Abstract
Biogeography is a multidisciplinary field that is concerned with delimiting and explaining the geographic distributions of organisms in space and time. Due to their distribution patterns and interesting biology (e.g., ancient lineage with a nearly cosmopolitan distribution, sedentary lifestyle with limited dispersal capabilities), tarantulas are an appealing taxonomic group for addressing a variety of biogeographic questions concerning the Earth’s history. In this chapter, we discuss some biogeographic basic concepts, delve into the distribution patterns of New World tarantulas, and explore some of the historical explanations that may have led to these distributions. We mostly review and highlight the results of recent studies but also include personal observations and unpublished data. The distributions of higher-level taxonomic groups (subfamilies and tribes) are described and we detail their latitudinal and elevational limits. We also review the distributions of groups with unique insular habitats such as those found on islands surrounded by seas, forested “islands” surrounded by “seas” of deserts, and caves. Furthermore, we discuss the distribution of some unique morphological characters of taxonomic importance such as urticating setae. Finally, we review a handful of studies that have explicitly investigated the biogeography of New World tarantulas using a variety of different analytical methods.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Agnarsson I, Van Patten C, Sargeant L, Chomitz B, Dziki A, Binford G (2018) A radiation of the ornate Caribbean ‘smiley-faced spiders’ – with descriptions of 15 new species (Araneae, Theridiidae, Spintharus). Zool J Linnean Soc 182:758–790
Ali JR (2012) Colonizing the Caribbean: is the GAARlandia land-bridge hypothesis gaining a foothold? J Biogeogr 39:431–433
Almeida-Abreu PA, Renger FE (1998) Effects of the West-Congolian belt orogeny on the tectonic evolution of the eastern São Francisco craton during Neoproterozoic times. In: Abstracts of the 14th international conference on basement tectonics. Ouro Preto, Brazil, pp 38–40
Amorim DS, Pires MRS (1996) Neotropical biogeography and a method for maximum biodiversity estimation. In: Bicudo CEM, Menezes MA (eds) Biodiversity in Brazil. A first approach. Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Sao Paulo, p 326
Antonelli A, Nylander JAA, Persson C, Sanmartín I (2009) Tracing the impact of the Andean uplift on Neotropical plant evolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106:9749–9754
Antonelli A, Zizka A, Silvestro D, Scharn R, Cascales-Miñana B, Bacon CD (2015) An engine for global plant diversity: highest evolutionary turnover and emigration in the American tropics. Front Genet 6:130
Avise JC, Arnold J, Ball RM, Bermingham E, Lamb T, Neigel JE, Reeb CA, Saunders NC (1987) Intraespecific phylogeography: the mitochondrial DNA bridge between population genetics and systematics. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 18:489–522
Ayoub NA, Garb JE, Hedin M, Hayashi CY (2007) Utility of the nuclear protein-coding gene, elongation factor-1 gamma (EF-1γ), for spider systematics, emphasizing family level relationships of tarantulas and their kin (Araneae: Mygalomorphae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 42:394–409
Bell J, Bohan D, Shaw E, Weyman G (2005) Ballooning dispersal using silk: world fauna, phylogenies, genetics and models. Bull Entomol Res 95:69–114
Bertani R (2001) Revision, cladistics analysis, and zoogeography of Vitalius, Nhandu and Proshapalopus; with notes on other theraphosine genera (Araneae: Theraphosidae). Arq Zool 36:265–356
Bertani R (2012) Revision, cladistic analysis and biogeography of Typhochlaena C. L. Koch, 1850, Pachistopelma Pocock, 1901 and Iridopelma Pocock, 1901 (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Aviculariinae). Zookeys 230:1–94
Bertani R (2013) A new species of Melloina (Araneae: Paratropididae) from Venezuela. Fortschr Zool 30:101–106
Bertani R, da Silva PI (2002) The first mygalomorph spider without spermathecae: Sickius longibulbi, with a revalidation of Sickius (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Ischnocolinae). J Arachnol 30:519–526
Bertani R, Fukushima CS (2009) Description of two new species of Avicularia Lamarck, 1818 and redescription of Avicularia diversipes (C. L. Koch, 1842) (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Aviculariinae)— three possibly threatened Brazilian species. Zootaxa 2223:25–47
Bertani R, Guadanucci JPL (2013) Morphology, evolution and usage of urticating setae by tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae). Fortschr Zool 30:403–418
