Skip to main content

What Is Empathy?

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Teaching Empathy in Healthcare

Abstract

We propose empathy to be the process of relating to another in a mode that facilitates the creative elaboration of mutual understanding and recognition. The empathic mode thus presupposes both commonality and difference as it seeks the development of a common languageā€”a shared network of meanings, allowing one to see beyond pre-existing commonalities and create new ones. In this chapter, we elaborate this understanding of the nature of empathy to contextualize the bio-behavioral underpinnings of commonality and the innate capacities we have for bridging difference. Finally, we discuss barriers to and breakdowns of the empathic mode such as cultural difference, dehumanization, and stigma.

This chapter was contributed to by Zimri S. Yaseen in his personal capacity. The opinions expressed therein are the authorsā€™ own and do not reflect the views of the Food and Drug Administration, the Department of Health and Human Services, or the United States government.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Nussbaum, M. C. (1994). Patriotism and cosmopolitanism. Boston Review, 19(5). See Retrieved October 01, 2010, from https://www.soci.niu.edu/~phildept/Kapitan/nussbaum1.html

  2. Germer, C. K., & Siegel, R. D. (2012). Wisdom and compassion in psychotherapy: Deepening mindfulness in clinical practice. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google ScholarĀ 

  3. Vischer, R. (1873). On the optical sense of form: A contribution to aesthetics. Empathy, Form, and Space: Problems in German Aesthetics, 1893, 89ā€“124.

    Google ScholarĀ 

  4. Ganczarek, J., HĆ¼nefeldt, T., & Olivetti Belardinelli, M. (2018). From ā€œEinfĆ¼hlungā€ to empathy: Exploring the relationship between aesthetic and interpersonal experience. Cognitive Processing, 19(2), 141ā€“145.

    ArticleĀ  PubMedĀ  PubMed CentralĀ  Google ScholarĀ 

  5. Lanzoni, S. (2009). Practicing psychology in the art gallery: Vernon Leeā€™s aesthetics of empathy. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, 45(4), 330ā€“354.

    ArticleĀ  PubMedĀ  Google ScholarĀ 

  6. James, W. (1894). Discussion: The physical basis of emotion. Psychological Review, 1(5), 516.

    ArticleĀ  Google ScholarĀ 

  7. Lanzoni, S. (2012). Empathy in translation: Movement and image in the psychological laboratory. Science in Context, 25(3), 301ā€“327.

    ArticleĀ  Google ScholarĀ 

  8. Titchener, E. B. (2014). Introspection and empathy. Dialogues in Philosophy, Mental & Neuro Sciences, 7(1), 25ā€“30.

    Google ScholarĀ 

  9. Haslam, N. (2007). Humanising medical practice: The role of empathy. Medical Journal of Australia, 187(7), 381ā€“382.

    ArticleĀ  PubMedĀ  Google ScholarĀ 

  10. Carl Rogers On Empathy. (1974). Distinguished contributors to counseling film series: American Personnel and Guidance Association.

    Google ScholarĀ 

  11. Gendlin, E. T. (1991). On emotion in therapy. Emotion, psychotherapy, and change (pp. 255ā€“279). London: Guilford.

    Google ScholarĀ 

  12. Decety, J. (2015). The neural pathways, development and functions of empathy. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 3, 1ā€“6.

    ArticleĀ  Google ScholarĀ 

  13. Singh, P., Raffin-Bouchal, S., McClement, S., Hack, T. F., Stajduhar, K., Hagen, N. A., et al. (2018). Healthcare providersā€™ perspectives on perceived barriers and facilitators of compassion: Results from a grounded theory study. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 27(9ā€“10), 2083ā€“2097.

    ArticleĀ  PubMedĀ  Google ScholarĀ 

  14. Rāhula, W. (1974). What the Buddha taught. New York: Grove Press.

    Google ScholarĀ 

  15. Neumann, M., Bensing, J., Mercer, S., Ernstmann, N., Ommen, O., & Pfaff, H. (2009). Analyzing the ā€œnatureā€ and ā€œspecific effectivenessā€ of clinical empathy: A theoretical overview and contribution towards a theory-based research agenda. Patient Education and Counseling, 74(3), 339ā€“346.

