Abstract
Fused filament fabrication (FFF) is a low-cost 3D printing technology that allows the production of components and structures with complex geometries, which cannot be achieved by traditional manufacturing processes. Nonetheless, this additive technique is not extensively used in high-value industrial sectors, mainly due to parts’ anisotropy related to deposition strategy and residual stresses caused by successive heating cycles. These features have a great influence on the mechanical performance of 3D-printed parts, in particular, thermoplastics with nonlinear behaviour (such as PLA or PA). Thus, engineering approaches to predict these elasto-plastic responses are demanded. In this work, the tensile and compression behaviours of FFF thermoplastics are investigated using a yield criterion that accounts, simultaneously, the presence of tensile and compressive loads applied on the material (a modified Hill yield criterion). The developed elasto-plastic algorithm, which uses the incremental-iterative Newton–Raphson method, is implemented within the formulation of a meshless method. Despite the use of the finite element method (FEM) for engineering applications have become widespread, new accurate and efficient discrete advanced numerical techniques—such as meshless methods (Belinha in Meshless methods in biomechanics: bone tissue remodelling analysis. Springer International Publishing, Porto, 2013 [1])—can handle the same kind of problems as the FEM and being, in some cases, even more efficient. To discretize the problem domain, meshless methods only require an unstructured nodal distribution. The numerical integration of the Galerkin weak form is performed using a background integration mesh, the nodal connectivity is enforced using the influence-domain concept and then the interpolation shape functions are obtained. In order to validate the numerical proposed algorithm, standardized tensile and compressive specimens were printed and tested. Then, using the material properties extracted from the experimental tests, a benchmark example was studied for the sake of model proof.
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Acknowledgements
The authors truly acknowledge the funding provided by Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior—Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (Portugal), under grant SFRH/BD/121019/2016, and by project funding MIT-EXPL/ISF/0084/2017. Additionally, the authors gratefully acknowledge the funding of Project NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000022—SciTech—Science and Technology for Competitive and Sustainable Industries, co-financed by Programa Operacional Regional do Norte (NORTE2020), through Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional (FEDER).
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Rodrigues, D., Belinha, J., Jorge, R.N., Dinis, L. (2020). Development of a Constitutive Model to Predict the Elasto-Plastic Behaviour of 3D-Printed Thermoplastics: A Meshless Formulation. In: Torres Marques, A., Esteves, S., Pereira, J., Oliveira, L. (eds) Additive Manufacturing Hybrid Processes for Composites Systems. Advanced Structured Materials, vol 129. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44522-5_10
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