Skip to main content

Dermatologic Conditions in Turner Syndrome

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Turner Syndrome

Abstract

Turner syndrome is a multisystem disorder with many dermatologic manifestations. As it is not always diagnosed in the neonatal period, it is important that clinicians are aware of the diverse clinical stigmata that may provide clues for diagnosis. The unique dermatologic sequelae of Turner syndrome also provide important clinical implications that must be considered when managing these patients. The objective of this chapter is to provide an overview of the dermatologic issues prevalent in patients with Turner syndrome.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Abbreviations

TS:

Turner syndrome

hGH:

Human growth hormone

CVG:

Cutis verticis gyrata

CDP:

Complete decongestive physiotherapy

References

  1. Lowenstein EJ, Kim KH, Glick SA. Turner’s syndrome in dermatology. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2004;50(5):767–76.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Gunther DF, Sybert VP. Lymphatic, tooth and skin manifestations in Turner syndrome. Int Congr Ser. 2006;1298:58–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Chervenak FA, Isaacson G, Blakemore KJ, Breg WR, Hobbins JC, Berkowitz RL, et al. Fetal cystic hygroma. Cause and natural history. N Engl J Med. 1983;309(14):822–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. von Kaisenberg CS, Nicolaides KH, Brand-Saberi B. Lymphatic vessel hypoplasia in fetuses with Turner syndrome. Hum Reprod. 1999;14(3):823–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Larralde M, Gardner SS, Torrado MV, Fernhoff PM, Santos Munoz AE, Spraker MK, et al. Lymphedema as a postulated cause of cutis verticis gyrata in Turner syndrome. Pediatr Dermatol. 1998;15(1):18–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Boucher CA, Sargent CA, Ogata T, Affara NA. Breakpoint analysis of Turner patients with partial Xp deletions: implications for the lymphoedema gene location. J Med Genet. 2001;38(9):591–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Ogata T, Muroya K, Matsuo N, Shinohara O, Yorifuji T, Nishi Y, et al. Turner syndrome and Xp deletions: clinical and molecular studies in 47 patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86(11):5498–508.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Irrthum A, Devriendt K, Chitayat D, Matthijs G, Glade C, Steijlen PM, et al. Mutations in the transcription factor gene SOX18 underlie recessive and dominant forms of hypotrichosis-lymphedema-telangiectasia. Am J Hum Genet. 2003;72(6):1470–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Karkkainen MJ, Ferrell RE, Lawrence EC, Kimak MA, Levinson KL, McTigue MA, et al. Missense mutations interfere with VEGFR-3 signalling in primary lymphoedema. Nat Genet. 2000;25(2):153–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Duong T, Koltowska K, Pichol-Thievend C, Le Guen L, Fontaine F, Smith KA, et al. VEGFD regulates blood vascular development by modulating SOX18 activity. Blood. 2014;123(7):1102–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Atton G, Gordon K, Brice G, Keeley V, Riches K, Ostergaard P, et al. The lymphatic phenotype in Turner syndrome: an evaluation of nineteen patients and literature review. Eur J Hum Genet. 2015;23(12):1634–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Bondy CA, Turner Syndrome Study G. Care of girls and women with Turner syndrome: a guideline of the Turner Syndrome Study Group. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92(1):10–25.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Frias JL, Davenport ML, Committee on G, Section on E. Health supervision for children with Turner syndrome. Pediatrics. 2003;111(3):692–702.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Rizell S. Dentofacial morphology in Turner syndrome karyotypes. Swed Dent J Suppl. 2012;225:7–98.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Berdahl LD, Wenstrom KD, Hanson JW. Web neck anomaly and its association with congenital heart disease. Am J Med Genet. 1995;56(3):304–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Brady AF, Patton MA. Web-neck anomaly and its association with congenital heart disease. Am J Med Genet. 