    ArticleĀ  PubMedĀ  Google ScholarĀ 

  16. Preston, S. D., & De Waal, F. B. (2002). Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 25(1), 1ā€“20.

    ArticleĀ  PubMedĀ  Google ScholarĀ 

  17. Cattaneo, L., & Rizzolatti, G. (2009). The mirror neuron system. Archives of Neurology, 66(5), 557ā€“560.

    ArticleĀ  PubMedĀ  Google ScholarĀ 

  18. Morse, J. M., Anderson, G., Bottorff, J. L., Yonge, O., Oā€™Brien, B., Solberg, S. M., et al. (1992). Exploring empathy: A conceptual fit for nursing practice? Image: The Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 24(4), 273ā€“280.

    PubMedĀ  Google ScholarĀ 

  19. Blanke, E. S., Rauers, A., & Riediger, M. (2016). Does being empathic pay off?ā€”Associations between performance-based measures of empathy and social adjustment in younger and older women. Emotion, 16(5), 671.

    ArticleĀ  PubMedĀ  Google ScholarĀ 

  20. Mercer, S. W., & Reynolds, W. J. (2002). Empathy and quality of care. British Journal of General Practice, 52(Suppl), S9ā€“S12.

    Google ScholarĀ 

  21. Tavakol, S., Dennick, R., & Tavakol, M. (2012). Medical studentsā€™ understanding of empathy: A phenomenological study. Medical Education, 46(3), 306ā€“316.

    ArticleĀ  PubMedĀ  Google ScholarĀ 

  22. McDonald, L. (2017). Florence Nightingale, nursing, and health care today. New York: Springer Publishing Company.

    BookĀ  Google ScholarĀ 

  23. Hojat, M., Gonnella, J. S., Nasca, T. J., Mangione, S., Vergare, M., & Magee, M. (2002). Physician empathy: Definition, components, measurement, and relationship to gender and specialty. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159(9), 1563ā€“1569.

    ArticleĀ  PubMedĀ  Google ScholarĀ 

  24. Sonnbyā€“Borgstrƶm, M. (2002). Automatic mimicry reactions as related to differences in emotional empathy. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 43(5), 433ā€“443.

    ArticleĀ  PubMedĀ  Google ScholarĀ 

  25. Kunyk, D., & Olson, J. K. (2001). Clarification of conceptualizations of empathy. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 35(3), 317ā€“325.

    ArticleĀ  PubMedĀ  Google ScholarĀ 

  26. Salovey, P., & Mayer, J. D. (1990). Emotional intelligence. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 9(3), 185ā€“211.

    ArticleĀ  Google ScholarĀ 

  27. Bylund, C. L., & Makoul, G. (2002). Empathic communication and gender in the physicianā€“patient encounter. Patient Education and Counseling, 48(3), 207ā€“216.

    ArticleĀ  PubMedĀ  Google ScholarĀ 

  28. Alligood, M. R. (1992). Empathy: The importance of recognizing two types. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 30(3), 14ā€“17.

    ArticleĀ  PubMedĀ  Google ScholarĀ 

  29. Stewart, M. A. (1995). Effective physician-patient communication and health outcomes: A review. CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal, 152(9), 1423.

    PubMedĀ  PubMed CentralĀ  Google ScholarĀ 

  30. Rakel, D., Barrett, B., Zhang, Z., Hoeft, T., Chewning, B., Marchand, L., et al. (2011). Perception of empathy in the therapeutic encounter: Effects on the common cold. Patient Education and Counseling, 85(3), 390ā€“397.

    ArticleĀ  PubMedĀ  PubMed CentralĀ  Google ScholarĀ 

  31. Hojat, M., Louis, D. Z., Markham, F. W., Wender, R., Rabinowitz, C., & Gonnella, J. S. (2011). Physiciansā€™ empathy and clinical outcomes for diabetic patients. Academic Medicine, 86(3), 359ā€“364.

    ArticleĀ  PubMedĀ  Google ScholarĀ 

  32. Del Canale, S., Louis, D. Z., Maio, V., Wang, X., Rossi, G., Hojat, M., et al. (2012). The relationship between physician empathy and disease complications: An empirical study of primary care physicians and their diabetic patients in Parma, Italy. Academic Medicine, 87(9), 1243ā€“1249.

    ArticleĀ  PubMedĀ  Google ScholarĀ 

  33. Mercer, S. W., Higgins, M., Bikker, A. M., Fitzpatrick, B., McConnachie, A., Lloyd, S. M., et al. (2016). General practitionersā€™ empathy and health outcomes: A prospective observational study of consultations in areas of high and low deprivation. The Annals of Family Medicine, 14(2), 117ā€“124.

