Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Theraphosinae

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
New World Tarantulas

Part of the book series: Zoological Monographs ((ZM,volume 6))

Abstract

Theraphosinae is the most diverse subfamily of tarantulas in the world, with more than 500 known species. The group is endemic to the New World and its geographic distribution ranges from Southern North America to temperate zones of South America. The largest and most long-lived spiders in the world belong to this subfamily. They inhabit almost all terrestrial environments from sea level up to 4500 m altitude. Beyond the morphological diagnostic characters of the subfamily, this group is also characterized by a singular mechanism of defense, employing abdominal urticating setae that they can release to the air when they are disturbed. For over a century, this subfamily remained poorly known from both biological and taxonomical aspects. In fact, most genera were established during the last few decades and several papers on behavior, ecology, and reproduction were published. Due to their size, longevity, sex dimorphism, relatively easy conditions for breeding, and other biological characteristics, this group constitutes an interesting model for studies on metabolism, thermoregulation, biomechanics, communication, reproduction, and development. This chapter will present an updated overview of the taxonomy and phylogeny of the group as well as a revision of recent scientific contributions in different fields of general biology.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Almeida MQ, Salvatierra L, Morais JW (2018) First record of Theraphosa apophysis (Tinter, 1991) (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae) in Brazil. Check List 14:647–650. https://doi.org/10.15560/14.4.647

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Andre C, Esche S (2011) Die Gattung Sericopelma: Habitat, Lebensweise, Terrarienhaltung und Nachzucht von Sericopelma melanotarsum Valerio, 1980. Arachne 16:10–31

    Google Scholar 

  • Ausserer A (1871) Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Arachniden-Familie der Territelariae Thorell (Mygalidae Autor). Verh Zool Bot Ges Wien 21:117–224

    Google Scholar 

  • Bertani R (2000) Male palpal bulbs and homologous features in Theraphosinae (Araneae, Theraphosidae). J Arachnol 28:29–42

    Google Scholar 

  • Bertani R (2001) Revision, cladistic analysis, and zoogeography of Vitalius, Nhandu, and Proshapalopus; with notes on other theraphosine genera (Araneae, Theraphosidae). Arquiv Zool 36:265–356

    Google Scholar 

  • Bertani R (2012) Revision, cladistic analysis and biogeography of Typhochlaena C. L. Koch, 1850, Pachistopelma Pocock, 1901 and Iridopelma Pocock, 1901 (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Aviculariinae). Zookeys 230:1–94

    Google Scholar 

  • Bertani R Fukushima CS Silva Jr PI da (2008) Two new species of Pamphobeteus Pocock 1901 (Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Theraphosidae) from Brazil, with a new type of stridulatory organ. Zootaxa 1826:45–58

    Google Scholar 

  • Bertani R, Guadanucci JPL (2013) Morphology, evolution and usage of urticating setae by tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae). Zoologia (Curitiba) 30(4):403–418. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-46702013000400006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bertani R, Nagahama RH, Fukushima CS (2011) Revalidation of Pterinopelma Pocock 1901 with description of a new species and the female of Pterinopelma vitiosum (Keyserling 1891) (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae). Zootaxa 2814:1–18

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bertani R, Bichuette ME, Pedroso DR (2013) Tmesiphantes hypogeus sp. nov. (Araneae, Theraphosidae), the first troglobitic tarantula from Brazil. An Acad Bras Ciênc 85:235–243. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0001-37652013005000007

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bücherl W (1947a) Estudo comparativo das espécies brasileiras do gênero Pamphobeteus Pocock, 1901 (Mygalomorphae). Mem Inst Butantan 20:233–282

    Google Scholar 

  • Bücherl W (1947b) Duas novas espécies do gênero Eupalaestrus Pocock, 1901. Mem Inst Butantan 20:297–314

    Google Scholar 

  • Bücherl W (1949a) Em torno das três espécies insulares e praianas do gênero Pamphobeteus Pocock, 1901 (Mygalomorphae). Mem Inst Butantan 21:117–136

    Google Scholar 

  • Bücherl W (1949b) Estudos sobre o gênero Magulla Simon, 1892 (Theraphosidae, Ischnocolinae). Mem Inst Butantan 21:261–274

    Google Scholar 

  • Bücherl W (1951) Estudos sobre a biologia e a sistemática do gênero Grammostola Simon, 1892. Monog Inst Butantan 1:1–203

