dot-embedded ionomer-derived films with ordered honeycomb structures via breath figures. Chemical Communications 46 (39): 7376–7378.
Ham, H.T., et al. 2006. Macroporous polymer thin film prepared from temporarily stabilized water-in-oil emulsion. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 110 (28): 13959–13964.
Widawski, G., M. Rawiso, and B. François. 1994. Self-organized honeycomb morphology of star-polymer polystyrene films. Nature 369 (6479): 387.
Srinivasarao, M., et al. 2001. Three-dimensionally ordered array of air bubbles in a polymer film. Science 292 (5514): 79–83.
Stenzel-Rosenbaum, M.H., et al. 2001. Porous polymer films and honeycomb structures made by the self-organization of well-defined macromolecular structures created by living radical polymerization techniques. Angewandte Chemie 40 (18): 3428–3432.
Hayakawa, T., and S. Horiuchi. 2003. From angstroms to micrometers: Self-organized hierarchical structure within a polymer film. Angewandte Chemie International Edition 42 (20): 2285–2289.
Shah, P.S., et al. 2003. Single-step self-organization of ordered macroporous nanocrystal thin films. Advanced Materials 15 (12): 971–974.
Ejima, H., T. Iwata, and N. Yoshie. 2008. Morphology-retaining carbonization of honeycomb-patterned hyperbranched poly (phenylene vinylene) film. Macromolecules 41 (24): 9846–9848.
Sun, H., et al. 2006. Self-organized microporous structures based on surfactant-encapsulated polyoxometalate complexes. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 110 (49): 24847–24854.
———. 2009. Self-organized honeycomb structures of Mn12 single-molecule magnets. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 113 (44): 14674–14680.
Bolognesi, A., et al. 2005. Self-organization of polystyrenes into ordered microstructured films and their replication by soft lithography. Langmuir 21 (8): 3480–3485.
Servoli, E., G.A. Ruffo, and C. Migliaresi. 2010. Interplay of kinetics and interfacial interactions in breath figure templating–A phenomenological interpretation. Polymer 51 (11): 2337–2344.
Billon, L., et al. 2009. Tailoring highly ordered honeycomb films based on ionomer macromolecules by the bottom-up approach. Macromolecules 42 (1): 345–356.
Dong, R., et al. 2011. Dimensional architecture of ferrocenyl-based oligomer honeycomb-patterned films: From monolayer to multilayer. Langmuir 27 (14): 9052–9056.
———. 2011. Tunable morphology of 2D honeycomb-patterned films and the hydrophobicity of a ferrocenyl-based oligomer. Chemistry – A European Journal 17 (27): 7674–7684.
Yan, J., et al. 2010. Oligo (FcDC-co-CholDEA) with ferrocene in the main chain and cholesterol as a pendant group preparation and unusual properties. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 114 (41): 13116–13120.
Escalé, P., et al. 2016. When block copolymer self-assembly in hierarchically ordered honeycomb films depicts the breath figure process. Soft Matter 12 (3): 790–797.
Hant, S.M., et al. 2005. Periodic binary si: ti, si: al mixed macroporous oxides with ultrahigh heteroatom loading: A facile sol− gel approach. Chemistry of Materials 17 (6): 1434–1440.
Carlomagno, C., et al. 2018. Breath figures decorated silica-based ceramic surfaces with tunable geometry from UV cross-linkable polysiloxane precursor. Journal of the European Ceramic Society 38 (4): 1320–1326.
Castaño, M., et al. 2018. Combining breath figures and supercritical fluids to obtain porous polymer scaffolds. ACS Omega 3 (10): 12593–12599.
Yabu, H., et al. 2005. Superhydrophobic and lipophobic properties of self-organized honeycomb and pincushion structures. Langmuir 21 (8): 3235–3237.
Yabu, H., and M. Shimomura. 2005. Simple fabrication of micro lens arrays. Langmuir 21 (5): 1709–1711.
Yu, Y., and Y. Ma. 2011. Breath figure fabrication of honeycomb films with small molecules through hydrogen bond mediated self-assembly. Soft Matter 7 (3): 884–886.
Sun, W., J. Ji, and J. Shen. 2008. Rings of nanoparticle-decorated honeycomb-structured polymeric film: The combination of pickering emulsions and capillary flow in the breath figures method. Langmuir 24 (20): 11338–11341.
Ma, C.Y., et al. 2010. Patterned carbon nanotubes with adjustable array: A functional breath figure approach. Chemistry of Materials 22 (7): 2367–2374.
Male, U., B.K. Shin, and D.S. Huh. 2017. Coupling of breath figure method with interfacial polymerization: Bottom-surface functionalized honeycomb-patterned porous films. Polymer 119: 206–211.
Zhang, L., and X. Li. 2018. Facile preparation of honeycomb-structured TiO2 nanofilm via breath figures assembly and coffee ring effect. Materials Letters 227: 74–77.
Stenzel, M.H., and T.P. Davis. 2003. Biomimetic honeycomb-structured surfaces formed from block copolymers incorporating acryloyl phosphorylcholine. Australian Journal of Chemistry 56 (10): 1035–1038.
Muñoz-Bonilla, A., et al. 2009. Engineering polymer surfaces with variable chemistry and topography. Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 47 (9): 2262–2271.
Kon, K., et al. 2010. Preparation of patterned zinc oxide films by breath figure templating. Langmuir 26 (14): 12173–12176.
Sakatani, Y., et al. 2008. Coupling nanobuilding block and breath figures approaches for the designed construction of hierarchically templated porous materials and membranes. Chemistry of Materials 20 (3): 1049–1056.
Guo, Q. 2016. Polymer morphology: Principles, characterization, and processing. Wiley.
Menczel, J.D., and R.B. Prime. 2009. Thermal analysis of polymers. Wiley Online Library.
Lin, C.-L., P.-H. Tung, and F.-C. Chang. 2005. Synthesis of rod-coil diblock copolymers by ATRP and their honeycomb morphologies formed by the ‘breath figures’ method. Polymer 46 (22): 9304–9313.
Bolognesi, A., et al. 2010. Unsoluble ordered polymeric pattern by breath figure approach. Journal of Materials Chemistry 20 (8): 1483–1488.
Du, M., et al. 2011. Honeycomb self-assembled peptide scaffolds by the breath figure method. Chemistry–A European Journal 17 (15): 4238–4245.
Kong, L., et al. 2013. Au NP honeycomb-patterned films with controllable pore size and their surface-enhanced Raman scattering. Langmuir 29 (13): 4235–4241.
Izunobi, J.U., and C.L. Higginbotham. 2011. Polymer molecular weight analysis by 1H NMR spectroscopy. Journal of Chemical Education 88 (8): 1098–1104.
Yunus, S., et al. 2007. A route to self-organized honeycomb microstructured polystyrene films and their chemical characterization by ToF-SIMS imaging. Advanced Functional Materials 17 (7): 1079–1084.
Bormashenko, E.Y. 2017. Physics of wetting: Phenomena and applications of fluids on surfaces. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG.
Erbil, H. Yildirim. 2006. Surface chemistry of solid and liquid interfaces. Oxford: Blackwell.
Wenzel, R.N. 1936. Resistance of solid surfaces to wetting by water. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry 28 (8): 988–994.
Cassie, A., and S. Baxter. 1944. Wettability of porous surfaces. J Transactions of the Faraday society 40: 546–551.
Cassie, A.B.D. 1948. Contact angles. Discussions of the Faraday Society 3: 11–16.
Bormashenko, E.Y. 2018. Wetting of real surfaces. Vol. 19. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG.
Bormashenko, E., et al. 2006. Micrometrically scaled textured metallic hydrophobic interfaces validate the Cassie–Baxter wetting hypothesis. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 302 (1): 308–311.
Yabu, H., and M. Shimomura. 2005. Single-step fabrication of transparent superhydrophobic porous polymer films. Chemistry of Materials 17 (21): 5231–5234.
Barthélemy, M. 2011. Spatial networks. Physics Reports 499 (1): 1–101.
Bormashenko, E., et al. 2018. Characterization of self-assembled 2D patterns with Voronoi Entropy. Entropy 20 (12): 956.
Voronoi, G. 1908. Nouvelles applications des paramètres continus à la théorie des formes quadratiques. Deuxième mémoire. Recherches sur les parallélloèdres primitifs. Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik (134): 198–287.
Liebling, T.M., and L. Pournin. Voronoi diagrams and Delaunay triangulations: Ubiquitous Siamese twins. Documenta Mathematics, ISMP 2012: 419–431.
Limaye, A., et al. 1996. Evidence for convective effects in breath figure formation on volatile fluid surfaces. Physical Review Letters 76 (20): 3762.
Madej, W., et al. 2008. Breath figures in polymer and polymer blend films spin-coated in dry and humid ambience. Langmuir 24 (7): 3517–3524.
Lim, J.S. 1990. Two-dimensional signal and image processing. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. 710 p.
Parker, J., et al. 2013. Automatic sorting of point pattern sets using Minkowski functionals. Physical Review E 88 (2): 022720.
Mantz, H., et al. 2008. Utilizing Minkowski functionals for image analysis: A marching square algorithm. Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment 2008 (12): P12015.
Bormashenko, E., et al. 2008. Mesoscopic patterning in evaporated polymer solutions: Poly (ethylene glycol) and room-temperature-vulcanized polyorganosilanes/-siloxanes promote formation of honeycomb structures. Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics 209 (6): 567–576.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Rodríguez-Hernández, J., Bormashenko, E. (2020). Methodologies Involved in Manufacturing Self-Assembled Breath-Figures Patterns: Drop-Casting and Spin- and Dip-Coating – Characterization of Microporous Surfaces. In: Breath Figures . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51136-4_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51136-4_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-51135-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-51136-4
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)