Abstract
For decades, dental implants have provided a seemingly perfect solution for the replacement of diseased or failing human teeth. However, in recent years, reports of peri-implant disease have been increasing and the once-glorified concept of osteointegration as the perfect interface between an inert metal and human bone has crumbled in light of recent findings about reactions of the body against the titanium implant. Smoking and periodontal disease are the most prevalent risk factors for developing peri-implantitis. Other factors contributing to peri-implant disease include diabetes mellitus, antiresorptive therapy, antiangiogenic therapy, and radiation therapy. To this date, there is no generally accepted understanding of the etiology of peri-implant disease, and it is likely that several causes contribute together. In the present chapter, we discuss evidence for the involvement of a number of etiological factors in the pathogenesis of peri-implant disease, including bacterial plaque and contamination, occlusion, surgical technique, cement debris from crown placement, titanium allergies, and foreign body reactions, as well as reactions against titanium particles. Together, these insights shed light on the delicate nature of the titanium/bone interface and question the once-heralded unity of bone and metal as a stable replacement for healthy teeth.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Dye BA, Tan S, Smith V, et al. Trends in oral health status: United States, 1988–1994 and 1999–2004. In: Vital and health statistics Series 11, Data from the national health survey; 2007, pp. 1–92.
Dye BA, Li X, Beltran-Aguilar ED. Selected oral health indicators in the United States, 2005–2008. NCHS Data Brief. 2012:1–8.
Murray TW. Epidemiology of oral health conditions in older people. Gerodontology. 2014;31(Suppl 1):9–16.
Wolff J. Das Gesetz der Transformation der Knochen. Berlin: August Hirschwald; 1892.
Carranza FA, Shklar G. History of periodontology. Chicago: Quintessence Publishing Co.; 2003.
Branemark PI, Hansson BO, Adell R, et al. Osseointegrated implants in the treatment of the edentulous jaw. Experience from a 10-year period. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Suppl. 1977;16:1–132.
Abraham CM. A brief historical perspective on dental implants, their surface coatings and treatments. Open Dent J. 2014;8:50–5.
Linkow LI, Dorfman JD. Implantology in dentistry. A brief historical perspective. N Y State Dent J. 1991;57:31–5.
Schou S, Pallesen L, Hjorting-Hansen E, Pedersen CS, Fibaek B. A 41-year history of a mandibular subperiosteal implant. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2000;11:171–8.
Bothe R, Beaton KE, Davenport HA. Reaction of bone to multiple metallic implants. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1940;71:598–602.
Leventhal GS. Titanium, a metal for surgery. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1951;33-a:473–4.
Branemark P-I, Zarb GA, Albrektsson T, Rosen HM. Tissue-integrated prostheses. Osseointegration in clinical dentistry. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1986;77:496–7.
Laney WR. In recognition of an implant pioneer: professor Dr Andre Schroeder. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 1993;8:135–6.
Wennerberg A, Galli S, Albrektsson T. Current knowledge about the hydrophilic and nanostructured SLActive surface. Clin Cosmet Investig Dent. 2011;3:59–67.
Rupp F, Liang L, Geis-Gerstorfer J, Scheideler L, Huttig F. Surface characteristics of dental implants: a review. Dent Mater. 2018;34(1):40–57.
Boyan BD, Lossdorfer S, Wang L, et al. Osteoblasts generate an osteogenic microenvironment when grown on surfaces with rough microtopographies. Eur Cell Mater. 2003;6:22–7.
Ellingsen JE, Thomsen P, Lyngstadaas SP. Advances in dental implant materials and tissue regeneration. Periodontol 2000. 2006;41:136–56.
Boyan BD, Dean DD, Lohmann CH, Cochran DL, Sylvia VL, Schwartz Z. The titanium-bone cell interface in vitro: the role of the surface in promoting osteointegration. In: Brunette DM, Tengvall P, Textor M, Thomsen P, editors. Titanium in medicine: material science, surface science, engineering, biological responses and medical applications. Berlin: Springer; 2001. p. 561–85.
Gargiulo AW, Wentz FM, Orban B. Dimensions and relations of the dentogingival junction in humans. J Periodontol. 1961;32:261–7.
Berglundh T, Lindhe J, Ericsson I, Marinello CP, Liljenberg B, Thomsen P. The soft tissue barrier at implants and teeth. Clin Oral Implants Res. 1991;2:81–90.
Arvidson K, Fartash B, Hilliges M, Kondell PA. Histological characteristics of peri-implant mucosa around Branemark and single-crystal sapphire implants. Clin Oral Implants Res. 1996;7:1–10.
Moon IS, Berglundh T, Abrahamsson I, Linder E, Lindhe J. The barrier between the keratinized mucosa and the dental implant. An experimental study in the dog. J Clin Periodontol. 1999;26:658–63.
Ksander GA, Alto P. Definitions in biomaterials, progress in biomedical engineering, vol. 4. Ann Plast Surg. 1988;21:291.
Brunette DM, Tengvall P, Textor M, Thomsen P. Titanium in medicine: material science, surface science, engineering, biological responses and medical applications. Berlin: Springer; 2001.
Olefjord I, Hansson S. Surface analysis of four dental implant systems. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 1993;8:32–40.
Steflik DE, Hanes PJ, Sisk AL, et al. Transmission electron microscopic and high voltage electron microscopic observations of the bone and osteocyte activity adjacent to unloaded dental implants placed in dogs. J Periodontol. 1992;63:443–52.
Lazzara RJ, Porter SS. Platform switching: a new concept in implant dentistry for controlling postrestorative crestal bone levels. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent. 2006;26:9–17.
Chrcanovic BR, Kisch J, Albrektsson T, Wennerberg A. A retrospective study on clinical and radiological outcomes of oral implants in patients followed up for a minimum of 20 years. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2018;20(2):199–207.
Hurzeler M, Fickl S, Zuhr O, Wachtel HC. Peri-implant bone level around implants with platform-switched abutments: preliminary data from a prospective study. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2007;65:33–9.
Froum SJ, Khouly I. Survival rates and bone and soft tissue level changes around one-piece dental implants placed with a flapless or flap protocol: 8.5-year results. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent. 2017;37:327–37.
Albrektsson T, Zarb G, Worthington P, Eriksson AR. The long-term efficacy of currently used dental implants: a review and proposed criteria of success. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 1986;1:11–25.
Giannobile WV, Lang NP. Are dental implants a panacea or should we better strive to save teeth? J Dent Res. 2016;95:5–6.
Lang NP, Zitzmann NU. Clinical research in implant dentistry: evaluation of implant-supported restorations, aesthetic and patient-reported outcomes. J Clin Periodontol. 2012;39(Suppl 12):133–8.
Salvi GE, Mischler DC, Schmidlin K, et al. Risk factors associated with the longevity of multi-rooted teeth. Long-term outcomes after active and supportive periodontal therapy. J Clin Periodontol. 2014;41:701–7.
Derks J, Schaller D, Håkansson J, Wennström JL, Tomasi C, Berglundh T. Effectiveness of implant therapy analyzed in a Swedish population: prevalence of peri-implantitis. J Dent Res. 2016;95:43–9.
Tarnow DP. Increasing prevalence of peri-implantitis: how will we manage? J Dent Res. 2016;95:7–8.
Adell R, Eriksson B, Lekholm U, Branemark PI, Jemt T. Long-term follow-up study of osseointegrated implants in the treatment of totally edentulous jaws. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 1990;5:347–59.
Lambert PM, Morris HF, Ochi S. Positive effect of surgical experience with implants on second-stage implant survival. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1997;55:12–8.
Da Silva JD, Kazimiroff J, Papas A, et al. Outcomes of implants and restorations placed in general dental practices. J Am Dent Assoc. 2014;145:704–13.
Pontoriero R, Tonelli MP, Carnevale G, Mombelli A, Nyman SR, Lang NP. Experimentally induced peri-implant mucositis. A clinical study in humans. Clin Oral Implants Res. 1994;5:254–9.
