Fetal and Neonatal Marijuana Exposure

Abstract

In order to facilitate an understanding of neonatal development, a review of the literature for infants born prematurely provides an avenue for examining neuroplasticity. Through the study of those born too soon, we can explain and compare this vulnerable period for any infant. Brain development involves numerous complex processes that, when disrupted, may lead to serious brain pathology. Science has clearly demonstrated that Δ-9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the psychoactive compound found in the Cannabis sativa (marijuana) plant is absorbed into the lungs when smoked and the gastrointestinal tract when ingested and readily distributed to brain and fat cells. As a fetus develops, the placenta serves as the critical interface for exchanging gas and nutrients (e.g., oxygen and glucose) as well as the transmission of noxious substances like marijuana, nicotine, alcohol, or other drugs of abuse. With data demonstrating that THC does cross the placenta, even more damage is likely being done to the neurons still forming, whether inside or outside the womb. Despite the difficulties with effectively studying the effects of marijuana exposure during the perinatal and neonatal periods, the available data is troubling at best. Concerns for learning, attention, focus, and even placement on the autism spectrum must be the focus as the medical community seeks to educate prospective and new parents.