Bloom T, Binford G, Esposito LA, Alayón Garcia G, Peterson I, Nishida A, Loubet-Senear K, Agnarsson I (2014) Discovery of two new species of eyeless spiders within a single Hispaniola cave. J Arachnol 42:148–154
Bond JE, Hedin MC, Ramirez MG, Opell BD (2001) Deep molecular divergence in the absence of morphological and ecological change in the Californian coastal dune endemic trapdoor spider Aptostichus simus. Mol Ecol 10:899–910
Bond JE, Garrison NL, Hamilton CA, Godwin RL, Hedin M, Agnarsson I (2014) Phylogenomics resolves a spider backbone phylogeny and rejects a prevailing paradigm for orb web evolution. Curr Biol 24:1765–1771
Bryson RW, Riddle BR, Graham MR, Smith BT, Prendini L (2013a) As old as the hills: Montane scorpions in southwestern North America reveal ancient associations between biotic diversification and landscape history. PLoS One 8:e52822
Bryson RW, Savary WE, Prendini L (2013b) Biogeography of scorpions in the Pseudouroctonus minimus complex (Vaejovidae) from south-western North America: implications of ecological specialization for pre-Quaternary diversification. J Biogeogr 40:1850–1860
Candia-Ramírez DT, Francke OF (2017) Taxonomic revision of the genus Crassicrus Reichling & West, 1996 (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae), with the description of additional keels on the embolus. J Arachnol 45:67–98
Cardoso FC, Dekan Z, Rosengren KJ, Erickson A, Vetter I, Deuis JR, Herzig V, Alewood PF, King GF, Lewis RJ (2015) Identification and characterization of ProTx-III [μ-TRTX-Tp1a], a new voltage-gated sodium channel inhibitor from venom of the tarantula Thrixopelma pruriens. Mol Pharmacol 88:291–303
Carnaval AC, Mortiz C (2008) Historical climate modeling predicts patterns of current biodiversity in the Brazilian Atlantic forest. J Biogeogr 35:1187–1201
Casazza G, Minuto L (2009) A critical evaluation of different methods for the determination of areas of endemism and biotic elements: an Alpine study. J Biogeogr 36:2056–2065
Chamberland L, McHugh A, Kechejian S, Binford GJ, Bond JE, Coddington J, Dolman CA, Hamilton CA, Harvey MS, Kuntner M, Agnarsson I (2018) From Gondwana to GAARlandia: evolutionary history and biogeography of ogre-faced spiders (Deinopis). J Biogeogr 45:2442–2457
Chávez Hoffmeister MF (2016) El origen de la fauna Sudamericana moderna: de Gondwana al Gran Intercambio Americano. En: Pino M. El Sitio Pilauco Osorno, Patagonia Noroccidental de Chile. Universidad Austral de Chile, pp 47–74
Christiansen KA (1962) Proposition pour la classification des animaux cavernicoles. Spelunca 2:76–78
Christman MC, Culver DC, Madden MK, White D (2005) Patterns of endemism of the eastern North American cave fauna. J Biogeogr 32:1441–1452
Coates AG, Stallard RF (2013) How old is the Isthmus of Panama? Bull Mar Sci 89(4):801–813
Cooper SJB, Harvey MS, Saint KM, Main BY (2011) Deep phylogeographic structuring of populations of the trapdoor spider Moggridgea tingle (Migidae) from southwestern Australia: evidence for long-term refugia within refugia. Mol Ecol 20:3219–3236
Coyle FA (1971) Systematics and natural history of the mygalomorph spider genus Antrodiaetus and related genera (Araneae: Antrodiaetidae). Bull Mus Comp Zool 141:269–402
Coyle FA, Greenstone MH, Hultsch AL, Morgan CE (1985) Ballooning mygalomorphs: estimates of the masses of Sphodros and Ummidia ballooners (Araneae: Atypidae, Ctenizidae). J Arachnol 13:291–296
Crisci JV (2001) The voice of historical biogeography. J Biogeogr 28:157–168
Crisci JV, Katinas L, Posadas P (2003) Historical biogeography: an introduction. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, p 262
Crisci JV, Sala OE, Katinas L, Posadas P (2006) Bridging historical and ecological approaches in biogeography. Aust Syst Bot 19:1–10
Crother BI, Murray CM (2011) Ontology of areas of endemism. J Biogeogr 38:1009–1015
Cuesta F, Peralvo M, Valarezo N (2009) Los bosques montanos de los Andes tropicales: una evaluación regional de su estado de conservación y de su vulnerabilidad a efectos del cambio climático. Serie Investigación y Sistematización #5. Programa Regional ECOBONA – INTERCOOPERATION. Quito
Dalla Vecchia FM, Selden PA (2013) A Triassic spider from Italy. Acta Palaeontol Pol 58:325–330
DaSilva MB, Pinto-da-Rocha R (2011) História biogeográfica da Mata Atlântica: opiliões (Arachnida) como modelo para suainferência. In: De Carvalho CJB, Almeida EAB (eds) Biogeografia da América do Sul – Padrões e Processos. São Paulo, Roca, pp 221–238
Donato M (2006) Historical biogeography of the family Tristiridae (Orthoptera: Acridomorpha) applying dispersal vicariance analysis. J Arid Environ 66:421–434
Dunlop JA, Harms D, Penney D (2008) A fossil tarantula (Araneae: Theraphosidae) from Miocene Chiapas amber, Mexico. Rev Iber Aracnol 15:9–17