    Google Scholar 

  • Bücherl W (1957) Sobre a importância dos bulbos copuladores e das apófisis tibiais dos machos na sistemática das aranhas caranguejeiras (Orthognatha). Instituto Butantan, São Paulo. An Acad Bras Ciênc 29:377–420

    Google Scholar 

  • Cambridge FOP (1896) On the Theraphosidae of the lower Amazons: being an account of the new genera and species of this group of spiders discovered during the expedition of the steamship “Faraday” up the river Amazons. Proc Zool Soc Lond 1896:716–766

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Candia-Ramírez DT, Francke OF (2017) Taxonomic revision of the genus Crassicrus Reichling and West, 1996 (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae), with the description of additional keels on the embolus. J Arachnol 45:67–98. https://doi.org/10.1636/JoA-S-16-005.1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cavallo P, Ferretti NE (2015) The first Hapalotremus Simon, 1903 (Araneae: Theraphosidae) from Argentina: description and natural history of Hapalotremus martinorum sp. nov. J Nat Hist 49:873–887. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2014.953226

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cifuentes Y, Estrada-Gomez S, Vargas-Muñoz LJ, Perafán C (2016) Description and molecular characterization of a new species of tarantula, Pamphobeteus verdolaga, from Colombia (Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Theraphosidae). Zoologia (Curitiba) 33:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1984-4689zool-20160113

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coddington JA, Levy HW (1991) Systematics and evolution of spiders (Araneae). Annu Rev Ecol Syst 22:565–592

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cooke JA, Roth VD, Miller FD (1972) The urticating hairs of theraphosidae. Am Mus Novit 2498:1–43

    Google Scholar 

  • de Lamarck JB (1818) Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres. Paris 5:1–612 (Araneae, pp. 88–108)

    Google Scholar 

  • Estrada-Alvarez JC (2014) New data from mygalomorph spiders (Araneae: Mygalomorphae) of Estado de Mexico, with taxonomic comments about the genus Davus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1892. Dugesiana 21:55–66

    Google Scholar 

  • Estrada-Alvarez JC, Guadarrama RCA, Martínez OM (2013) Nueva especie de Citharacanthus Pocock, 1901 (Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae) para México. Dugesiana 20:63–66

    Google Scholar 

  • Fabiano-da-Silva W, Guadanucci JPL, DaSilva MB (2015) Tmesiphantes mirim sp. nov. (Araneae: Theraphosidae) from the Atlantic Forest of Bahia, Brazil, biogeographical notes and identification keys for species of the genus. Zoologia (Curitiba) 32:151–156. [errata: Zoologia (Curitiba)32: 541]. doi:https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-46702015000200006

  • Ferretti N (2015) On three new Euathlus tarantulas from Argentina and cladistic analysis of the genus. J Arachnol 43:313–326. https://doi.org/10.1636/0161-8202-43.3.313

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferretti N, Barneche J (2012) New species of Eupalaestrus from Argentina (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Theraphosinae). Iheringia Sér Zool 102:327–330

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferretti N, Barneche J (2013) Description of two new species of Plesiopelma (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Theraphosinae) from Argentina. Iheringia Sér Zool 103:374–380. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0073-47212013000400007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferretti N, Pompozzi G, Pérez-Miles F (2011) The species of Grammostola (Araneae: Theraphosidae) from central Argentina: taxonomy, distribution, and surface ultrastructure of coxal setae. Zootaxa 2828:1–18

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferretti N, Pompozzi G, González A, Pérez-Miles F (2013) The genus Grammostola Simon 1892 (Araneae: Theraphosidae): a new species from western Argentina, new synonymy and distributional data. J Nat Hist 47:2961–2977. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2013.791945

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferretti N, Copperi S, Schwerdt L, Pompozzi G (2015) First record of Vitalius longisternalis Bertani, 2001 (Araneae, Theraphosidae) in Argentina and notes on its natural history in Misiones province. Check List 11:1–5. https://doi.org/10.15560/11.5.1748

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferretti N, Ochoa JA, Chaparro JC (2016) Una nueva especie de Acanthoscurria (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae) sin órgano estridulador, del sur de Perú. Rev Peru Biol 23:89–94. https://doi.org/10.15381/rpb.v23i2.12375