1996;64(4):605–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Ferencz C, Rubin JD, McCarter RJ, Brenner JI, Neill CA, Perry LW, et al. Congenital heart disease: prevalence at livebirth. The Baltimore-Washington Infant Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1985;121(1):31–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Sybert VP. Turner syndrome. In: Cassidy S, Allanson J, editors. Management of genetic syndromes. New York: Wiley and Sons; 2001. p. 459–84.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Zielinski T, Lorenc-Podgorska K, Antoszewski B. Surgical correction of a webbed-neck deformity in Turner’s syndrome. Pol Przegl Chir. 2015;87(3):134–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Hikade KR, Bitar GJ, Edgerton MT, Morgan RF. Modified Z-plasty repair of webbed neck deformity seen in Turner and Klippel-Feil syndrome. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2002;39(3):261–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Leandris M, Ricbourg B. Surgical treatment of pterygium colli. A case report and review of the literature. Ann Chir Plast Esthet. 1997;42(6):615–22.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Chaput B, Chavoin JP, Lopez R, Meresse T, Nadon F, Herlin C, et al. The “posterior cervical lift”: a new approach to pterygium colli management. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2013;1(6):e46.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Miller LB, Kanter M, Wolfort F. Treatment of webbed neck in Turner’s syndrome with tissue expansion. Ann Plast Surg. 1990;24(5):447–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Niranjan NS. Webbing of the neck: correction by tissue expansion. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1989;84(6):985–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Preus M, Fraser FC. Dermatoglyphics and syndromes. Amer J Dis Child. 1972;124:933–43.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Verbov J. Clinical significance and genetics of epidermal ridges–a review of dermatoglyphics. J Invest Dermatol. 1970;54(4):261–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Hall JG, Gilchrist DM. Turner syndrome and its variants. Pediatr Clin N Am. 1990;37(6):1421–40.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Kaplowitz PB, Chernausek SD, Horn JA. Fingernail angle in girls with Ullrich-Turner syndrome. Am J Med Genet. 1993;46(5):570–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Auada MP, Cintra ML, Puzzi MB, Viana D, Cavalcanti DP. Scalp lesions in Turner syndrome: a result of lymphoedema? Clin Dysmorphol. 2004;13(3):165–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Debeer A, Steenkiste E, Devriendt K, Morren M. Scalp skin lesion in Turner syndrome: more than lymphoedema? Clin Dysmorphol. 2005;14(3):149–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Shepard TH, Wener MH, Myhre SA, Hickok DE. Lowered plasma albumin concentration in fetal Turner syndrome. J Pediatr. 1986;108(1):114–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Snyder MC, Johnson PJ, Hollins RR. Congenital primary cutis verticis gyrata. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2002;110(3):818–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Becker B, Jospe N, Goldsmith LA. Melanocytic nevi in Turner syndrome. Pediatr Dermatol. 1994;11(2):120–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Lemli L, Smith DW. The XO syndrome. A study of the differentiated phenotype in 25 patients. J Pediatr. 1963;63:577–88.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Polani PE. Turner’s syndrome and allied conditions. Clinical features and chromosome abnormalities. Br Med Bull. 1961;17:200–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Zvulunov A, Wyatt DT, Laud PW, Esterly NB. Influence of genetic and environmental factors on melanocytic naevi: a lesson from Turner’s syndrome. Br J Dermatol. 1998;138(6):993–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Bataille V, Snieder H, MacGregor AJ, Sasieni P, Spector TD. Genetics of risk factors for melanoma: an adult twin study of nevi and freckles. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000;92(6):457–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Bourguignon JP, Pierard GE, Ernould C, Heinrichs C, Craen M, Rochiccioli P, et al. Effects of human growth hormone therapy on melanocytic naevi. Lancet. 1993;341(8859):1505–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Pierard GE, Pierard-Franchimont C, Nikkels A, Nikkels-Tassoudji N, Arrese JE, Bourguignon JP. Naevocyte triggering by recombinant human growth hormone. J Pathol. 1996;180(1):74–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Gibbs P, Brady BM, Gonzalez R, Robinson WA. Nevi and melanoma: lessons from Turner’s syndrome. Dermatology. 2001;202(1):1–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Brazzelli V, Larizza D, Martinetti M, Martinoli S, Calcaterra V, De Silvestri A, et al. Halo nevus, rather than vitiligo, is a typical dermatologic finding of Turner’s syndrome: clinical, genetic, and immunogenetic study in 72 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2004;51(3):354–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Bauer J, Garbe C. Acquired melanocytic nevi as risk factor for melanoma development. A comprehensive review of epidemiological data. Pigment Cell Res. 2003;16(3):297–306.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Grob JJ, Gouvernet J, Aymar D, Mostaque A, Romano MH, Collet AM, et al. Count of benign melanocytic nevi as a major indicator of risk for nonfamilial nodular and superficial spreading melanoma. Cancer. 1990;66(2):387–95.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Larizza D, Albanesi M, De Silvestri A, Accordino G, Brazzelli V, Maffe GC, et al. Neoplasia in Turner syndrome. The importance of clinical and screening practices during follow-up. Eur J Med Genet. 2016;59(5):269–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Gare M, Ilan Y, Sherman Y, Ben-Chetrit E. Malignant melanoma in Turner’s syndrome. Int J Dermatol. 1993;32(10):743–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Buckley CA, Cheng H. Intraocular melanoma, diabetes, and Turner’s syndrome: presentation with proptosis. Br J Ophthalmol. 1981;65(7):460–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  47. Schultz-Pedersen S, Hasle H, Olsen JH, Friedrich U. Evidence of decreased risk of cancer in individuals with fragile X. Am J Med Genet. 2001;103(3):226–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Zvulunov A, Wyatt DT, Rabinowitz LG, Esterly NB. Effect of growth hormone therapy on melanocytic nevi in survivors of childhood neoplasia. Arch Dermatol. 1997;133(6):795–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Zvulunov A, Wyatt DT, Laud PW, Esterly NB. Lack of effect of growth hormone therapy on the count and density of melanocytic naevi in children. Br J Dermatol. 1997;137(4):545–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Wyatt D. Melanocytic nevi in children treated with growth hormone. Pediatrics. 1999;104(4 Pt 2):1045–50.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Ginarte M, Garcia-Caballero T, Fernandez-Redondo V, Beiras A, Toribio J. Expression of growth hormone receptor in benign and malignant cutaneous proliferative entities. J Cutan Pathol. 2000;27(6):276–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Fiebig HH, Dengler W, Hendriks HR. No evidence of tumor growth stimulation in human tumors in vitro following treatment with recombinant human growth hormone. Anti-Cancer Drugs. 2000;11(8):659–64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. English JS, Swerdlow AJ, MacKie RM, O’Doherty CJ, Hunter JA, Clark J, et al. Relation between phenotype and banal melanocytic naevi. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1987;294(6565):152–4.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Oiso N, Ota T, Kawara S, Kawada A. Pustular psoriasis and vitiligo in a patient with Turner syndrome. J Dermatol. 2007;34(10):727–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Watabe H, Kawakami T, Kimura S, Fujimoto M, Ono T, Mizoguchi M, et al. Childhood psoriasis associated with Turner syndrome. J Dermatol. 2006;33(12):896–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Jorgensen KT, Rostgaard K, Bache I, Biggar RJ, Nielsen NM, Tommerup N, et al. Autoimmune diseases in women with Turner’s syndrome. Arthritis Rheum. 2010;62(3):658–66.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Invernizzi P, Miozzo M, Selmi C, Persani L, Battezzati PM, Zuin M, et al. X chromosome monosomy: a common mechanism for autoimmune diseases. J Immunol. 