Edwards GB, Hibbard KL (1999) The Mexican redrump, Brachypelma vagans (Araneae: Theraphosidae), an exotic tarantula established in Florida. Florida Department of Agriculture Entomology Circular 394:1–2
Escoubas P, Rash L (2004) Tarantulas: eight-legged pharmacists and combinatorial chemists. Toxicon 43:555–574
Eskov K, Zonshtein S (1990) First Mesozoic mygalomorph spiders from the Lower Cretaceous of Siberia and Mongolia, with notes on the system and evolution of the infraorder Mygalomorphae (Chelicerata: Araneae). N Jb Geol Paläont Abh 178:325–368
Fabiano-da-Silva W, Guadanucci JPL, DaSilva MB (2015) Tmesiphantes mirim sp. nov. (Araneae: Theraphosidae) from the Atlantic Forest of Bahia, Brazil, biogeographical notes and identification keys for species of the genus. Fortschr Zool 32:151–156
Ferretti N (2015) On three new Euathlus tarantulas from Argentina and cladistic analysis of the genus. J Arachnol 43:313–326
Ferretti N, González A, Pérez-Miles F (2012) Historical biogeography of the Genus Cyriocosmus (Araneae: Theraphosidae) in the neotropics according to an event-based method and spatial analysis of vicariance. Zool Stud 51:526–535
Ferretti N, Pompozzi G, Copperi S, Schwerdt L (2013) Aerial dispersal by Actinopus spiderlings. J Arachnol 41:407–408
Ferretti N, Cavallo P, Chaparro JC, Ríos-Tamayo D, Seimon TA, West R (2018) The Neotropical genus Hapalotremus Simon, 1903 (Araneae: Theraphosidae), with the description of seven new species and the highest altitude record for the family. J Nat Hist 52:1927–1984
Foley S, Lüddecke T, Chen D-Q, Krehenwinkel H, Kuenzel S, Longhorn SJ, Wendt I, von Wirth V, Taenzler R, Vences M, Piel WH (2019) Tarantula phylogenomics: a robust phylogeny of multiple tarantula lineages inferred from transcriptome data sheds light on the prickly issue of urticating setae evolution. bioRxiv 501262. doi:https://doi.org/10.1101/501262
Fonseca-Ferreira R, de Almeida ZR, Guadanucci JPL (2017) Diversity of iron cave-dwelling mygalomorph spiders from Pará, Brazil, with description of three new species (Araneae). Trop Zool 3:178–199
Fukushima CS, Bertani R (2017) Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis of Avicularia Lamarck, 1818 (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Aviculariinae) with description of three new aviculariine genera. Zookeys 659:1–185
Fukushima CS, Bertani R (2018) Two new species of Guyruita Guadanucci et al., 2007 (Araneae, Theraphosidae) from Brazil. Zootaxa 4370:395–408
Gans PB (1997) Large-magnitude Oligo-Miocene extension in southern Sonora: implications for the tectonic evolution of northwest Mexico. Tectonics 16:388–408
García-Villafuerte MA (2008) Primer registro fósil del género Hemirrhagus (Araneae, Theraphosidae) en ámbar del Terciario, Chiapas, México. Rev Iber Aracnol 16:43–47
Garrison NL, Rodriguez J, Agnarsson I, Coddington JA, Griswold CE, Hamilton CA, Hedin M, Kocot KM, Ledford JM, Bond JE (2016) Spider phylogenomics: untangling the Spider Tree of Life. PeerJ 4:e1719
Gentry AH (1982) Neotropical floristic diversity: phytogeographical connections between Central and South America, pleistocene climatic fluctuations, or an accident of the Andean orogeny? Ann Missouri Bot Gard 69:557–593
Gillespie R (2002) Biogeography of spiders on remote oceanic islands of the Pacific: archipelagoes as stepping stones? J Biogeogr 29:655–662
Godwin RL, Opatova V, Garrison NL, Hamilton CA, Bond JE (2018) Phylogeny of a cosmopolitan family of morphologically conserved trapdoor spiders (Mygalomorphae, Ctenizidae) using Anchored Hybrid Enrichment, with a description of the family, Halonoproctidae Pocock 1901. Mol Phylogenet Evol 126:303–313
Graham MR, Hendrixson BE, Hamilton CA, Bond JE (2015) Miocene extensional tectonics explain ancient patterns of diversification among turret-building tarantulas (Aphonopelma mojave group) in the Mojave and Sonoran deserts. J Biogeogr 42:1052–1065
Guadanucci JPL (2011) Cladistic analysis and biogeography of the genus Oligoxystre Vellard 1924 (Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Theraphosidae). J Arachnol 39:320–326
Guadanucci JPL (2014) Theraphosidae phylogeny: relationships of the ‘Ischnocolinae’ genera (Araneae, Mygalomorphae). Zool Scripta 43:508–518
Guadanucci JPL, Weinmann D (2014) The spider genera Euthycaelus Simon and Schismatothele Karsch (Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae). Zootaxa 3795:275–288
Guadanucci JPL, Weinmann D (2015) Description of Neoholothele gen. nov. (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Schismatothelinae). Stud Neotrop Fauna Environ 50:221–228