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferretti N, Cavallo P, Chaparro JC, Ríos-Tamayo D, Seimon TA, West R (2018) The Neotropical genus Hapalotremus Simon, 1903 (Araneae: Theraphosidae), with the description of seven new species and the highest altitude record for the family. J Nat Hist 52:1927–1984. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2018.1506521

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Foley S, Lüddecke T, Chen DQ, Krehenwinkel H, Künzel S, Longhorn S, Wendt I, von Wirth V, Tänzler R, Vences M, Piel WH (2019) Tarantula phylogenomics: a robust phylogeny of deep theraphosid clades inferred from transcriptome data sheds light on the prickly issue of urticating setae evolution. Mol Phylogenet Evol 140(106573):1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.106573

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fonseca-Ferreira R, Zampaulo Rde A, Guadanucci JPL (2017) Diversity of iron cave-dwelling mygalomorph spiders from Pará, Brazil, with description of three new species (Araneae). Trop Zool 30:178–199. https://doi.org/10.1080/03946975.2017.1367590

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fukushima CS, Bertani R, da Silva Jr PI (2005) Revision of Cyriocosmus Simon, 1903, with notes on the genus Hapalopus Ausserer, 1875 (Araneae: Theraphosidae). Zootaxa 846:1–31

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fukushima CS, Nagahama RH, Bertani R (2008) The identity of Mygale brunnipes C.L. Koch 1842 (Araneae, Theraphosidae), with a redescription of the species and the description of a new genus. J Arachnol 36:402–410

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gabriel R (2011) A new species of Hapalopus Ausserer, 1875 from Guyana (Araneae: Theraphosidae). J Br Tarantula Soc 26:76–80

    Google Scholar 

  • Gabriel R (2014) A new genus and species of theraphosid spider from El Salvador (Araneae: Theraphosidae). J Br Tarantula Soc 29:146–153

    Google Scholar 

  • Gabriel R (2016) Revised taxonomic placement of the species in the Central American genera Davus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1892, Metriopelma Becker, 1878, and Schizopelma F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897, with comments on species in related genera (Araneae: Theraphosidae). Arachnology 17:61–92. https://doi.org/10.13156/arac.2006.17.2.61

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gabriel R, Longhorn SJ (2011) Redescriptions of the holotypes of Mygalarachnae [sic] Ausserer 1871 and Harpaxictis Simon (1892) (Araneae: Theraphosidae) with rebuttal of their synonymy with Sericopelma Ausserer 1875. Rev Ibér Aracnología 19:157–165

    Google Scholar 

  • Gabriel R, Longhorn SJ (2015) Revised generic placement of Brachypelma embrithes (Chamberlin and Ivie, 1936) and Brachypelma angustum Valerio, 1980, with definition of the taxonomic features for identification of female Sericopelma Ausserer, 1875 (Araneae, Theraphosidae). ZooKeys 526:75–104. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.526.6315

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gerschman de Pikelin BS, Schiapelli RD (1970) Discusión de los caracteres válidos en la sistemática de las arañas Theraphosomorphae. Bulletin Du Museum National D’Histoire Naturelle. 2da. Serie, Tomo 41, Suplemento No. 1, pp 150–154

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerschman de Pikelin BS, Schiapelli RD (1972) El género Homoeomma Ausserer 1871 (Araneae: Theraphosidae). Physis (C) 31:237–258

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerschman de Pikelin BS, Schiapelli RD (1973) La subfamilia «Ischnocolinae» (Araneae: Theraphosidae). Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales «Bernardino Rivadavia» e Instituto Nacional de Investigación de las Ciencias Naturales. Entomología Tomo IV, n°2: 43–77

    Google Scholar 

  • Goloboff PA (1993) A reanalysis of mygalomorph spider families (Araneae). Am Mus Novit 3056:1–32

    Google Scholar 

  • Gonzalez-Filho HMO, Lucas SM, Paula F, Indicatti RP, Brescovit AD (2012) On the taxonomy of Acanthoscurria Ausserer from southeastern Brazil with data on the natural history of A. gomesiana Mello-Leitão (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae). Int J Zool 721793:1–11

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guadanucci JPL (2014) Theraphosidae phylogeny: relationships of the ‘Ischnocolinae’ genera (Araneae, Mygalomorphae). Zool Scr 43:508–518

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton CA, Formanowicz DR, Bond JE (2011) Species delimitation and phylogeography of Aphonopelma hentzi (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae): Cryptic diversity in North American tarantulas. PLoS One 6:e26207