2005;175(1):575–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Gravholt CH, Hjerrild BE, Mosekilde L, Hansen TK, Rasmussen LM, Frystyk J, et al. Body composition is distinctly altered in Turner syndrome: relations to glucose metabolism, circulating adipokines, and endothelial adhesion molecules. Eur J Endocrinol. 2006;155(4):583–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Larizza D, Martinetti Bianchi M, Lorini R, Maghnie M, Dugoujon JM, Cuccia Belvedere M, et al. Autoimmunity, HLA, Gm and Km polymorphisms in Turner’s syndrome. Autoimmunity. 1989;4(1–2):69–78.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Dacou-Voutetakis C, Kakourou T. Psoriasis and blue sclerae in girls with Turner syndrome. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1996;35(6):1002–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Rosina P, Segalla G, Magnanini M, Chieregato C, Barba A. Turner’s syndrome associated with psoriasis and alopecia areata. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2003;17(1):50–2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Tebbe B, Gollnick H, Muller R, Reupke HJ, Orfanos CE. Alopecia areata and diffuse hypotrichosis associated with Ullrich-Turner syndrome. Presentation of 4 patients. Hautarzt. 1993;44(10):647–52.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Lee WS, Yoo MS. Alopecia areata in a patient with Turner’s syndrome. Br J Dermatol. 1996;135(6):1013.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. de Andrade M, Jackow CM, Dahm N, Hordinsky M, Reveille JD, Duvic M. Alopecia areata in families: association with the HLA locus. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc. 1999;4(3):220–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Lleo A, Moroni L, Caliari L, Invernizzi P. Autoimmunity and Turner’s syndrome. Autoimmun Rev. 2012;11(6–7):A538–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Kawakami Y, Oyama N, Kishimoto K, Yamazaki K, Nishibu A, Nakamura K, et al. A case of generalized pustular psoriasis associated with Turner syndrome. J Dermatol. 2004;31(1):16–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Ito M, Maejima Y, Okazaki S, Isobe M, Saeki H. Generalized pustular psoriasis associated with Turner syndrome and dilated cardiomyopathy. J Dermatol. 2016;43(7):829–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Dogruk Kacar S, Ozuguz P, Polat S. Coexistence of psoriasis, and alopecia areata with trachyonychia in a pediatric patient with Turner syndrome. Arch Argent Pediatr. 2014;112(5):e209–12.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Asahina A, Uno K, Fujita H. Pustular psoriasis in a patient with Turner syndrome: profile of serum cytokine levels. Int J Dermatol. 2014;53(1):e29–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Acikgoz G, Ozmen I, Tunca M, Akar A, Arca E, Saifurrahman S. Psoriasis induced by growth hormone therapy in a patient with Turner’s syndrome. Int J Dermatol. 2015;54(5):e132–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Maghnie M, Borroni G, Larizza D, Lorini R, Girani MA, Rabbiosi G, et al. Relapsing eruptive psoriasis and immunological changes triggered by growth hormone therapy in a growth hormone-deficient girl. Dermatologica. 1990;181(2):139–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Pirgon O, Atabek ME, Sert A. Psoriasis following growth hormone therapy in a child. Ann Pharmacother. 2007;41(1):157–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Brazzelli V, Larizza D, Muzio F, Calcaterra V, Fornara L, Klersy C, et al. Low frequency of acne vulgaris in adolescent girls and women with Turner’s syndrome: a clinical, genetic and hormonal study of 65 patients. Br J Dermatol. 2008;159(5):1209–11.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Deplewski D, Rosenfield RL. Role of hormones in pilosebaceous unit development. Endocr Rev. 2000;21(4):363–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Thiboutot D. Hormones and acne: pathophysiology, clinical evaluation, and therapies. Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2001;20(3):144–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Brazzelli V, Calcaterra V, Muzio F, Klersy C, Larizza D, Borroni G. Reduced sebum production in Turner syndrome: a study of twenty-two patients. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2011;24(3):789–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Apter D, Lenko HL, Perheentupa J, Soderholm A, Vihko R. Subnormal pubertal increases of serum androgens in Turner’s syndrome. Horm Res. 1982;16(3):164–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Gravholt CH, Svenstrup B, Bennett P, Sandahl Christiansen J. Reduced androgen levels in adult Turner syndrome: influence of female sex steroids and growth hormone status. Clin Endocrinol. 1999;50(6):791–800.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Smith DW, Hanson JW. Letter: asynchronous growth of scalp hair in XO Turner syndrome. J Pediatr. 1975;87(4):659–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Capaldi L, Gray J, Abuelo D, Torrelo A, Nieto J, Lapidus C, et al. Pigmentary mosaicism and mosaic Turner syndrome. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005;52(5):918–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Moss C, Larkins S, Stacey M, Blight A, Farndon PA, Davison EV. Epidermal mosaicism and Blaschko’s lines. J Med Genet. 1993;30(9):752–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  82. Nehal KS, PeBenito R, Orlow SJ. Analysis of 54 cases of hypopigmentation and hyperpigmentation along the lines of Blaschko. Arch Dermatol. 1996;132(10):1167–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Niessen RC, Jonkman MF, Muis N, Hordijk R, van Essen AJ. Pigmentary mosaicism following the lines of Blaschko in a girl with a double aneuploidy mosaicism: (47,XX,+7/45,X). Am J Med Genet A. 2005;137A(3):313–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Ruiz-Maldonado R, Toussaint S, Tamayo L, Laterza A, del Castillo V. Hypomelanosis of Ito: diagnostic criteria and report of 41 cases. Pediatr Dermatol. 1992;9(1):1–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Sybert VP, Pagon RA, Donlan M, Bradley CM. Pigmentary abnormalities and mosaicism for chromosomal aberration: association with clinical features similar to hypomelanosis of Ito. J Pediatr. 1990;116(4):581–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Thomas IT, Frias JL, Cantu ES, Lafer CZ, Flannery DB, Graham JG Jr. Association of pigmentary anomalies with chromosomal and genetic mosaicism and chimerism. Am J Hum Genet. 1989;45(2):193–205.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  87. Flannery DB, Byrd JR, Freeman WE, Perlman SA. Hypomelanosis of Ito: a cutaneous marker of chromosomal mosaicism. Am J Hum Genet. 1985;37:A93.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Deza G, Lopez Aventin D, Salido M, Espinet B, Gilaberte M, Pujol RM. Hyperpigmentation following the Blaschko’s lines: a subtle cutaneous manifestation of Turner syndrome with complex mosaicism. Br J Dermatol. 2016;175:1379.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Handler MZ, Derrick KM, Lutz RE, Morrell DS, Davenport ML, Armstrong AW. Prevalence of pilomatricoma in Turner syndrome: findings from a multicenter study. JAMA Dermatol. 2013;149(5):559–64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Maeda D, Kubo T, Miwa H, Kitamura N, Onoda M, Ohgo M, et al. Multiple pilomatricomas in a patient with Turner syndrome. J Dermatol. 2014;41(6):563–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Bengtzen AR, Grossniklaus HE, Bernardino CR. Multiple pilomatrixoma in Turner syndrome. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2009;25(3):229–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Noguchi H, Kayashima K, Nishiyama S, Ono T. Two cases of pilomatrixoma in Turner’s syndrome. Dermatology. 1999;199(4):338–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Wood S, Nguyen D, Hutton K, Dickson W. Pilomatricomas in Turner syndrome. Pediatr Dermatol. 2008;25(4):449–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Haskin, A., Lowenstein, E. (2020). Dermatologic Conditions in Turner Syndrome. In: Fechner, P. (eds) Turner Syndrome. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-34150-3_13

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-34150-3_13

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-34148-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-34150-3

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics