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Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Medicinal and Aromatic Plants

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Plant Micronutrients

Abstract

Heavy metal (HM) pollution causes various issues to both plants and animals. Therefore, growing plant species that have the greater efficiency to accumulate these toxic metals without exhibiting any symptoms can be a vital step to control HM toxicity. These plant species can act in two ways; firstly it involves the phytoremediation process in which plants directly remove contaminants from the soil and secondly through phytomining in which plants are grown to harvest toxic metals. Furthermore, such processes can be used to accumulate essential nutrients and food fortification as well. Basically, hyperaccumulator plant species are those that belong to distantly related families and have the ability to grow on soils contaminated with HMs and accumulate them in their aerial parts in extraordinarily high concentrations as compared to other plant species without exhibiting any phytotoxic effects. One can distinguish hyperaccumulators from non-hyperaccumulators on the basis of higher rate of HM uptake, faster root-to-shoot translocation, and greater ability to detoxify and sequester HMs in leaves. Moreover, comparative physiological and molecular analyses have revealed that there is a differential regulation and expression of genes involved in hyperaccumulator and non-hyperaccumulator plant species. Genes that play an important role in the regulation of hyper-accumulation process in such plant species include the members of ALMT, ZIP, MATE, HMA, YSL, MTP, and ABC families. Among the various hypotheses proposed to explain the hyper-accumulation phenomenon in plants, two of them which include “elemental defense” and “joint effect” hypotheses have been mostly accepted in relation to HM tolerance in plants. This chapter also deals with the application of hyperaccumulator aromatic and medicinal plants in phytoremediation, phytomining, phytoextraction, phytostabilization, and gene stacking strategies.

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Acknowledgement

The authors gratefully acknowledge the technical and financial support by the University Centre for Research and Development (UCRD), Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, India.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Bioresources, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India

    Fayaz Ahmad Dar

  2. University Centre for Research and Development (UCRD), Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, India

    Tanveer Bilal Pirzadah & Bisma Malik

Authors
  1. Fayaz Ahmad Dar
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  2. Tanveer Bilal Pirzadah
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  3. Bisma Malik
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Correspondence to Tanveer Bilal Pirzadah .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India

    Tariq Aftab

  2. Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    Khalid Rehman Hakeem

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Dar, F.A., Pirzadah, T.B., Malik, B. (2020). Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. In: Aftab, T., Hakeem, K.R. (eds) Plant Micronutrients. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49856-6_6

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