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The Second Scientific Age: From Galileo to Today

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Gears

Part of the book series: Springer Series in Solid and Structural Mechanics ((SSSSM,volume 12))

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Abstract

In this chapter, the initially slow and then increasingly rapid awakening of the second scientific age, which goes from Galileo to the present day, is described. Attention is first focused on the first two centuries of scientific activity, from Galileo to Lagrange, because in this time the mechanics establishes itself as queen of the sciences. However, it is emphasized that, in these two centuries, stagnation continues to prevail in the field of gears, which continue to look to the past again and do not immediately benefit from new scientific achievements. Subsequently, attention is focused on the slow detachment from pure empiricism and the equally slow penetration of science into the field of gears. The main scientific contributions are described, which initially concern only the geometric–kinematic aspects. It is also highlighted that, gradually, these aspects begin to be seen from the perspective of the new cutting processes that are gradually conceived and developed. Still later, the attention is focused on the mechanics of solids and on material strength theories that, even in this case, first gradually and then with forced charge, enter the field of gears. In this regard, this brief history only describes the contributions of the pioneers, who have begun new lines of research on gears, starting from Lewis to the present day. Therefore, only the milestones on the state of knowledge concerning the load carrying capacity of the gears in its most diverse aspects are described. To give a concrete demonstration of the fact that gears are ancient science in continuous updating, in the final part of this chapter, brief considerations are presented on the historical aspects of three particular types of damage, which are related to the load carrying capacity of the gears in terms of abrasive wear, micropitting and tooth flank breakage. The chapter closes with epigraphic news on the main monographs and textbooks on gears from 1900 to the present, with a due exception to Olivier’s 1842 treatise, which is probably the first monograph that was written and published on the gears.

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Vullo, V. (2020). The Second Scientific Age: From Galileo to Today. In: Gears. Springer Series in Solid and Structural Mechanics, vol 12. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40164-1_5

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