Abstract
The trauma has had greater prominence in the world scientific community since the early 1960s. The increase in weapons of mass destruction, the increasingly ruthless technology regarding the production of lethal weapons (chemical, firearms, etc.), and acts terrorists in metropolitan cities have made sure that more funds and more research were aimed at trauma. The concept of treatment of any type of traumatic injury has always been obvious. In order to facilitate and speed up the treatment, over the years we have tried to exemplify the type of treatments to be administered using simple, clear but complete protocols. The need arose to guarantee a common language. Numerous scores have been introduced to better characterize trauma patients. Numerous parameters have been taken into consideration before each draft. The victim’s age together with the type of trauma immediately imposed the need for different, tailor-made scores. This chapter aims to give a simple knowledge of the main trauma scores and their historical evolution.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Strous RD, Gold A. Ethical lessons learned and to be learned from mass casualty events by terrorism. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2019;32(2):174–8. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACO.0000000000000684. PMID: 30817391.
Briggs SM. Disaster management teams. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2005;11(6):585–9.
Born CT, Briggs SM, Ciraulo DL, Frykberg ER, Hammond JS, Hirshberg A, Lhowe DW, O’Neill PA. Disasters and mass casualties: I. General principles of response and management. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2007;15(7):388–96.
Champion HR, Copes WS, Sacco WJ, Lawnick MM, Keast SL, Bain LW Jr, Flanagan ME, Frey CF. The Major Trauma Outcome Study: establishing national norms for trauma care. J Trauma. 1990;30(11):1356–65. PMID: 2231804.
Baker SP, O’Neill B, Haddon W, et al. The Injury Severity Score: a method for describing patients with multiple injuries and evaluating emergency care. J Trauma. 1974;14:187–96.
Osler T. Injury severity scoring: perspectives in development and future directions. Am J Surg. 1993;165(2A Suppl):43S–51S. PMID: 843899.
Gennarelli & Wodzin. CMAAS (Committee on Medical Aspects of Automotive Safety). Rating the severity of tissue damage: I. The abbreviated scale. JAMA. 1971;215:277–80.
Osler T, Rutledge R, Deis J, Bedrick E. ICISS: an international classification of disease-9 based injury severity score. J Trauma. 1996;41(3):380–6; discussion 386–8.
Salehi O, Dezfuli SAT, Namazi SS, Khalili MD, Saeedi M. A new injury severity score for predicting the length of hospital stay in multiple trauma patients. Trauma Mon. 2016;21(1):e20349.
Lavoie A, Moore L, LeSage N, Liberman M, Sampalis JS. The injury severity score or the New Injury Severity Score for predicting intensive care unit admission and hospital length of stay? Injury. 2005;36(4):477–83.
Gabbe BJ, Cameron PA, Finch CF. Is the revised trauma score still useful? ANZ J Surg. 2003;73(11):944–8.
Lichtveld RA, Spijkers AT, Hoogendoorn JM, Panhuizen IF, van der Werken C. Triage revised trauma score change between first assessment and arrival at the hospital to predict mortality. Int J Emerg Med. 2008;1(1):21–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12245-008-0013-7.
Champion HR, Sacco WJ, Carnazzo AJ, Copes W, Fouty WJ. Trauma score. Crit Care Med. 1981;9(9):672–6.
Rutledge R, Fakhry S, Baker C, Oller D. Injury severity grading in trauma patients: a simplified technique based upon ICD-9 coding. J Trauma. 1993;35(4):497–506; discussion 506–7.
Osler T, Glance LG, Cook A, Buzas JS, Hosmer DW. A trauma mortality prediction model based on the ICD-10-CM lexicon: TMPM-ICD10. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2019;86(5):891–5. https://doi.org/10.1097/TA.0000000000002194.
Palmer C. Major trauma and the injury severity score – where should we set the bar? Annu Proc Assoc Adv Automot Med. 2007;51:13–29. PMCID: PMC3217501. PMID: 18184482.
Lam SW, Lingsma HF, van Beeck EF, Leenen LP. Validation of a base deficit-based trauma prediction model and comparison with TRISS and ASCOT. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2016;42(5):627–33.
Zhu P, Jiang J. Employment of trauma and injury severity score and a severity characterization of trauma in the outcome evaluation of trauma care and their research advances. Chin Med J (Engl). 1998;111(2):169–73.
Mehmood A, Hung YW, He H, Ali S, Bachani AM. Performance of injury severity measures in trauma research: a literature review and validation analysis of studies from low-income and middle-income countries. BMJ Open. 2019;9(1):e023161.
Bommakanti K, Feldhaus I, Motwani G, Dicker RA, Juillard C. Trauma registry implementation in low- and middle-income countries: challenges and opportunities. J Surg Res. 2018;223:72–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2017.09.039.
Suryanto, Plummer V, Boyle M. EMS systems in lower-middle income countries: a literature review. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2017;32(1):64–70.
Macleod JBA, Kobusingye O, Frost C, Lett R. Kampala Trauma Score (KTS): is it a new triage tool? East Cent Afr J Surg. 2006;12(1):74–82.
Bradshaw CJ, Bandi AS, Muktar Z, Hasan MA, Chowdhury TK, Banu T, Hailemariam M, Ngu F, Croaker D, Bankolé R, Sholadoye T, Olaomi O, Ameh E, Di Cesare A, Leva E, Ringo Y, Abdur-Rahman L, Salama R, Elhalaby E, Perera H, Parsons C, Cleeve S, Numanoglu A, Van As S, Sharma S, Lakhoo K. International study of the epidemiology of paediatric trauma: PAPSA research study. World J Surg. 2018;42(6):1885–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-017-4396-6.
Furnival RA, Schunk JE. ABCs of scoring systems for pediatric trauma. Pediatr Emerg Care. 1999;15(3):215–23.
El-Gamasy MAE-A, Elezz AAEBA, Basuni ASM, Elrazek MESAA. Pediatric trauma BIG score: predicting mortality in polytraumatized pediatric patients. Indian J Crit Care Med. 2016;20(11):640–6.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Perrone, G., Bonati, E., Tarasconi, A., Abongwa, H.K., Catena, F. (2021). Injuries and Scoring Systems. In: Pikoulis, E., Doucet, J. (eds) Emergency Medicine, Trauma and Disaster Management. Hot Topics in Acute Care Surgery and Trauma. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-34116-9_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-34116-9_12
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-34115-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-34116-9
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)