    ArticleĀ  PubMedĀ  Google ScholarĀ 

  34. Graber, M. L., Franklin, N., & Gordon, R. (2005). Diagnostic error in internal medicine. Archives of Internal Medicine, 165(13), 1493ā€“1499.

    ArticleĀ  PubMedĀ  Google ScholarĀ 

  35. Mauksch, L. B., Dugdale, D. C., Dodson, S., & Epstein, R. (2008). Relationship, communication, and efficiency in the medical encounter: Creating a clinical model from a literature review. Archives of Internal Medicine, 168(13), 1387ā€“1395.

    ArticleĀ  PubMedĀ  Google ScholarĀ 

  36. West, C. P., Huschka, M. M., Novotny, P. J., Sloan, J. A., Kolars, J. C., Habermann, T. M., et al. (2006). Association of perceived medical errors with resident distress and empathy: A prospective longitudinal study. Journal of the American Medical Association, 296(9), 1071ā€“1078.

    ArticleĀ  PubMedĀ  Google ScholarĀ 

  37. Forgiarini, M., Gallucci, M., & Maravita, A. (2011). Racism and the empathy for pain on our skin. Frontiers in Psychology, 2, 108.

    ArticleĀ  PubMedĀ  PubMed CentralĀ  Google ScholarĀ 

  38. Zaki, J., & Cikara, M. (2015). Addressing empathic failures. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 24(6), 471ā€“476.

    ArticleĀ  Google ScholarĀ 

  39. Hojat, M., Vergare, M. J., Maxwell, K., Brainard, G., Herrine, S. K., Isenberg, G. A., et al. (2009). The devil is in the third year: A longitudinal study of erosion of empathy in medical school. Academic Medicine, 84(9), 1182ā€“1191.

    ArticleĀ  PubMedĀ  Google ScholarĀ 

  40. Brazeau, C. M., Schroeder, R., Rovi, S., & Boyd, L. (2010). Relationships between medical student burnout, empathy, and professionalism climate. Academic Medicine, 85(10 Suppl), S33ā€“S36.

    ArticleĀ  PubMedĀ  Google ScholarĀ 

  41. Quince, T., Thiemann, P., Benson, J., & Hyde, S. (2016). Undergraduate medical studentsā€™ empathy: Current perspectives. Advances in Medical Education and Practice, 7, 443ā€“455.

    ArticleĀ  PubMedĀ  PubMed CentralĀ  Google ScholarĀ 

  42. Mol, A. (2008). The logic of care: Health and the problem of patient choice. Abingdon: Routledge.

    BookĀ  Google ScholarĀ 

  43. Jeffrey, D. (2016). A meta-ethnography of interview-based qualitative research studies on medical studentsā€™ views and experiences of empathy. Medical Teacher, 38(12), 1214ā€“1220.

    ArticleĀ  PubMedĀ  Google ScholarĀ 

  44. Handford, C., Lemon, J., Grimm, M. C., & Vollmer-Conna, U. (2013). Empathy as a function of clinical exposure--reading emotion in the eyes. PLoS One, 8(6), e65159.

    ArticleĀ  PubMedĀ  PubMed CentralĀ  Google ScholarĀ 

  45. Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Hill, J., Raste, Y., & Plumb, I. (2001). The ā€œReading the Mind in the Eyesā€ test revised version: A study with normal adults, and adults with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 42(2), 241ā€“251.

    ArticleĀ  PubMedĀ  Google ScholarĀ 

  46. Gruhn, D., Rebucal, K., Diehl, M., Lumley, M., & Labouvie-Vief, G. (2008). Empathy across the adult lifespan: Longitudinal and experience-sampling findings. Emotion, 8(6), 753ā€“765.

    ArticleĀ  PubMedĀ  PubMed CentralĀ  Google ScholarĀ 

  47. Pedersen, R. (2010). Empathy development in medical education--A critical review. Medical Teacher, 32(7), 593ā€“600.

    ArticleĀ  PubMedĀ  Google ScholarĀ 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Zimri S. Yaseen .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

Ā© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Yaseen, Z.S., Foster, A.E. (2019). What Is Empathy?. In: Foster, A.E., Yaseen, Z.S. (eds) Teaching Empathy in Healthcare. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29876-0_1

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics