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Thyroid Gland Signs

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Endocrine Pathophysiology

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Abstract

Thyroid eye disease (TED) is the most common extra-thyroidal manifestation of Graves’ disease. TED manifests as photophobia, proptosis, erythema, or conjunctival injection. Other signs suggestive of TED include lid lag, globe lag, lid retraction, and even, in some cases, evidence of optic neuropathy. TED up until recently had very few effective medical therapies. Teprotumumab, a monoclonal antibody that targets the IGF-1 receptor, was recently approved for the treatment of TED.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA

    Andrea Manni

  2. Sanford Health Clinic, Bemidji, MN, USA

    Akuffo Quarde

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  1. Andrea Manni
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  2. Akuffo Quarde
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Correspondence to Andrea Manni .

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Manni, A., Quarde, A. (2020). Thyroid Gland Signs. In: Endocrine Pathophysiology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49872-6_2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49872-6_2

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