Guadanucci JPL, Lucas SM, Indicatti RP, Yamamoto FU (2007) Description of Guyruita gen. nov. and two new species (Ischnocolinae, Theraphosidae). Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 24:991–996
Guadanucci JPL, Perafán C, Valencia-Cuéllar D (2017) The genus Holothele Karsch, 1879: the identity of the type species (Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae). Zoosystema 39:263–271
Halffter G (1987) Biogeography of the montane entomofauna of Mexico and Central America. Annu Rev Entomol 32:95–114
Hamilton CA, Formanowicz DR, Bond JE (2011) Species delimitation and phylogeography of Aphonopelma hentzi (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae): cryptic diversity in North American tarantulas. PLoS One 6(10):e26207
Hamilton CA, Hendrixson BE, Brewer MS, Bond JE (2014) An evaluation of sampling effects on multiple DNA barcoding methods leads to an integrative approach for delimiting species: a case study of the North American tarantula genus Aphonopelma (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 71:79–93
Hamilton CA, Hendrixson BE, Bond JE (2016) Taxonomic revision of the tarantula genus Aphonopelma Pocock, 1901 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae) within the United States. ZooKeys 560:1–340
Haq BU, Hardenbol J, Vail PR (1987) Chronology of fluctuating sea levels since the Triassic. Science 235:1156–1167
Harrison SE, Harvey MS, Cooper SJB, Austin AD, Rix MG (2017) Across the Indian Ocean: a remarkable example of trans-oceanic dispersal in an austral mygalomorph spider. PLoS One 12:e0180139
Hedges SB, Hass CA, Maxson LR (1992) Caribbean biogeography: molecular evidence for dispersal in West Indian terrestrial vertebrates. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 89:1909–1913
Hedin M, Starrett J, Hayashi C (2013) Crossing the uncrossable: novel trans-valley biogeographic patterns revealed in the genetic history of low-dispersal mygalomorph spiders (Antrodiaetidae, Antrodiaetus) from California. Mol Ecol 22:508–526
Hedin H, Carlson D, Coyle F (2015) Sky island diversification meets the multispecies coalescent – divergence in the spruce-fir moss spider (Microhexura montivaga, Araneae, Mygalomorphae) on the highest peaks of southern Appalachia. Mol Ecol 24:3467–3484
Hedin M, Derkarabetian S, Alfaro A, Ramírez MJ, Bond JE (2019) Phylogenomic analysis and revised classification of atypoid mygalomorph spiders (Araneae, Mygalomorphae), with notes on arachnid ultraconserved element loci. PeerJ 7:e6864
Hendrixson BE, Bond JE (2007) Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of an ancient Holarctic lineage of mygalomorph spiders (Araneae: Antrodiaetidae: Antrodiaetus). Mol Phylogenet Evol 42:738–755
Hendrixson BE, DeRussy BM, Hamilton CA, Bond JE (2013) An exploration of species boundaries in turret-building tarantulas of the Mojave Desert (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae, Aphonopelma). Mol Phylogenet Evol 66:327–340
Hendrixson BE, Guice AV, Bond JE (2015) Integrative species delimitation and conservation of tarantulas (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae) from a North American biodiversity hotspot. Insect Conserv Diver 8:120–131
Hernández-Camacho J, Walschburger T, Ortíz-Quijano R, Hurtado-Guerra A (1992) Origen y distribución de la biota suramericana y colombiana. In: Halffter G (ed) La Diversidad Biológica de Iberoamérica I, Acta Zoológica Mexicana (nueva serie), Volumen Especial. Xalapa, México, Instituto de Ecología, pp 55–104
Hewitt G (1999) Post-glacial recolonization of European biota. Biol J Linn Soc 68:87–112
Hewitt GM (2004) Genetic consequences of climatic oscillations in the Quaternary. Philos Trans R Soc Lond Ser B Biol Sci 359:183–195
Hoorn C, Guerrero J, Sarmiento GA, Lorente MA (1995) Andean tectonics as a cause for changing drainage patterns in Miocene northern South America. Geology 23:237–241
Hüsser M (2018) A first phylogenetic analysis reveals a new arboreal tarantula genus from South America with description of a new species and two new species of Tapinauchenius Ausserer, 1871 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae). ZooKeys 784:59–93
Iturralde-Vinent MA, MacPhee RDE (1999) Paleogeography of the Caribbean region: implications for Cenozoic biogeography. Bull Am Mus Nat Hist 238:1–95
Johnson RA, Ward PS (2002) Biogeography and endemism of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Baja California, Mexico: a first overview. J Biogeogr 29:1009–1026
Kaderka R (2015) Bistriopelma, a new genus with two new species from Peru (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae). Rev Peru Biol 22:275–288
Kambas D (2019) Tarantupedia: an online taxonomic database for the worlds largest spiders. https://www.tarantupedia.com. Last accessed 7 July 2019
Kuntner M, Agnarsson I (2011) Biogeography and diversification of hermit spiders on Indian Ocean islands (Nephilidae: Nephilengys). Mol Phylogenet Evol 59:477–488
Lüddecke T, Krehenwinkel H, Canning G, Glaw F, Longhorn SJ, Tänzler R, Wendt I, Vences M (2018) Discovering the silk road: Nuclear and mitochondrial sequence data resolve the phylogenetic relationships among theraphosid spider subfamilies. Mol Phylogenet Evol 119:63–70
MacArthur RH, Wilson EO (1967) The theory of Island biogeography. Princeton University Press
Main BY (1981a) Eco-evolutionary radiation of mygalomorph spiders in Australia. In: Keast A (ed) Ecological biogeography of Australia. Dr. W. Junk, The Hague, pp 853–872
Main BY (1981b) Some zoogeographic considerations of families of spiders occurring in New Guinea. In: Gressit JL (ed) Biogeography and ecology in New Guinea. Dr. W Junk, TheHague, pp 583–602
Malumián N (1999) La sedimentación y el volcanismo terciarios en la Patagonia extra andina. La sedimentación en la Patagonia extra andina. In: Caminos R (ed) Geología Argentina. Anales del Instituto de Geología y Recursos Minerales, Buenos Aires, pp 557–612
Marshall SD, West R (2008) An ontogenetic shift in habitat use by the Neotropical tarantula Ephebopus murinus (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Aviculariinae). Arachnology 14:280–284
McQuarrie N, Wernicke BP (2005) An animated tectonic reconstruction of southwestern North America since 36 Ma. Geosphere 1:147–172
Mendoza J, Francke O (2017) Systematic revision of Brachypelma red-kneed tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae), and the use of DNA barcodes to assist in the identification and conservation of CITES-listed species. Invertebr Syst 31:157–179
Mendoza JI, Francke OF (2018) Five new cave-dwelling species of Hemirrhagus Simon 1903 (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Theraphosinae), with notes on the generic distribution and novel morphological features. Zootaxa 4407:451–482
Mendoza JI, Locht A, Kaderka R, Medina F, Pérez-Miles F (2016) A new genus of theraphosid spider from Mexico, with a particular palpal bulb structure (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Theraphosinae). Eur J Taxon 232:1–28
Mendoza-Marroquín JI (2014a) Taxonomic revision of Hemirrhagus Simon, 1903 (Araneae: Theraphosidae, Theraphosinae), with description of five new species from Mexico. Zool J Linnean Soc 170:634–689
Mendoza-Marroquín JI (2014b) Psalmopoeus victori, the first arboreal theraphosid spider described for Mexico (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Aviculariinae). Rev Mex Biodivers 85:728–735
Molina-Garza RS, Geissman JW, Wawrzyniec TF, Alonso TAP, Iriondo A, Weber B, Aranda-Gómez J (2015) Geology of the coastal Chiapas (Mexico) Miocene plutons and the Tonalá shear zone: syntectonic emplacement and rapid exhumation during sinistral transpression. Lithosphere 7:257–274
Montes de Oca L, D'Elía G, Pérez-Miles F (2016) An integrative approach for species delimitation in the spider genus Grammostola (Theraphosidae, Mygalomorphae). Zool Scr 45(3):322–333
Montes C, Cardona A, Jaramillo C, Pardo A, Silva JC, Valencia V, Ayala C, Pérez-Ángel LC, Rodríguez-Parra LA, Ramírez V, Niño H (2015) Middle Miocene closure of the Central American Seaway. Science 348:226–229
Morrone JJ (1994) On the identification of areas of endemism. Syst Biol 43:438–441
Morrone JJ (2005) Hacia una síntesis biogeográfica de México. Rev Mex Biodivers 76:207–252
Morrone JJ (2011) Sistemática, biogeografía, evolución: los patrones de la biodiversidad en tiempo-espacio. Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM, Textos de Biología
Morrone JJ (2014a) Parsimony analysis of endemicity (PAE) revisited. J Biogeogr 41:842–854
Morrone JJ (2014b) Cladistic biogeography of the Neotropical region: identifying the main events in the diversification of the terrestrial biota. Cladistics 30:202–214
Morrone JJ (2014c) Biogeographical regionalisation of the Neotropical region. Zootaxa 3782:001–110
Morrone JJ (2015a) Biogeographical regionalization of the world: a reappraisal. Aust Syst Bot 28:81–90
Morrone JJ (2015b) Track analysis beyond panbiogeography. J Biogeogr 42:413–425
Nihei SS (2006) Misconceptions about parsimony analysis of endemicity. J Biogeogr 33:2099–2106
Noguera-Urbano EA (2016) Areas of endemism: travelling through space and the unexplored dimension. Syst Biodivers 14:131–139
O’Dea A, Lessios HA, Coates AG, Eytan RI, Restrepo-Moreno SA et al (2016) Formation of the Isthmus of Panama. Sci Adv 2:e1600883
Oliveira F, Cassola E, Marroig G (2009) Paleogeography of the South Atlantic: a route for primates and rodents into the new world? In: Garber PA et al (eds) South American primates, developments in primatology: progress and prospects. Springer, pp 55–68
Opatova V, Arnedo MA (2014a) From Gondwana to Europe: inferring the origins of Mediterranean Macrothele spiders (Araneae: Hexathelidae) and the limits of the family Hexathelidae. Invertebr Syst 28:361–374
Opatova V, Arnedo MA (2014b) Spiders on a hot volcanic roof: colonization pathways and phylogeography of the Canary Islands endemic trap-door spider Titanidiops canariensis (Araneae, Idiopidae). PLoS One 9:e115078
Opatova V, Bond JE, Arnedo MA (2013) Ancient origins of the Mediterranean trap-door spiders of the family Ctenizidae (Araneae, Mygalomorphae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 69:1135–1145
Opatova V, Bond JE, Arnedo MA (2016) Uncovering the role of the Western Mediterranean tectonics in shaping the diversity and distribution of the trap-door spider genus Ummidia (Araneae, Ctenizidae). J Biogeogr 43:1955–1966
Opatova V, Hamilton CA, Hedin M, Montes de Oca L, Král J, Bond JE (2019) Phylogenetic systematics and evolution of the spider infraorder Mygalomorphae using genomic scale data. bioRxiv 531756. doi:https://doi.org/10.1101/531756
Ortiz D, Francke OF (2016) Two DNA barcodes and morphology for multi-method species delimitation in Bonnetina tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 101:176–193
Ortiz D, Francke OF (2017) Reconciling morphological and molecular systematics in tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae): revision of the Mexican endemic genus Bonnetina. Zool J Linnean Soc 180:819–886
Ortiz D, Francke OF, Bond JE (2018) A tangle of forms and phylogeny: extensive morphological homoplasy and molecular clock heterogeneity in Bonnetina and related tarantulas. Mol Phylogenet Evol 127:55–73
Ortíz-Jaureguizar E, Cladera GA (2006) Paleoenvironmental evolution of southern South America during the Cenozoic. J Arid Environ 66:498–532
Palminteri S, Powell G (eds) (2001) Visión de la biodiversidad de los Andes del norte. World Wilelife Fund - WWF, Santiago de Cali
Parent CE, Caccone A, Petren K (2008) Colonization and diversification of Galápagos terrestrial fauna: a phylogenetic and biogeographical synthesis. Philos Trans R Soc Lond Ser B Biol Sci 363:3347–3361
Pascual R, Ortiz-Jaureguizar E, Prado JL (1996) Land mammals: paradigm of Cenozoic South American geobiotic evolution. In: Arratia G (ed) Contribution of Southern South America to Vertebrate Paleontology. Müncher Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen, Münich, pp 265–319
Pellegrino KCM, Rodrigues MT, Waite AN, Morando M, Yassuda YY, Sites JRJW (2005) Phylogeography and species limits in the Gymnodactylus darwinii complex (Gekkonidae, Squamata): genetic structure coincides with river systems in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Biol J Linn Soc 85:13–26
Perafán C (2017) Distribución actual e histórica del infraorden Mygalomorphae (Araneae) en los Andes del norte. PhD thesis (umpublished), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
Perafán C, Pérez-Miles F (2014) The Andean tarantulas Euathlus Ausserer, 1875, Paraphysa Simon, 1892 and Phrixotrichus Simon, 1889 (Araneae: Theraphosidae): phylogenetic analysis, genera redefinition and new species descriptions. J Nat Hist 48:2389–2418
Perafán C, Valencia-Cuellar D (2018) Proshapalopus marimbai, a new tarantula species (Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae) and first genus record from Colombia. Trop Zool 31:200–213
Perafán C, Cifuentes Y, Estrada-Gómez S (2015) Aguapanela, a new tarantula genus from the Colombian Andes (Araneae, Theraphosidae). Zootaxa 4033:529–542
Perafán C, Galvis W, Gutiérrez M, Pérez-Miles F (2016) Kankuamo, a new theraphosid genus from Colombia (Araneae, Mygalomorphae), with a new type of urticating setae and divergent male genitalia. Zookeys 601:89–109
Pérez-Miles F (1998) Notes on the systematics of the little known theraphosid spider Hemirrhagus cervinus, with a description of a new type of urticating hair. J Arachnol 26:120–123
Pérez-Miles F, Locht A (2003) Revision and cladistic analysis of the genus Hemirrhagus Simon, 1903 (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Theraphinae). Bull Br Arachnol Soc 12:365–375
Pérez-Miles F, Perafán C (2015) Geographic patterns of abdominal urticating setae types in Neotropical tarantulas (Araneae, Theraphosidae). Bol Soc Zool, Uruguay (2ª época) 24: 103–116
Pérez-Miles F, Weinmann D (2009) Two new species of Cyriocosmus Simon, 1903 from Peru and the highest altitude record for the genus (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Theraphosinae). Rev Iber Aracnol 17:29–35
Pérez-Miles F, Weinmann D (2010) Agnostopelma: a new genus of tarantula without a scopula on leg IV (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae). J Arachnol 38:104–112
Pérez-Miles F, Lucas SM, da Silva PI, Bertani R (1996) Systematic revision and cladistic analysis of Theraphosinae (Araneae: Theraphosidae). Mygalomorph 1:33–68
Pétillon J, Deruytter D, Decae A, Renault D, Bonte D (2012) Habitat use, but not dispersal limitation, as the mechanism behind the aggregated population structure of the mygalomorph species Atypus affinis. Anim Biol 62:181–192
Pocock RI (1903) On the geographical distribution of spiders of the order Mygalomorphae. Proc Roy Soc Lond 1:340–368
Porter ML (2007) Subterranean biogeography: what have we learned from molecular techniques? J Cave Karst Stud 69:179–186
Posadas P, Crisci JV, Katinas L (2006) Historical biogeography: a review of its basic concepts and critical issues. J Arid Environ 66:389–403
Prentice TR (1997) Theraphosidae of the Mojave Desert west and north of the Colorado River (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae). J Arachnol 25:137–176
Pugh PJA (2004) Biogeography of spiders (Araneae: Arachnida) on the islands of the Southern Ocean. J Nat Hist 38:1461–1487
Rässänen ME, Linna AM, Santos JCR, Negri FR (1995) Late Miocene tidal deposits in the Amazonian foreland basin. Science 269:386–390
Raven RJ (1980) The evolution and biogeography of the mygalomorph spider family Hexathelidae (Araneae, Chelicerata). J Arachnol 8:251–266
Raven RJ (1984a) Systematics and biogeography of the mygalomorph spider family Migidae in Australia. Aust J Zool 32:379–390
Raven RJ (1984b) A revision of the Aname maculata species group (Araneae, Dipluridae) with notes on biogeography. J Arachnol 12:177–193
Raven RJ (1985) The spider infraorder Mygalomorphae (Araneae): cladistics and systematics. Bull Am Mus Nat Hist 182:1–180
Raven RJ (1986) Revision of the spider genus Sason Simon (Sasoninae, Barychelidae, Mygalomorphae) and its historical biogeography. J Arachnol 14:47–70
Riccardi A, Rolleri E (1980) Cordillera Patagónica Austral. Acad Nac Ci 2:1173–1306
Ricklefs R, Bermingham E (2008) The West Indies as a laboratory of biogeography and evolution. Philos Trans R Soc Lond Ser B Biol Sci 363(1502):2393–2413
Ricklefs RE, Jenkins DG (2011) Biogeography and ecology: towards the integration of two disciplines. Philos Trans R Soc Lond Ser B Biol Sci 366(1576):2438–2448
Rico-G A, Beltrán JP, Álvarez A, Flórez-D E (2005) Diversidad de arañas (Arachnida: Araneae) en el Parque Nacional Natural Isla Gorgona, pacífico colombiano. Biota Neotrop 5:99–110
Rix MG, Cooper SJB, Meusemann K, Klopfstein S, Harrison SE, Hrvey MS, Austin AD (2017) Post-Eocene climate change across continental Australia and the diversification of Australian spiny trapdoor spiders (Idiopidae: Arbanitinae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 109:302–320
Romero A (2009) Cave biology: life in darkness. Cambridge University Press
Rosen BR (1988) From fossils to earth history: applied historical biogeography. In: Myers AA, Giller PS (eds) Analytical biogeography. Springer, New York, pp 437–481
Ross JLS (1996) Geografia do Brasil. Editora da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo
Rull V (2018) Neotropical diversification: historical overview and conceptual insights. PeerJ Preprints 6: e27294v1. doi:https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.27294v1
Salfity JA, Marquillas RA (1999) La cuenca Cretácico-Terciaria del norte argentino. In: Caminos R (ed) Geología Argentina. Anales del Instituto de Geología y Recursos Minerales, Buenos Aires, pp 613–626
Schluter D (2000) The ecology of adaptive radiation. Oxford University Press
Selden PA (2002) First Mesozoic spider from Cretaceous amber of the Isle of Wight, Southern England. Palaeontology 45:973–983
Selden PA, Gall JC (1992) A Triassic mygalomorph spider from the northern Vosges, France. Palaeontology 35:211–235
Selden PA, Casado FDC, Mesquita V (2006) Mygalomorph spiders (Araneae: Dipluridae) from the Lower Cretaceous Crato Lagerstätte, Araripe Basin, north-east Brazil. Palaeontology 49:817–826
Sergio F, Caro T, Brown D, Clucas B, Hunter J, Ketchum J, McHugh K, Hiraldo F (2008) Top predators as conservation tools: ecological rationale, assumptions, and efficacy. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 39:1–19
Simpson GG (1980) Splendid isolation: The curious history of South American mammals. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT, p 266
Smith BT, Klicka J (2010) The profound influence of the Late Pleistocene Panamanian uplift on the exchange, diversification, and distribution of New World birds. Ecography 33:333–342
Starrett J, Hedin M (2007) Multilocus genealogies reveal multiple cryptic species and biogeographical complexity in the California turret spider Antrodiaetus riversi (Mygalomorphae, Antrodiaetidae). Mol Ecol 16:583–604
Starrett J, Hedin M, Ayoub N, Hayashi CY (2013) Hemocyanin gene family evolution in spiders (Araneae), with implications for phylogenetic relationships and divergence times in the infraorder Mygalomorphae. Gene 524:175–186
Starrett J, Hayashi CY, Derkarabetian S, Hedin M (2018) Cryptic elevational zonation in trapdoor spiders (Araneae, Antrodiaetidae, Aliatypus janus complex) from the California southern Sierra Nevada. Mol Phylogenet Evol 118:403–413
Suguio K, Nogueira ACR (1999) Revisão crítica dos conhecimentos geológicos sobre a formação (ou grupo?) Barreiras do Neógeno e o seupossível significado como testemunho de alguns eventos geológicos mundiais. Geociências, São Paulo 18:461–479
Tong Y, Binford G, Rheims CA, Kuntner M, Liu J, Agnarsson I (2019) Huntsmen of the Caribbean: multiples tests of the GAARlandia hypothesis. Mol Phylogenet Evol 130:259–268
Trajano E (2012) Ecological classification of subterranean organisms. In: White WB, Culver DC (eds) Encyclopedia of caves. Academic, Waltham
Turner SP, Longhorn SJ, Hamilton CA, Gabriel R, Pérez-Miles F, Vogler AP (2018) Re-evaluating conservation priorities of New World tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae) in a molecular framework indicates non monophyly of the genera, Aphonopelma and Brachypelma. Syst Biodivers 16:89–107
Uliana MA, Biddle KT (1988) Mesozoic–Cenozoic paleogeographic and geodynamic evolution of southern South America. Rev Bras Geoc 18:172–190
Usinowicz J, Chang-Yang CH, Chen YY, Clark JS, Fletcher C, Garwood NC, Hao Z, Johnstone J, Lin Y, Metz MR, Masaki T, Nakashizuka T, Sun IF, Valencia R, Wang Y, Zimmerman JK, Ives AR, Wright SJ (2017) Temporal coexistence mechanisms contribute to the latitudinal gradient in forest diversity. Nature 550:105–108
Valencia-Cuéllar D, Perafán C, Guerrero RJ, Guadanucci JPL (2019) Schismatothelinae spiders (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae) from Colombia: four new species and an approach to their diversity. Zootaxa 4545:548–562
Veevers JJ (2004) Gondwanaland from 650–500 Ma assembly through 320 Ma merger in Pangea to 185–100 Ma breakup: supercontinental tectonics via stratigraphy and radiometric dating. Earth Sci Rev 68:1–13
Vivo M (1997) Mammalian evidence of historical ecological change in the Caatinga semiarid vegetation of northeastern Brazil. J Comp Biol 2:65–73
Webb SD (1995) Biological implications of the middle Miocene Amazon seaway. Science 269(5222):361–362
Webb SD, Rancy A (1996) Late Cenozoic evolution of the neotropical mammal fauna. In: Jackson JBC, Budd AF, Coates AG (eds) Evolution and environments in tropical Americas. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp 335–358
West RC, Marshall SD, Fukushima CS, Bertani R (2008) Review and cladistic analysis of the Neotropical tarantula genus Ephebopus Simon 1892 (Araneae: Theraphosidae) with notes on the Aviculariinae. Zootaxa 1849:35–58
Wiens JJ, Camacho A, Goldberg A, Jezkova T, Kaplan ME, Lambert SM, Miller EC, Streicher JW, Walls RL (2019) Climate change, extinction, and Sky Island biogeography in a montane lizard. Mol Ecol 28:2610–2624
Williams SC (1980) Scorpions of Baja California, Mexico, and adjacent islands. Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences 135:1–127
Woodburne MO (2010) The Great American biotic interchange: dispersals, tectonics, climate, sea level and holding pens. J Mamm Evol 17:245–264
Woodburne MO, Cione AL, Tonni EP (2006) Central American provincialism and the Great American Biotic Interchange. In: Carranza-Castañeda Ó, Lindsay EH (eds) Advances in late Tertiary vertebrate paleontology in Mexico and the Great American Biotic Interchange, vol 4. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Geología and Centro de Geociencias, Publicación Especial, pp 73–101
World Spider Catalog (2019) Version 20.0. Natural History Museum Bern. http://wsc.nmbe.ch. Last accessed 7 July 2019
Wunderlich J (1988) Die fossilen Spinnenim Dominikanischen Bernstein. Beitr Araneol 2:1–378
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Perafán, C., Ferretti, N., Hendrixson, B.E. (2020). Biogeography of New World Tarantulas. In: Pérez-Miles, F. (eds) New World Tarantulas. Zoological Monographs, vol 6. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48644-0_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48644-0_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-48643-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-48644-0
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)