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton CA, Hendrixson BE, Brewer MS, Bond JE (2014) An evaluation of sampling effects on multiple DNA barcoding methods leads to an integrative approach for delimiting species: a case study of the North American tarantula genus Aphonopelma (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 71:79–93

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton CA, Hendrixson BE, Bond JE (2016) Taxonomic revision of the tarantula genus Aphonopelma Pocock, 1901 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae) within the United States. Zookeys 560:1–340

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hendrixson BE (2019) A new species of Aphonopelma (Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Theraphosidae) from the Madrean pine-oak woodlands of northeastern Sonora, Mexico. Zootaxa 4688:519–534

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hendrixson BE, DeRussy BM, Hamilton CA, Bond JE (2013) An exploration of species boundaries in turret-building tarantulas of the Mojave Desert (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae, Aphonopelma). Mol Phylogenet Evol 66:327–340

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hendrixson E, Guice AV, Bond JE (2015) Integrative species delimitation and conservation of tarantulas (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae) from a North American biodiversity hotspot. Insect Conserv Diver 8:120–131

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Indicatti RP, Lucas SM, Guadanucci JPL, Yamamoto FU (2008) Revalidation and revision of the genus Magulla Simon 1892 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae). Zootaxa 1814:21–36

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaderka R (2010) Cyriocosmus venezuelensis sp. n. from Venezuela (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae). Rev Ibér Aracnología 18:87–96

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaderka R (2014) Ami armihuariensis, a new species from Peru (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae). Rev Per Biol 21:207–212. https://doi.org/10.15381/rpb.v21i3.10906

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaderka R (2015) Bistriopelma, a new genus with two new species from Peru (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae). Rev Per Biol 22:275–288. https://doi.org/10.15381/rpb.v22i3.11432

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaderka R (2016) The Neotropical genus Cyriocosmus Simon, 1903 and new species from Peru, Brazil and Venezuela (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae). J Nat Hist 50:393–465. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2015.1076082

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaderka R (2017) Description of the male of Bistriopelma matuskai Kaderka 2015 and a new species of Bistriopelma from Peru (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae). Rev Per Biol 24:231–242. https://doi.org/10.15381/rpb.v24i3.13904

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaderka R, Bulantová J, Heneberg P, Rezák M (2019) Urticating setae of tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae): morphology, revision of typology and terminology and implications for taxonomy. PLoS One 14(11):e0224384. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224384

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kambas D (2019) Tarantupedia: an online taxonomic database for the worlds largest spiders. www.tarantupedia.com. Accessed on 2019-x-10

  • Lapinski W, Gabriel R, Pérez-Miles F (2018) Description of the female of Ami bladesi Pérez-Miles, Gabriel and Gallon, 2008 (Araneae: Theraphosidae), with notes on its distribution, ecology, and behaviour. Arachnology 17:419–426. https://doi.org/10.13156/arac.2017.17.8.419

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Longhorn SJ (2001) Genetic evaluation of CITES II protectedspiders of the genus Brachypelma (Theraphosidae); includingan outline of non-lethal tissue sampling. Masters Thesis. Imperial College, University of London, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Longhorn SJ, Nicholas M, Chuter J, Vogler AP (2007) The utility of molecular markers from non-lethal DNA samples of the CITES II protected “tarantula” Brachypelma vagans (Araneae, Theraphosidae). J Arachnol 35:278–292

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lucas H (1840) Histoire naturelle des Animaux articulés, Annélides, Crustacés, Arachnides, Myriapodes et insectes. Paris:1–601 [Aranéides: 328–441]

    Google Scholar 

  • Lucas S, da Silva PI, Bertani R (1991) The genus Ephebopus Simon, 1892. Description of the male of Ephebopus murinus (Walckenaer), 1837. Spixiana 14:245–248

    Google Scholar 

  • Lucas SM, Paula F, Gonzalez HMO, Brescovit AD (2010) Redescription and new distribution records of Acanthoscurria paulensis (Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Theraphosidae). Zoologia (Curitiba) 27:563–568

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lüddecke T, Krehenwinkel H, Canning G, Glaw F, Longhorn SJ, Tänzler R, Wendt I, Vences M (2018) Discovering the silk road: nuclear and mitochondrial sequence data resolve the phylogenetic relationships among theraphosid spider subfamilies. Mol Phylogenet Evol 119:63–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2017.10.015

