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Disparate Patterns of Diversification Within Liolaemini Lizards

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Neotropical Diversification: Patterns and Processes

Part of the book series: Fascinating Life Sciences ((FLS))

Abstract

Lizards are a major component of temperate-to-tropical terrestrial vertebrate biotas, and have played a central role as model systems for evolutionary and ecological research. The most diverse lizard group of the southern half of South America is the clade Liolaemini (=family Liolaemidae), which includes three genera characterized by large differences in species richness, as well as many other aspects of their biology. At one extreme is the monotypic genus Ctenoblepharys, restricted to sandy beaches and dunes in the coastal desert of Peru, oviparous and insectivorous. At the other extreme, Liolaemus is the world’s richest temperate zone amniote genus of the temperate zone, with 262 described species. Liolaemus is widely distributed across southern South America, from north-central Peru to Tierra del Fuego, inhabiting climatic regimes extending from sea level to 5176 m in Bolivia, and exhibiting great diversity in biological features such as body size, color pattern, diet, reproductive mode (viviparous, oviparous, and one parthenogenetic species) and karyotype. The third clade is the genus Phymaturus, which includes 44 described species distributed along the eastern and western Andean slopes in Argentina and Chile and through Patagonia. All Phymaturus species are viviparous, primarily herbivorous, strictly saxicolous and restricted to volcanic plateaus and peaks. Here, we contrast diversification patterns between the more specialized Phymaturus and Ctenoblepharys, with the more generalist Liolaemus. We found disparate patterns of diversification among the three genera, with Liolaemus showing the highest net diversification rate and, surprisingly, Phymaturus showing the highest speciation rates. The lower species diversity in Phymaturus, however, appears to be due to a high extinction rate, while the extraordinary species richness in Liolaemus is likely due to a lower extinction rate. The monotypic Ctenoblepharys is characterized by a negative net diversification rate, highlighting its vulnerability. We also found evidence of selection acting on the body sizes of Liolaemini species, in the form of a positive correlation between body size evolution and net diversification, speciation and extinction rates in Phymaturus, and a clear slowdown of morphological evolution in the Phymaturus patagonicus clade. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of generalist vs. specialist life histories in Liolaemini, and provide recommendations for their conservation based on our findings.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Guarino R. Colli for useful comments and suggestions made on the first version of this chapter. We thank all members of the Grupo de Herpetología Patagónica (IPEEC-CONICET) for continuing support. Financial support was provided by ANPCYT-FONCYT 1252/2015 (MM), and a postdoctoral fellowship (AGM) from CONICET, Argentina and a postdoctoral fellowship (MO) from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation at Meyer Lab, Konstanz, Germany.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany

    Melisa Olave

  2. Instituto Patagónico para el Estudio de los Ecosistemas Continentales, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IPEEC-CONICET), Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina

    Andrea González Marín, Luciano J. Avila & Mariana Morando

  3. Department of Biology and M.L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University (BYU), Provo, UT, USA

    Jack W. Sites Jr.

  4. Department of Biology, Austin Peay State University, Clarksville, TN, USA

    Jack W. Sites Jr.

  5. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco, Sede Puerto Madryn, Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina

    Mariana Morando

  6. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de Zonas Arídas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Técnicas (IADIZA-CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina

    Melisa Olave

Authors
  1. Melisa Olave
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  2. Andrea González Marín
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  3. Luciano J. Avila
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  4. Jack W. Sites Jr.
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  5. Mariana Morando
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Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Paleoecology, Institute of Earth Sciences Jaume Almera (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain

    Valentí Rull

  2. Department of Biology, City College of New York, New York, NY, USA

    Ana Carolina Carnaval

1 Electronic Supplementary Material

Fig. S1

General overview of the time-calibrated phylogenetic tree in png format (PNG 205 kb)

Fig. S2

Complete time-calibrated phylogenetic tree in png format (PNG 2177 kb)

Fig. S3

Speciation rate projected in a color gradient on the phylogenetic tree (PDF 21 kb)

Fig. S4

Extinction rate projected in a color gradient on the phylogenetic tree (PDF 21 kb)

Fig. S5

Density plots for the net diversification, speciation, extinction and morphological evolution rates obtained for clades within Liolaemus genus. The density plots are constructed considering the mean obtained from each of the last 500 trees of BEAST analysis. The p-value corresponds to an ANOVA test comparing distributions (PNG 305 kb)

Fig. S6

Mean (dots) and 95% credibility intervals (lines) for the net diversification, speciation, extinction and morphological evolution rates obtained for the case of clades within Liolaemus genus. The plots were constructed considering the mean obtained from each of the last 500 trees of BEAST analysis. The p-value corresponds to an ANOVA test comparing distribution (PNG 115 kb)

Fig. S7

Non-linear (net diversification and speciation rates) and linear (extinction rate) regressions as a function of the morphological evolution rate in Phymaturus clades. Each point is the rate obtained per species (PNG 159 kb)

Fig. S8

Phylogenetically uncontrolled and controlled non-linear (net diversification and speciation rates) and linear (extinction rate) regressions as a function of the body size evolution rate in Phymaturus patagonicus. Each point is the rate obtained per species (PNG 172 kb)

Table S1

GenBank accession numbers corresponding to all 25 genes considered for the phylogenetic tree reconstruction. Finally, analyses were performed based on a selection of 13 loci (XLSX 48 kb)

Table S2

Summary statistics for the mutation rate estimations (mutation per million year) from BEAST analysis per locus, sorted by gene nature (mitochondrial gene [mt], anonymous nuclear loci [ANL] and nuclear protein coding loci [NPCL]) (XLSX 40 kb)

Table S3

Means of SVL data collected from the literature for morphological evolution analysis with BAMM (TXT 4 kb)

Table S4

Mean and standard deviation of rates obtained for the different target clades (DOCX 104 kb)

Table S5

Mean and standard deviation of rates obtained for each species (XLSX 28 kb)

Table S6

Linear model, non-linear model for phylogenetically controlled and uncontrolled model results for regression between diversification rates and body size evolution rate (presented in Figs. 28.5–28.6 and S7–S8) (XLSX 32 kb)

Table S7

Detailed ANOVA results implemented to compare the three genera, as well as Liolaemus subgenus amd Phymaturus main clades rates (presented in Figs. 28.3–28.4 and S5–S6) (XLSX 36 kb)

File S1

Complete DNA alignments in nexus format used for the phylogenetic reconstruction (NEXUS 1821 kb)

File S2

Full time-calibrated phylogenetic tree in nexus format (BEAST output) (NEXUS 1379 kb)

File S3

Last 500 phylogenetic trees inferred during the MCMC of BEAST and used for rate estimations with BAMM (NEXUS 123522 kb)

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Olave, M., Marín, A.G., Avila, L.J., Sites, J.W., Morando, M. (2020). Disparate Patterns of Diversification Within Liolaemini Lizards. In: Rull, V., Carnaval, A. (eds) Neotropical Diversification: Patterns and Processes. Fascinating Life Sciences. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31167-4_28

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