American Academy of Periodontology (AAP Board of Trustees). Peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis: a current understanding of their diagnoses and clinical implications. J Periodontol 2013;8436–443.
Atieh MA, Alsabeeha NH, Faggion CM Jr, Duncan WJ. The frequency of peri-implant diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Periodontol. 2013;84:1586–98.
Froum SJ, Rosen PS. A proposed classification for peri-implantitis. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent. 2012;32:533–40.
Becker W, Becker BE, Newman MG, Nyman S. Clinical and microbiologic findings that may contribute to dental implant failure. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 1990;5:31–8.
Chrcanovic BR, Albrektsson T, Wennerberg A. Reasons for failures of oral implants. J Oral Rehabil. 2014;41:443–76.
Trisi P, Berardini M, Falco A, Vulpiani MP. Effect of temperature on the dental implant osseointegration development in low-density bone: an in vivo histological evaluation. Implant Dent. 2015;24:96–100.
Piattelli A, Piattelli M, Mangano C, Scarano A. A histologic evaluation of eight cases of failed dental implants: is bone overheating the most probable cause? Biomaterials. 1998;19:683–90.
Wilson TG Jr. The positive relationship between excess cement and peri-implant disease: a prospective clinical endoscopic study. J Periodontol. 2009;80:1388–92.
Wilson TG Jr, Valderrama P, Burbano M, et al. Foreign bodies associated with peri-implantitis human biopsies. J Periodontol. 2015;86:9–15.
Sridhar S, Wilson TG Jr, Valderrama P, Watkins-Curry P, Chan JY, Rodrigues DC. In-vitro evaluation of titanium exfoliation during simulated surgical insertion of dental implants. J Oral Implantol. 2016;42(1):34–40.
Burbano M, Wilson TG Jr, Valderrama P, et al. Characterization of cement particles found in peri-implantitis-affected human biopsy specimens. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2015;30:1168–73.
Bergström J, Preber H. Tobacco use as a risk factor. J Periodontol. 1994;65:545–50.
Johnson GK, Hill M. Cigarette smoking and the periodontal patient. J Periodontol. 2004;75:196–209.
Miller PD, McEntire ML, Marlow NM, Gellin RG. An evidenced based scoring system to determine the periodontal prognosis on molars. J Periodontol. 2014;85:214–25.
Rivera-Hidalgo F. Smoking and periodontal disease. Periodontol 2000. 2003;32:50–8.
Buduneli N, Biyikoglu B, Sherrabeh S, Lappin DF. Saliva concentrations of RANKL and osteoprotegerin in smoker versus non-smoker chronic periodontitis patients. J Clin Periodontol. 2008;35:846–52.
Cerami C, Founds H, Nicholl I, et al. Tobacco smoke is a source of toxic reactive glycation products. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997;94:13915–20.
Karbach J, Callaway A, Kwon YD, D’Hoedt B, Al-Nawas B. Comparison of five parameters as risk factors for peri-mucositis. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2009;24:491–6.
Stoker G, van Waas R, Wismeijer D. Long-term outcomes of three types of implant-supported mandibular overdentures in smokers. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2012;23:925–9.
Chung DM, Oh TJ, Lee J, Misch CE, Wang HL. Factors affecting late implant bone loss: a retrospective analysis. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2007;22:117–26.
Kourtis SG, Sotiriadou S, Voliotis S, Challas A. Private practice results of dental implants. Part I: survival and evaluation of risk factors—Part II: surgical and prosthetic complications. Implant Dent. 2004;13:373–85.
Sayardoust S, Grondahl K, Johansson E, Thomsen P, Slotte C. Implant survival and marginal bone loss at turned and oxidized implants in periodontitis-susceptible smokers and never-smokers: a retrospective, clinical, radiographic case-control study. J Periodontol. 2013;84:1775–82.
Balshe AA, Eckert SE, Koka S, Assad DA, Weaver AL. The effects of smoking on the survival of smooth- and rough-surface dental implants. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2008;23:1117–22.
Shlossman M, Knowler WC, Pettitt DJ, Genco RJ. Type 2 diabetes mellitus and periodontal disease. J Am Dent Assoc (1939). 1990;121:532–6.
Taylor JJ, Preshaw PM, Lalla E. A review of the evidence for pathogenic mechanisms that may link periodontitis and diabetes. J Clin Periodontol. 2013;40(Suppl 14):S113–34.
Loe H. Periodontal disease. The sixth complication of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 1993;16:329–34.
Schlegel KA, Prechtl C, Most T, Seidl C, Lutz R, von Wilmowsky C. Osseointegration of SLActive implants in diabetic pigs. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2013;24:128–34.
Quintero DG, Winger JN, Khashaba R, Borke JL. Advanced glycation endproducts and rat dental implant osseointegration. J Oral Implantol. 2010;36:97–103.
De Morais JAND, Trindade-Suedam IK, Pepato MT, Marcantonio E Jr, Wenzel A, Scaf G. Effect of diabetes mellitus and insulin therapy on bone density around osseointegrated dental implants: a digital subtraction radiography study in rats. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2009;20:796–801.
Gomez-Moreno G, Aguilar-Salvatierra A, Rubio Roldan J, Guardia J, Gargallo J, Calvo-Guirado JL. Peri-implant evaluation in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: a 3-year study. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2015;26:1031–5.
Oates TW, Huynh-Ba G, Vargas A, Alexander P, Feine J. A critical review of diabetes, glycemic control, and dental implant therapy. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2013;24:117–27.
Chrcanovic BR, Albrektsson T, Wennerberg A. Diabetes and oral implant failure: a systematic review. J Dent Res. 2014;93:859–67.
Marchand F, Raskin A, Dionnes-Hornes A, et al. Dental implants and diabetes: conditions for success. Diabetes Metab. 2012;38:14–9.
Dawson DR 3rd, Jasper S. Key systemic and environmental risk factors for implant failure. Dent Clin N Am. 2015;59:25–39.
Chen H, Liu N, Xu X, Qu X, Lu E. Smoking, radiotherapy, diabetes and osteoporosis as risk factors for dental implant failure: a meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2013;8:e71955.
Tsolaki IN, Madianos PN, Vrotsos JA. Outcomes of dental implants in osteoporotic patients. A literature review. J Prosthodont. 2009;18:309–23.
Rosella D, Papi P, Giardino R, Cicalini E, Piccoli L, Pompa G. Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw: clinical and practical guidelines. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent. 2016;6:97–104.
Shabestari GO, Shayesteh YS, Khojasteh A, et al. Implant placement in patients with oral bisphosphonate therapy: a case series. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2010;12:175–80.
Zahid TM, Wang BY, Cohen RE. Influence of bisphosphonates on alveolar bone loss around osseointegrated implants. J Oral Implantol. 2011;37:335–46.
Chambrone L, Mandia J Jr, Shibli JA, Romito GA, Abrahao M. Dental implants installed in irradiated jaws: a systematic review. J Dent Res. 2013;92:119s–30s.
Armitage GC. Development of a classification system for periodontal diseases and conditions. Ann Periodontol. 1999;4:1–6.
Greenstein G, Cavallaro J Jr, Tarnow D. Dental implants in the periodontal patient. Dent Clin N Am. 2010;54:113–28.
Koldsland OC, Scheie AA, Aass AM. Prevalence of implant loss and the influence of associated factors. J Periodontol. 2009;80:1069–75.
Swierkot K, Lottholz P, Flores-de-Jacoby L, Mengel R. Mucositis, peri-implantitis, implant success, and survival of implants in patients with treated generalized aggressive periodontitis: 3- to 16-year results of a prospective long-term cohort study. J Periodontol. 2012;83:1213–25.
Levin L, Ofec R, Grossmann Y, Anner R. Periodontal disease as a risk for dental implant failure over time: a long-term historical cohort study. J Clin Periodontol. 2011;38:732–7.
Costa FO, Takenaka-Martinez S, Cota LO, Ferreira SD, Silva GL, Costa JE. Peri-implant disease in subjects with and without preventive maintenance: a 5-year follow-up. J Clin Periodontol. 2012;39:173–81.
Heitz-Mayfield LJ, Huynh-Ba G. History of treated periodontitis and smoking as risks for implant therapy. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2009;24(Suppl):39–68.
Loe H, Theilade E, Jensen SB. Experimental gingivitis in man. J Periodontol. 1965;36:177–87.
Salvi GE, Aglietta M, Eick S, Sculean A, Lang NP, Ramseier CA. Reversibility of experimental peri-implant mucositis compared with experimental gingivitis in humans. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2012;23:182–90.
Mombelli A, van Oosten MAC, Schürch E, Lang NP. The microbiota associated with successful or failing osseointegrated titanium implants. Oral Microbiol Immunol. 1987;2:145–51.
Canullo L, Schlee M, Wagner W, Covani U. International brainstorming meeting on etiologic and risk factors of peri-implantitis, montegrotto (Padua, Italy), august 2014. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2015;30:1093–104.
Heitz-Mayfield LJ, Lang NP. Comparative biology of chronic and aggressive periodontitis vs. peri-implantitis. Periodontol 2000. 2010;53:167–81.
Leonhardt A, Renvert S, Dahlen G. Microbial findings at failing implants. Clin Oral Implants Res. 1999;10:339–45.
Berglundh T, Zitzmann NU, Donati M. Are peri-implantitis lesions different from periodontitis lesions? J Clin Periodontol. 2011;38(Suppl 11):188–202.
Prathapachandran J, Suresh N. Management of peri-implantitis. Dent Res J (Isfahan). 2012;9:516–21.
Rabbani GM, Ash MM Jr, Caffesse RG. The effectiveness of subgingival scaling and root planing in calculus removal. J Periodontol. 1981;52:119–23.
Sheridan RA, Decker AM, Plonka AB, Wang H-L. The role of occlusion in implant therapy: a comprehensive updated review. Implant Dent. 2016;25:829–38.
Schulte W. Implants and the periodontium. Int Dent J. 1995;45:16–26.
Hammerle CH, Wagner D, Bragger U, et al. Threshold of tactile sensitivity perceived with dental endosseous implants and natural teeth. Clin Oral Implants Res. 1995;6:83–90.
Frost HM. A 2003 update of bone physiology and Wolff’s law for clinicians. Angle Orthod. 2004;74:3–15.
Jin LJ, Cao CF. Clinical diagnosis of trauma from occlusion and its relation with severity of periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol. 1992;19:92–7.
Laney WR. Glossary of oral and maxillofacial implants. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2017;32:Gi–G200.
Chang M, Chronopoulos V, Mattheos N. Impact of excessive occlusal load on successfully-osseointegrated dental implants: a literature review. J Investig Clin Dent. 2013;4:142–50.
Kozlovsky A, Tal H, Laufer BZ, et al. Impact of implant overloading on the peri-implant bone in inflamed and non-inflamed peri-implant mucosa. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2007;18:601–10.
Goodacre CJ, Bernal G, Rungcharassaeng K, Kan JY. Clinical complications with implants and implant prostheses. J Prosthet Dent. 2003;90:121–32.
Zarb GA, Schmitt A. The longitudinal clinical effectiveness of osseointegrated dental implants: the Toronto study. Part III: problems and complications encountered. J Prosthet Dent. 1990;64:185–94.
Fu JH, Hsu YT, Wang HL. Identifying occlusal overload and how to deal with it to avoid marginal bone loss around implants. Eur J Oral Implantol. 2012;5(Suppl):S91–103.
Misch CE, Goodacre CJ, Finley JM, et al. Consensus conference panel report: crown-height space guidelines for implant dentistry-part 2. Implant Dent. 2006;15:113–21.
Blanes RJ, Bernard JP, Blanes ZM, Belser UC. A 10-year prospective study of ITI dental implants placed in the posterior region. II: influence of the crown-to-implant ratio and different prosthetic treatment modalities on crestal bone loss. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2007;18:707–14.
Urdaneta RA, Rodriguez S, McNeil DC, Weed M, Chuang SK. The effect of increased crown-to-implant ratio on single-tooth locking-taper implants. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2010;25:729–43.
Al-Sabbagh M, Bhavsar I. Key local and surgical factors related to implant failure. Dent Clin N Am. 2015;59:1–23.
Lundgren D, Laurell L. Biomechanical aspects of fixed bridgework supported by natural teeth and endosseous implants. Periodontol 2000. 1994;4:23–40.
Zhou Y, Gao J, Luo L, Wang Y. Does bruxism contribute to dental implant failure? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2016;18(2):410–20.
Drage NA, Palmer RM, Blake G, Wilson R, Crane F, Fogelman I. A comparison of bone mineral density in the spine, hip and jaws of edentulous subjects. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2007;18:496–500.
Lekholm U, Zarb GA. Patient selection and preparation. In: Tissue-integrated prostheses. Chicago: Quintessence Publishing Co. Inc.; 1985. p. 199–209.
Seibert JS. Reconstruction of deformed, partially edentulous ridges, using full thickness onlay grafts. Part I. Technique and wound healing. Compend Contin Educ Dent. 1983;4:437–53.
Buser D, Mericske-Stern R, Bernard JP, et al. Long-term evaluation of non-submerged ITI implants. Part 1: 8-year life table analysis of a prospective multi-center study with 2359 implants. Clin Oral Implants Res. 1997;8:161–72.
Agudio G, Nieri M, Rotundo R, Franceschi D, Cortellini P, Pini Prato GP. Periodontal conditions of sites treated with gingival-augmentation surgery compared to untreated contralateral homologous sites: a 10- to 27-year long-term study. J Periodontol. 2009;80:1399–405.
Wennstrom JL, Bengazi F, Lekholm U. The influence of the masticatory mucosa on the peri-implant soft tissue condition. Clin Oral Implants Res. 1994;5:1–8.
Chung DM, Oh TJ, Shotwell JL, Misch CE, Wang HL. Significance of keratinized mucosa in maintenance of dental implants with different surfaces. J Periodontol. 2006;77:1410–20.
Block MS, Kent JN. Factors associated with soft- and hard-tissue compromise of endosseous implants. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1990;48:1153–60.
Eriksson RA, Albrektsson T, Magnusson B. Assessment of bone viability after heat trauma. A histological, histochemical and vital microscopic study in the rabbit. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg. 1984;18:261–8.
Engquist B, Astrand P, Anzen B, et al. Simplified methods of implant treatment in the edentulous lower jaw: a 3-year follow-up report of a controlled prospective study of one-stage versus two-stage surgery and early loading. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2005;7:95–104.
Becktor JP, Isaksson S, Billstrom C. A prospective multicenter study using two different surgical approaches in the mandible with turned Branemark implants: conventional loading using fixed prostheses. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2007;9:179–85.
Discepoli N, Vignoletti F, Laino L, de Sanctis M, Munoz F, Sanz M. Fresh extraction socket: spontaneous healing vs. immediate implant placement. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2015;26:1250–5.
Deng F, Zhang H, Zhang H, Shao H, He Q, Zhang P. A comparison of clinical outcomes for implants placed in fresh extraction sockets versus healed sites in periodontally compromised patients: a 1-year follow-up report. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2010;25:1036–40.
Crespi R, Cappare P, Gherlone E. Fresh-socket implants in periapical infected sites in humans. J Periodontol. 2010;81:378–83.
Waasdorp JA, Evian CI, Mandracchia M. Immediate placement of implants into infected sites: a systematic review of the literature. J Periodontol. 2010;81:801–8.
Lefever D, Van Assche N, Temmerman A, Teughels W, Quirynen M. Aetiology, microbiology and therapy of periapical lesions around oral implants: a retrospective analysis. J Clin Periodontol. 2013;40:296–302.
Pauletto N, Lahiffe BJ, Walton JN. Complications associated with excess cement around crowns on osseointegrated implants: a clinical report. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 1999;14:865–8.
Gapski R, Neugeboren N, Pomeranz AZ, Reissner MW. Endosseous implant failure influenced by crown cementation: a clinical case report. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2008;23:943–6.
Penarrocha-Oltra D, Monreal-Bello A, Penarrocha-Diago M, Alonso-Perez-Barquero J, Botticelli D, Canullo L. Microbial colonization of the peri-implant sulcus and implant connection of implants restored with cemented versus screw-retained superstructures: a cross-sectional study. J Periodontol. 2016;87:1002–11.
Rodriguez LC, Saba JN, Chung KH, Wadhwani C, Rodrigues DC. In vitro effects of dental cements on hard and soft tissues associated with dental implants. J Prosthet Dent. 2017;118:31–5.
Nissan J, Narobai D, Gross O, Ghelfan O, Chaushu G. Long-term outcome of cemented versus screw-retained implant-supported partial restorations. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2011;26:1102–7.
Sherif S, Susarla SM, Hwang JW, Weber HP, Wright RF. Clinician- and patient-reported long-term evaluation of screw- and cement-retained implant restorations: a 5-year prospective study. Clin Oral Investig. 2011;15:993–9.
Vigolo P, Mutinelli S, Givani A, Stellini E. Cemented versus screw-retained implant-supported single-tooth crowns: a 10-year randomised controlled trial. Eur J Oral Implantol. 2012;5:355–64.
Goutam M, Giriyapura C, Mishra SK, Gupta S. Titanium allergy: a literature review. Indian J Dermatol. 2014;59:630.
Ungersboeck A, Geret V, Pohler O, Schuetz M, Wuest W. Tissue reaction to bone plates made of pure titanium: a prospective, quantitative clinical study. J Mater Sci Mater Med. 1995;6:223–9.
Lalor PA, Revell PA, Gray AB, Wright S, Railton GT, Freeman MA. Sensitivity to titanium. A cause of implant failure? J Bone Joint Surg. 1991;73:25–8.
Sicilia A, Cuesta S, Coma G, et al. Titanium allergy in dental implant patients: a clinical study on 1500 consecutive patients. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2008;19:823–35.
Lim HP, Lee KM, Koh YI, Park SW. Allergic contact stomatitis caused by a titanium nitride-coated implant abutment: a clinical report. J Prosthet Dent. 2012;108:209–13.
Pigatto PD, Berti E, Spadari F, Bombeccari GP, Guzzi G. Photoletter to the editor: exfoliative cheilitis associated with titanium dental implants and mercury amalgam. J Dermatol Case Rep. 2011;5:89–90.
Egusa H, Ko N, Shimazu T, Yatani H. Suspected association of an allergic reaction with titanium dental implants: a clinical report. J Prosthet Dent. 2008;100:344–7.
Weir A, Westerhoff P, Fabricius L, Hristovski K, von Goetz N. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles in food and personal care products. Environ Sci Technol. 2012;46:2242–50.
Steinemann SG. Titanium—the material of choice? Periodontol 2000. 1998;17:7–21.
Nowzari H, Botero JE, DeGiacomo M, Villacres MC, Rich SK. Microbiology and cytokine levels around healthy dental implants and teeth. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2008;10:166–73.
Cadosch D, Chan E, Gautschi OP, Filgueira L. Metal is not inert: role of metal ions released by biocorrosion in aseptic loosening—current concepts. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2009;91:1252–62.
Albrektsson T, Dahlin C, Jemt T, Sennerby L, Turri A, Wennerberg A. Is marginal bone loss around oral implants the result of a provoked foreign body reaction? Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2014;16:155–65.
Parr GR, Gardner LK, Toth RW. Titanium: the mystery metal of implant dentistry. Dental materials aspects. J Prosthet Dent. 1985;54:410–4.
Frisken KW, Dandie GW, Lugowski S, Jordan G. A study of titanium release into body organs following the insertion of single threaded screw implants into the mandibles of sheep. Aust Dent J. 2002;47:214–7.
Virtanen S, Milošev I, Gomez-Barrena E, Trebše R, Salo J, Konttinen YT. Special modes of corrosion under physiological and simulated physiological conditions. Acta Biomater. 2008;4:468–76.
Urban RM, Jacobs JJ, Tomlinson MJ, Gavrilovic J, Black J, Peoc'h M. Dissemination of wear particles to the liver, spleen, and abdominal lymph nodes of patients with hip or knee replacement. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2000;82:457–76.
Senna P, Antoninha Del Bel Cury A, Kates S, Meirelles L. Surface damage on dental implants with release of loose particles after insertion into bone. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2015;17:681–92.
Franchi M, Bacchelli B, Martini D, et al. Early detachment of titanium particles from various different surfaces of endosseous dental implants. Biomaterials. 2004;25:2239–46.
Suarez-Lopez Del Amo F, Rudek I, Wagner VP, et al. Titanium activates the DNA damage response pathway in oral epithelial cells: a pilot study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2017;32:1413–20.
Olmedo DG, Nalli G, Verdu S, Paparella ML, Cabrini RL. Exfoliative cytology and titanium dental implants: a pilot study. J Periodontol. 2013;84:78–83.
Safioti LM, Kotsakis GA, Pozhitkov AE, Chung WO, Daubert DM. Increased levels of dissolved titanium are associated with peri-implantitis—a cross-sectional study. J Periodontol. 2017;88:436–42.
Rodrigues DC, Valderrama P, Wilson TG, et al. Titanium corrosion mechanisms in the oral environment: a retrieval study. Materials (Basel). 2013;6:5258–74.
Sridhar S, Abidi Z, Wilson TG Jr, et al. In vitro evaluation of the effects of multiple oral factors on dental implants surfaces. J Oral Implantol. 2016;42:248–57.
Tawse-Smith A, Ma S, Duncan WJ, Gray A, Reid MR, Rich AM. Implications of wear at the titanium-zirconia implant-abutment interface on the health of peri-implant tissues. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2017;32:599–609.
Frydman A, Simonian K. Review of models for titanium as a foreign body. J Calif Dent Assoc. 2014;42:829–33.
Saini M, Singh Y, Arora P, Arora V, Jain K. Implant biomaterials: a comprehensive review. World J Clin Cases. 2015;3:52–7.
Khan MA, Williams RL, Williams DF. In-vitro corrosion and wear of titanium alloys in the biological environment. Biomaterials. 1996;17:2117–26.
Olmedo DG, Duffo G, Cabrini RL, Guglielmotti MB. Local effect of titanium implant corrosion: an experimental study in rats. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2008;37:1032–8.
Wheelis SE, Gindri IM, Valderrama P, Wilson TG Jr, Huang J, Rodrigues DC. Effects of decontamination solutions on the surface of titanium: investigation of surface morphology, composition, and roughness. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2016;27(3):329–40.
Sridhar S, Wilson TG Jr, Palmer KL, et al. In vitro investigation of the effect of oral bacteria in the surface oxidation of dental implants. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2015;17:e562.
Barbieri M, Mencio F, Papi P, et al. Corrosion behavior of dental implants immersed into human saliva: preliminary results of an in vitro study. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2017;21:3543–8.
Rodrigues DC, Urban RM, Jacobs JJ, Gilbert JL. In vivo severe corrosion and hydrogen embrittlement of retrieved modular body titanium alloy hip-implants. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2009;88:206–19.
Burbano M, Russell R, Huo M, Welch R, Roy D, Rodrigues DC. Surface characterization of retrieved metal-on-metal total hip implants from patients with adverse reaction to metal debris. Materials (Basel, Switzerland). 2014;7:1866–79.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ponsford, M.W., Diekwisch, T.G.H. (2020). Peri-implant Disease. In: Sahingur, S. (eds) Emerging Therapies in Periodontics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42990-4_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42990-4_9
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-42989-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-42990-4
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)