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall SD, Uetz GW (1990) The pedipalpal brush of Ephebopus sp. (Araneae, Theraphosidae): evidence of a new site for urticating hairs. Bull Br Arachnol Soc 8:122–124

    Google Scholar 

  • Mello-Leitão CF (1923) Theraphosoideas do Brasil. Rev Mus Paul 13:1–449

    Google Scholar 

  • Mendoza JI (2012) Cotztetlana omiltemi, a new genus and species of tarantula from Guerrero, México (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Theraphosinae). Arthropoda Scientia 2:2–7

    Google Scholar 

  • Mendoza JI (2014) Taxonomic revision of Hemirrhagus Simon, 1903 (Araneae: Theraphosidae, Theraphosinae), with description of five new species from Mexico. Zool J Linnean Soc 170:634–689. https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12112

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mendoza JI, Francke OF (2017) Systematic revision of Brachypelma red-kneed tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae), and the use of DNA barcodes to assist in the identification and conservation of CITES-listed species. Inv Syst 31:157–179. https://doi.org/10.1071/IS16023

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mendoza JI, Francke OF (2018) Five new cave-dwelling species of Hemirrhagus Simon 1903 (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Theraphosinae), with notes on the generic distribution and novel morphological features. Zootaxa 4407:451–482. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4407.4.1

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mendoza JI, Francke OF (2019) Systematic revision of Mexican threatened tarantulas Brachypelma (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae), with a description of a new genus, and implications on the conservation. Zool J Linnean Soc 20:1–66

    Google Scholar 

  • Mendoza JI, Locht A, Kaderka R, Medina F, Pérez-Miles F (2016) A new genus of Theraphosid spider from Mexico, with a particular palpal bulb structure (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Theraphosinae). Eur J Taxon 232:1–28. https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2016.232

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miglio LT, Bonaldo AB, Pérez-Miles F (2013) On Munduruku, a new theraphosid genus from Oriental Amazonia (Araneae, Mygalomorphae). Iheringia Sér Zool 103:185–189. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0073-47212013000200013

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Montenegro VR, Aguilera MA, Casanueva ME (2018) First record of Homoeomma Ausserer, 1871 in Chile and description of two new species (Araneae, Theraphosidae). Spixiana 41:13–25

    Google Scholar 

  • Montes de Oca L, D'Elía G, Pérez-Miles F (2016) An integrative approach for species delimitation in the spider genus Grammostola (Theraphosidae, Mygalomorphae). Zool Scripta 45:322–333. https://doi.org/10.1111/zsc.12152

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Olivier GA (1811) Articles: Mygale, Oxyope. Encyclopédie Méthodique, Histoire Naturelle, Insectes, Paris 8:83–87. [601-604]

    Google Scholar 

  • Ortiz D (2008) Description of Cubanana cristinae, a new genus and species of theraphosine tarantula (Araneae: Theraphosidae) from the island of Cuba. Bol Soc Ent Aragonesa 42:107–122

    Google Scholar 

  • Ortiz D, Bertani R (2005) A new species in the spider genus Phormictopus (Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae) from Cuba. Rev Ibér Aracnol 11:29–36

    Google Scholar 

  • Ortiz D, Francke OF (2015) Two new species of Bonnetina tarantulas (Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae) from Mexico: contributions to morphological nomenclature and molecular characterization of types. J Nat Hist 49:1–23

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ortiz D, Francke OF (2016) Two DNA barcodes and morphology for multi-method species delimitation in Bonnetina tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 101:176–193

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ortiz D, Francke OF (2017) Reconciling morphological and molecular systematics in tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae): revision of the Mexican endemic genus Bonnetina. Zool J Linnean Soc 180:819–886. https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlw013

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ortiz D, Francke OK, Bond JA (2018) A tangle of forms and phylogeny: extensive morphological homoplasy and molecular clock heterogeneity in Bonnetina and related tarantulas. Mol Phylogenet Evol 127:55–73

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paula F, Gabriel R, Indicatti RP, Brescovit AD, Lucas SM (2014) On the Brazilian Amazonian species of Acanthoscurria (Araneae: Theraphosidae). Zoologia (Curitiba) 31:63–80. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-46702014000100008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perafán C (2010) Revisión taxonómica y análisis filogenético de un grupo basal de Theraphosinae (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae). MSc Thesis, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo

    Google Scholar 

  • Perafán C, Pérez-Miles F (2014a) Three new species of Melloleitaoina Gerschman and Schiapelli, 1960 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae) from northern Argentina. ZooKeys 404:117–129. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.404.6243

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perafán C, Pérez-Miles F (2014b) The Andean tarantulas Euathlus Ausserer, 1875, Paraphysa Simon, 1892 and Phrixotrichus Simon, 1889 (Araneae: Theraphosidae): phylogenetic analysis, genera redefinition and new species descriptions. J Nat Hist 48:2389–2418. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2014.902142

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perafán C, Valencia-Cuéllar D (2018) Proshapalopus marimbai, a new tarantula species (Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae) and first genus record from Colombia. Trop Zool 31:200–213. https://doi.org/10.1080/03946975.2018.1493181

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perafán C, Cifuentes Y, Estrada-Gomez S (2015) Aguapanela, a new tarantula genus from the Colombian Andes (Araneae, Theraphosidae). Zootaxa 4033:529–542. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4033.4.4

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perafán C, Galvis W, Gutiérrez M, Pérez-Miles F (2016) Kankuamo, a new theraphosid genus from Colombia (Araneae, Mygalomorphae), with a new type of urticating setae and divergent male genitalia. ZooKeys 601:89–109. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.601.7704

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perdomo C, Panzera A, Pérez-Miles F (2009) Hapalopus aymara a new species of tarantula from Bolivia (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Theraphosinae). Iheringia Sér Zool 99:53–55. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0073-47212009000100007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pérez-Miles F (1992) Revisión del género Eupalaestrus Pocock 1901 (Araneae, Theraphosidae). Rev Bras Biol 52:27–35

    Google Scholar 

  • Pérez-Miles F (1998) Notes on the systematics of the little known theraphosid spider Hemirrhagus cervinus, with a description of a new type of urticating hair. J Arachnol 26:120–123

    Google Scholar 

  • Pérez-Miles F (2000) Iracema cabocla new genus and new species of a theraphosid spider from amazonic Brazil (Araneae, Theraphosidae). J Arachnol 28:141–148

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pérez-Miles F, Weinmann D (2010) Agnostopelma: a new genus of tarantula without a scopula on leg IV (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae). J Arachnol 38:104–112

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pérez-Miles F, Lucas SM, Silva PI, Bertani R (1996) Systematic revision and cladistic analysis of Theraphosinae (Araneae: Theraphosidae). Mygalomorph 1:33–68

    Google Scholar 

  • Pérez-Miles F, Miglio LT, Bonaldo AB (2006) Megaphobema teceae n. sp. (Araneae, Theraphosidae), a new theraphosine spider from Brazilian Amazonia. Zootaxa 1115:61–68

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pérez-Miles F, Gabriel R, Miglio L, Bonaldo A, Gallon R, Jimenez JJ, Bertani R (2008) Ami, a new theraphosid genus from Central and South America, with the description of six new species (Araneae: Mygalomorphae). Zootaxa 1915:54–68

    Google Scholar 

  • Pérez-Miles F, Bonaldo AB, Miglio LT (2014) Bumba, a replacement name for Maraca Pérez-Miles, 2005 and Bumba lennoni, a new tarantula species from western Amazonia (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Theraphosinae). ZooKeys 448:1–8. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.448.7920

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pérez-Miles F, Gabriel R, Sherwood D (2019) Neischnocolus Petrunkevitch, 1925, senior synonym of Ami Perez-Miles, 2008 and Barropelma Chamberlin, 1940 (Araneae: Theraphosidae). Arachnology 18(2):150–155. https://doi.org/10.13156/arac.2018.18.2.150

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peters HJ (2000) Tarantulas of the world: Kleiner Atlas der Vogelspinnen - Band 2. Published by the Author, 162 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Peters HJ (2005) Tarantulas of the world: Kleiner Atlas der Vogelspinnen - Band 3. Published by the Author, 130 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Petersen SD, Mason T, Akber S, West R, White B, Wilson P (2007) Species identification of tarantulas using exuviae for international wildlife law enforcement. Conserv Genet 8:497–502

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Petrunkevitch A (1928) Systema aranearum. Trans Conn Acad Arts Sci 29:1–270

    Google Scholar 

  • Petrunkevitch A (1933) An inquiry into the natural classification of spiders, based on a study of their internal anatomy. Trans Conn Acad Arts Sci 31:299–389

    Google Scholar 

  • Pocock RI (1897) On the spiders of the Suborder Mygalomorphae from the Ethiopian region contained in the collection of the British Museum. Proc Zool Soc Lond, pp 724–774

    Google Scholar 

  • Pocock RI (1903) On some genera and species of South American Aviculariidae. Ann Mag Nat Hist 11:81–115

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Prentice TR (1997) Theraphosidae of the Mojave Desert west and north of the Colorado River (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae). J Arachnol 25:137–176

    Google Scholar 

  • Raven RJ (1985) The spider infraorder Mygalomorphae (Araneae): cladistics and systematics. Bull Am Mus Nat Hist 182:1–180

    Google Scholar 

  • Reichling SB, West RC (2000) A new species of tarantula spider (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae) from the Cayo District of Belize. Southwest Nat 45:128–132

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rodríguez-Manzanilla C, Bertani R (2010) Descripción de Acathoscurria turumban sp. nov. (Araneae: Theraphosidae) y primer registro del género para Venezuela. Bol Soc Ent Aragonesa 46:143–145

    Google Scholar 

  • Rudloff JP (1997) Revision der Gattung Holothele Karsch, 1879 nebst Aufstellung einer neuen Gattung Stichoplastoris gen. nov. (Araneae, Theraphosidae) und Wiedereinsetzung einiger weiterer Gattungen der Mygalomorphae. Arachnologisches Magazin 5(2):1–19

    Google Scholar 

  • Schiapelli RD, Gerschman BS (1961) Las especies del género Grammostola Simon 1892, en la República Argentina (Araneae, Theraphosidae). Act Trab Cong Sud Zool, La Plata I (La Plata, 1959) 3:199–208

    Google Scholar 

  • Schiapelli RD, Gerschman BS (1962) Importancia de las espermatecas en la sistemática de las arañas del Suborden Mygalomorphae (Araneae). Physis 23(64):69–75

    Google Scholar 

  • Schiapelli RD, Gerschman BS (1964) El género Acanthoscurria Ausserer, 1871 (Araneae, Theraphosidae) en la Argentina. Physis 24(68):391–417

    Google Scholar 

  • Schiapelli RD, Gerschman BS (1970) El género Ceropelma Mello-Leitão 1923 (Araneae, Theraphosidae). Physis 30(80):225–239

    Google Scholar 

  • Schiapelli RD, Gerschman BS (1979) Las arañas de la subfamilia Theraphosinae (Araneae, Theraphosidae). Rev Mus Arg C Nat B Rivadavia (Ent) 5:287–300

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt G (1994a) Eine neue Vogelspinnenart aus Peru, Thrixopelma ockerti gen. et sp. n. (Araneida: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae). Arachnol Mag 2:3–8

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt G (1994b) Das Männchen von Thrixopelma ockerti Schmidt 1994 (Araneida: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae). Arachnol Mag 2:1–4

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt G (1995) Chromatopelma gen.n.; eine neue Gattung der Theraphosidae (Arachnida: Araneida: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae). Arthropoda 3:25–26

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt G (1998) Bestimmungsschlüssel für die Gattungen der Unterfamilie Theraphosinae (Araneae: Theraphosidae). 2. Aktualisierte Auflage. Arachnol Mag 4:1–28

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt G (2001) Reversopelma petersi sp. n. (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae), eine neue Spinnenart aus dem Nordesten Südamerikas. Arachnol Mag 9:1–10

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt G (2005) Aenigmarachne sinapophysis gen. et sp. n., eine neue Vogelspinnenart aus Costa Rica (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae). Tarantulas World 112:3–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt G, Bischoff B (1997) Die Gattung Lasiodorides n. gen. und ihre Typus-Art Lasiodorides polycuspulatus n. sp. (Arachnida: Araneae: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae). Ent Zeitschrift 107:153–159

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt G, Herzig V (1997) Das Männchen von Chromatopelma cyanopubescens (Strand, 1907) (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae). Arthropoda 5:11–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt G, Kovařík F (1996) Nesipelma insulare gen. and sp. n. from the Nevis Island, Lesser Antilles (Arachnida; Araneida: Theraphosidae). Arachnol Mag 4:1–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt G, Weinmann D (1997) Eine neue Pseudhapalopus-Art aus Kolumbien (Arachnida: Araneae: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae). Ent Zeitschrift 107:69–72

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherwood D (2019) Aphonopelma braunshausenii Tesmoingt, 1996 is a nomen dubium, with review of some historic morphological characters ineffective at species delineation (Araneae: Theraphosidae). Zootaxa 4657:573–580

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sherwood D, Gabriel R, Longhorn SJ (2018) A new species of Homoeomma Ausserer, 1871 from Chile (Araneae: Theraphosidae). J Br Tarantula Soc 33(3):19–33

    Google Scholar 

  • Simon E (1889) Arachnides. In: Voyage de M. E. Simon au Venezuela (décembre 1887–avril 1888). 4e Mémoire. Ann Soc Ent France 6(9):169–220

    Google Scholar 

  • Simon E (1892) Histoire naturelle des araignées. Deuxième édition, tome premier. Roret, Paris, pp. 1–256

    Google Scholar 

  • Simon E (1903) Histoire Naturelle des Araignées. Deuxième édition, Tome 2, fascicule 4. Paris: 669–1080

    Google Scholar 

  • Strand E (1907) Aviculariidae und Atypidae des Kgl. Naturalienkabinetts in Stuttgart. Jahreshefte des Vereins für vaterländische Naturkunde in Württemberg 63:1–100

    Google Scholar 

  • Tesmoingt M, Schmidt G (2002) Stenotarsus scissistylus gen. et sp. n. (Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae), eine Vogelspinne aus Französisch Guyana. Tarantulas World 76:3–12

    Google Scholar 

  • Thorell T (1870) On European spiders. Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis 7(3):109–242

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner SP, Longhorn SJ, Hamilton CA, Gabriel R, Pérez-Miles F, Vogler AP (2018) Re-evaluating conservation priorities of New World tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae) in a molecular framework indicates nonmonophyly of the genera, Aphonopelma and Brachypelma. Syst Biodivers 16:89–107

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Valerio CE (1980) Arañas terafósidas de Costa Rica (Araneae: Theraphosidae). III. Sphaerobothria, Aphonopelma, Pterinopelma, Citharacanthus, Crypsidromus y Stichoplastus. Rev Biol Trop 28:271–296

    Google Scholar 

  • Vol F (1999) A propos d’une spermatheque inhabituelle. Arachnides 42:1–13

    Google Scholar 

  • Walckenaer CA (1802) Faune parisienne. Insectes Ou histoire abrégée des insectes de environs de Paris. Paris 2:187–250

    Google Scholar 

  • Walckenaer CA (1837) Histoire naturelle des insectes. Aptères Paris 1:1–682

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson JS, Gunnell CF, Wahl DB, Pitts JP (2013) Testing the species limits of the tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae) endemic to California’s Southern Coast Ranges, USA. Insect Conserv Diver 6:365–371

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • World Spider Catalog (2019) World Spider Catalog.Version 20.5. Natural History Museum Bern. http://wsc.nmbe.ch. Accessed 10 Oct 2019. doi: 10.24436/2

  • Yamamoto FU, Lucas SM, Guadanucci JPL, Indicatti RP (2007) Revision of the genus Tmesiphantes Simon (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae). Rev Bras Zool 24:971–980

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yamamoto FU, Lucas SM, Brescovit AD (2012) Catanduba, a new Theraphosinae spider genus from central Brazil (Araneae, Theraphosidae). Zootaxa 3172:1–19

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We thank R. West, J. Mendoza, R. Kaderka, R. Bertani, and D. Valencia-Cuéllar, who generously gave us photos and figures used in this chapter. To Nelson Ferretti and Daniella Sherwood for the critical reading; L.A. Gómez who helped us with English.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Sección Entomología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La República, Montevideo, Uruguay

    Fernando Pérez-Miles & Carlos Perafán

  2. Laboratorio de Etología, Ecología y Evolución, IIBCE, Montevideo, Uruguay

    Carlos Perafán

Authors
  1. Fernando Pérez-Miles
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Carlos Perafán
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Fernando Pérez-Miles .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Facultad de Ciencias, Sección Entomología, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay

    Fernando Pérez-Miles

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Pérez-Miles, F., Perafán, C. (2020). Theraphosinae. In: Pérez-Miles, F. (eds) New World Tarantulas. Zoological Monographs, vol 6. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48644-0_5

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation