Skip to main content

Injuries and Scoring Systems

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Emergency Medicine, Trauma and Disaster Management

Abstract

The trauma has had greater prominence in the world scientific community since the early 1960s. The increase in weapons of mass destruction, the increasingly ruthless technology regarding the production of lethal weapons (chemical, firearms, etc.), and acts terrorists in metropolitan cities have made sure that more funds and more research were aimed at trauma. The concept of treatment of any type of traumatic injury has always been obvious. In order to facilitate and speed up the treatment, over the years we have tried to exemplify the type of treatments to be administered using simple, clear but complete protocols. The need arose to guarantee a common language. Numerous scores have been introduced to better characterize trauma patients. Numerous parameters have been taken into consideration before each draft. The victim’s age together with the type of trauma immediately imposed the need for different, tailor-made scores. This chapter aims to give a simple knowledge of the main trauma scores and their historical evolution.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 119.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Strous RD, Gold A. Ethical lessons learned and to be learned from mass casualty events by terrorism. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2019;32(2):174–8. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACO.0000000000000684. PMID: 30817391.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Briggs SM. Disaster management teams. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2005;11(6):585–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Born CT, Briggs SM, Ciraulo DL, Frykberg ER, Hammond JS, Hirshberg A, Lhowe DW, O’Neill PA. Disasters and mass casualties: I. General principles of response and management. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2007;15(7):388–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Champion HR, Copes WS, Sacco WJ, Lawnick MM, Keast SL, Bain LW Jr, Flanagan ME, Frey CF. The Major Trauma Outcome Study: establishing national norms for trauma care. J Trauma. 1990;30(11):1356–65. PMID: 2231804.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Baker SP, O’Neill B, Haddon W, et al. The Injury Severity Score: a method for describing patients with multiple injuries and evaluating emergency care. J Trauma. 1974;14:187–96.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Osler T. Injury severity scoring: perspectives in development and future directions. Am J Surg. 1993;165(2A Suppl):43S–51S. PMID: 843899.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Gennarelli & Wodzin. CMAAS (Committee on Medical Aspects of Automotive Safety). Rating the severity of tissue damage: I. The abbreviated scale. JAMA. 1971;215:277–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Osler T, Rutledge R, Deis J, Bedrick E. ICISS: an international classification of disease-9 based injury severity score. J Trauma. 1996;41(3):380–6; discussion 386–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Salehi O, Dezfuli SAT, Namazi SS, Khalili MD, Saeedi M. A new injury severity score for predicting the length of hospital stay in multiple trauma patients. Trauma Mon. 2016;21(1):e20349.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Lavoie A, Moore L, LeSage N, Liberman M, Sampalis JS. The injury severity score or the New Injury Severity Score for predicting intensive care unit admission and hospital length of stay? Injury. 2005;36(4):477–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Gabbe BJ, Cameron PA, Finch CF. Is the revised trauma score still useful? ANZ J Surg. 2003;73(11):944–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Lichtveld RA, Spijkers AT, Hoogendoorn JM, Panhuizen IF, van der Werken C. Triage revised trauma score change between first assessment and arrival at the hospital to predict mortality. Int J Emerg Med. 2008;1(1):21–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12245-008-0013-7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Champion HR, Sacco WJ, Carnazzo AJ, Copes W, Fouty WJ. Trauma score. Crit Care Med. 1981;9(9):672–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Rutledge R, Fakhry S, Baker C, Oller D. Injury severity grading in trauma patients: a simplified technique based upon ICD-9 coding. J Trauma. 1993;35(4):497–506; discussion 506–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Osler T, Glance LG, Cook A, Buzas JS, Hosmer DW. A trauma mortality prediction model based on the ICD-10-CM lexicon: TMPM-ICD10. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2019;86(5):891–5. https://doi.org/10.1097/TA.0000000000002194.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Palmer C. Major trauma and the injury severity score – where should we set the bar? Annu Proc Assoc Adv Automot Med. 2007;51:13–29. PMCID: PMC3217501. PMID: 18184482.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Lam SW, Lingsma HF, van Beeck EF, Leenen LP. Validation of a base deficit-based trauma prediction model and comparison with TRISS and ASCOT. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2016;42(5):627–33.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Zhu P, Jiang J. Employment of trauma and injury severity score and a severity characterization of trauma in the outcome evaluation of trauma care and their research advances. Chin Med J (Engl). 1998;111(2):169–73.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Mehmood A, Hung YW, He H, Ali S, Bachani AM. Performance of injury severity measures in trauma research: a literature review and validation analysis of studies from low-income and middle-income countries. BMJ Open. 2019;9(1):e023161.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Bommakanti K, Feldhaus I, Motwani G, Dicker RA, Juillard C. Trauma registry implementation in low- and middle-income countries: challenges and opportunities. J Surg Res. 2018;223:72–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2017.09.039.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Suryanto, Plummer V, Boyle M. EMS systems in lower-middle income countries: a literature review. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2017;32(1):64–70.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Macleod JBA, Kobusingye O, Frost C, Lett R. Kampala Trauma Score (KTS): is it a new triage tool? East Cent Afr J Surg. 2006;12(1):74–82.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Bradshaw CJ, Bandi AS, Muktar Z, Hasan MA, Chowdhury TK, Banu T, Hailemariam M, Ngu F, Croaker D, Bankolé R, Sholadoye T, Olaomi O, Ameh E, Di Cesare A, Leva E, Ringo Y, Abdur-Rahman L, Salama R, Elhalaby E, Perera H, Parsons C, Cleeve S, Numanoglu A, Van As S, Sharma S, Lakhoo K. International study of the epidemiology of paediatric trauma: PAPSA research study. World J Surg. 2018;42(6):1885–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-017-4396-6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Furnival RA, Schunk JE. ABCs of scoring systems for pediatric trauma. Pediatr Emerg Care. 1999;15(3):215–23.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. El-Gamasy MAE-A, Elezz AAEBA, Basuni ASM, Elrazek MESAA. Pediatric trauma BIG score: predicting mortality in polytraumatized pediatric patients. Indian J Crit Care Med. 2016;20(11):640–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Perrone, G., Bonati, E., Tarasconi, A., Abongwa, H.K., Catena, F. (2021). Injuries and Scoring Systems. In: Pikoulis, E., Doucet, J. (eds) Emergency Medicine, Trauma and Disaster Management. Hot Topics in Acute Care Surgery and Trauma. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-34116-9_12

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-34116-9_12

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-34115-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-34116-9

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics