Abstract
The main obstacles to international business have evolved considerably over the two centuries, mirroring the transformation of capitalism and its triumph over alternative economic systems.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
Data for 2018; see https://unctad.org.
- 2.
- 3.
The United Nations International Organization for Migration estimates that there could be between 25 million and 1 billion environmental migrants by 2050; see https://www.iom.int/oped/managing-climate-driven-migration.
- 4.
See William J. Harrington, “Investors who want to fast-track sustainable fixed-income investments should inundate credit rating agencies with methodology critiques,” Responsible Investor, 28 January 2020; available at https://www.responsible-investor.com/articles/investors-who-want-to-fast-track-sustainable-fixed-income-investments-should-inundate-credit-rating-agencies-with-methodology-critiques.
References
Bairoch, P. (1999). Mythes et paradoxes de l’histoire économique. Paris: La Découverte/Poche.
Cohen, B. J. (2014). The China question—Can its rise be accommodated? In E. Helleiner & J. Kirshner (Eds.), The Great wall of money—Power and politics in China’s international monetary relations. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press.
Feierabend, I. K., & Feierabend, R. L. (1966). Aggressive behaviors within polities, 1948–1962: A cross-national study. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 10(3).
Gaillard, N. (2015). Le concept de risque pays. Politique Etrangère, 80(2).
Haner, F. T. (1979). Rating investment risks abroad. Business Horizons, 22(2).
Luttwak, E. N. (1990, Summer). From geopolitics to geo-economics: Logic of conflict, grammar of commerce. The National Interest, 20.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Gaillard, N. (2020). Concluding Remarks. In: Country Risk. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45788-4_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45788-4_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-45787-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-45788-4
eBook Packages: Economics and FinanceEconomics and Finance (R0)