Abstract
Economic distortions refer to those economic practices in the sports industry which, at the end of the day, infringe human rights of either some sport participants or workers of this industry. This chapter first covers the widespread economic literature about economic discrimination in sport, starting with different forms of gender discrimination. Then comes racial and ethnic discrimination, which extends to national origin and mother language (e.g. French Canadians) distinguishing between entry discrimination, consumer (fan) discrimination and labour market and wage discrimination. Human rights are also infringed with teenage player transfers below the age of 18 often dubbed as child snatching (a so-called Coubertobin tax is suggested here) and child and migrant labour in the sports industry.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
Goff reminds both the “black power salute” of Tommie Smith and John Carlos, the winners of the 200 metres in the 1968 Olympics, and nearly 50 years later, Colin Kaepernick of the San Francisco 49ers, taking a seat during the playing of the national anthem before a preseason game and wound up on the cover of Time.
- 2.
In 2010, when the Texas Rangers went bankrupt with a debt facing 30 unsecured creditors, the team owed $25 million to Alex Rodriguez, the highest salary player in the league.
- 3.
These data published in the press are to be taken with caution.
References
Anderson, D. J., & Cheslock, J. J. (2004). Institutional strategies to achieve gender equity in intercollegiate athletics: Does Title IX harm male athletes? American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings, 94(2), 307–311.
Andreff, W. (1988). Les multinationales et le sport dans les pays en développement: ou comment faire courir le Tiers Monde après les capitaux. Revue Tiers Monde, 113, 73–100.
Andreff, W. (2001). The correlation between economic underdevelopment and sport. European Sport Management Quarterly, 1(4), 251–279.
Andreff, W. (2004). The taxation of player moves from developing countries. In R. Fort & J. Fizel (Eds.), International Sports Economics Comparisons (pp. 87–103). Westport: Praeger.
Andreff, W. (2006). International trade in sporting goods. In W. Andreff & S. Szymanski (Eds.), Handbook on the Economics of Sport (pp. 59–67). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Andreff, W. (2010). Why tax international athlete migration? The ‘Coubertobin’ tax in a context of financial crisis. In J. Maguire & M. Falcous (Eds.), Sport and Migration: Borders, Boundaries and Crossings (pp. 31–45). Abingdon: Routledge.
Arnaut, J. L. (2006). Independent European Sport Review. Brussels: UK Presidency of the EU.
BBA and ILRF. (2008). Child Labour in Football Stitching Activity in India: A Case Study of Meerut District in Uttar Pradesh. Meerut: Bachpan Bachao Andolan and International Labour Rights Forum.
Bellemore, F. A. (2001). Racial and ethnic employment discrimination: Promotion in Major League Baseball. Journal of Sports Economics, 2(4), 356–368.
Berri, D. J., & Simmons, R. (2009). Race and the evaluation of signal callers in the NFL. Journal of Sports Economics, 10(1), 23–43.
Bodvarson, Ö. B., & Brastow, R. T. (1998). Do employers pay for consistent performance? Evidence from the NBA. Economic Inquiry, 36(1), 145–160.
Brook, S. L., & Foster, S. (2010). Does gender affect compensation among NCAA basketball coaches? International Journal of Sport Finance, 5(2), 96–106.
Bryson, A., Frick, B., & Simmons, R. (2013). The returns to scarce talent: Footedness and player remuneration in European soccer. Journal of Sports Economics, 14(6), 606–628.
Buchanan, J. (2013). Race to the Bottom: Exploitation of Migrant Workers Ahead of Russia’s 2014 Winter Olympic Games in Sochi. Human Rights Watch.
Burdekin, R. C. K., Hossfeld, R. T., & Smith, J. K. (2005). Are NBA fans becoming indifferent to race? Evidence from the 1990s. Journal of Sports Economics, 6(2), 144–159.
Carroll, K. A., & Humphreys, B. R. (2000). Nonprofit decision making and social regulation: The intended and unintended consequences of Title IX. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 43(3), 359–376.
Christiano, K. (1988). Salaries and race in professional baseball: Discrimination 10 years later. Sociology of Sport Journal, 5(2), 136–149.
Cymrot, D. (1985). Goes competition lessen discrimination? Some evidence. Journal of Human Resources, 20(4), 605–612.
Dedecker, J.-M. & Lozie, F. (2002). Traite des êtres humains dans le sport. Rapport fait au nom de la sous-commission « traite des êtres humains » à la commission de l’Intérieur et des Affaires administratives. Sénat, Bruxelles.
Donzel, J. (1999). Rapport sur le recrutement, l’accueil et le suivi des jeunes étrangers (hors Union Européenne) dans les centres de formation de football professionnels en France. Paris: Ministère de la Jeunesse et des Sports.
Du Bois, C., & Heyndels, B. (2007). It’s a different game you go to watch: Competitive balance in men’s and women’s tennis. European Sport Management Quarterly, 7(2), 167–185.
EC. (2007). White Paper on Sport. Brussels: European Commission.
Foley, M., & Smith, F. H. (2007). Consumer discrimination in professional sports. Applied Economics Letters, 14(13), 951–955.
Fort, R., & Gill, A. (2000). Race and ethnicity assessment in baseball card markets. Journal of Sports Economics, 1(1), 21–38.
Frick, B. (2011). Gender differences in competitive orientations: Empirical evidence from ultra-marathon running. Journal of Sports Economics, 12(3), 317–340.
Frick, B., Pietzner, G., & Prinz, J. (2007). Career duration in a competitive environment: The labour market for soccer players in Germany. Eastern Economic Journal, 33(3), 429–442.
Gallo, E., Grund, T., & Reade, J. (2013). Punishing the foreigner: Implicit discrimination in the Premier League based on oppositional identity. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 75(1), 136–156.
Goddard, J., & Wilson, J. O. S. (2009). Racial discrimination in English professional football: Evidence from an empirical analysis of players’ career progression. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 33(2), 295–316.
Goff, B. L. (2018). Sports Economics Uncut. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Goff, B. L., McCormick, R. E., & Tollison, R. D. (2002). Racial integration as an innovation: Empirical evidence from sports leagues. American Economic Review, 92(1), 16–26.
Goff, B. L., & Tollison, R. D. (2009). Racial integration of coaching: Evidence from the NFL. Journal of Sports Economics, 10(2), 127–140.
Goyal, P. (2004). Child labour in the sports goods industry: Findings from a survey in selected bastis of Jalandhar. Social Change, 34(1), 66–74.
Groothuis, P. A., & Hill, R. (2004). Exit discrimination in the NBA: A duration analysis of career length. Economic Inquiry, 42(2), 341–349.
Groothuis, P. A., & Hill, R. (2013). Pay discrimination, exit discrimination or both? Another look at an old issue using NBA data. Journal of Sports Economics, 14(2), 171–185.
Gwartney, J., & Haworth, C. (1974). Employer costs and discrimination: The case of baseball. Journal of Political Economy, 82(4), 873–881.
Hamilton, B. H. (1997). Racial discrimination and professional basketball salaries in the 1990s. Applied Economics, 29(3), 287–296.
Hansen, A., & Andersen, T. (1999). Has discrimination lessened over time: A test using baseball’s all-star vote. Economic Inquiry, 37(2), 326–352.
Harris, J., & Berri, D. J. (2016). If you can’t pay them, play them: Fan preferences and own-race bias in the WNBA. International Journal of Sport Finance, 11(3), 247–261.
Hill, J. R., & Groothuis, P. A. (2016). Is there a wage premium or wage discrimination for foreign-born players in the NBA? (Working Paper 16-11). Boone, NC: Department of Economics, Appalachian State University.
Hoffmann, R., Ging, L. C., Matheson, V., & Ramasamy, B. (2006). International women’s football and gender inequality. Applied Economics Letters, 13(15), 999–1001.
Humphreys, B. R. (2000). Equal pay on the hardwood: The earnings gap between male and female NCAA Division 1 basketball coaches. Journal of Sports Economics, 1(3), 299–307.
Humphreys, B. R. (2006). Gender discrimination. In W. Andreff & S. Szymanski (Eds.), Handbook on the Economics of Sport (pp. 766–772). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Jane, W.-J. (2012). Minority’s salary discrimination in the Chinese Baseball League. International Journal of Sport Finance, 7(1), 73–93.
Jewell, R. T., & Molina, D. J. (2005). An evaluation of the relationship between Hispanics and Major League Soccer. Journal of Sports Economics, 6(2), 160–177.
Kahn, L. M. (1991). Discrimination in professional sports: A survey of the literature. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 44(3), 395–418.
Kahn, L. M. (1992). The effects of race on professional football players’ compensation. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 45(2), 295–310.
Kahn, L. M. (2000). A level playing field? Sports and discrimination. In W. S. Kern (Ed.), The Economics of Sports (pp. 115–130). Kalamazoo, MI: W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research.
Kahn, L. M. (2006). Race, performance, pay, and retention among National Basketball Association head coaches. Journal of Sports Economics, 7(2), 119–149.
Kahn, L. M., & Sherer, P. D. (1988). Racial differences in professional basketball players’ compensation. Journal of Labor Economics, 6(1), 40–61.
Kanazawa, M. T., & Funk, J. P. (2001). Racial discrimination in professional basketball: Evidence from Nielsen ratings. Economic Inquiry, 39(4), 599–608.
Keefer, Q. A. W. (2016). Race and NFL playing time. International Journal of Sport Finance, 11(2), 144–162.
Klein, M. W. (2004). Work and play: International evidence of gender equality in employment and sports. Journal of Sports Economics, 5(3), 227–242.
Lavoie, M. (2000). The location of pay discrimination in the National Hockey League. Journal of Sports Economics, 1(4), 401–411.
Lavoie, M., Grenier, G., & Coulombe, S. (1987). Discrimination and performance differentials in the National Hockey League. Canadian Public Policy, 13(4), 407–422.
Long, J. E., & Caudill, S. B. (1991). The impact of participation in intercollegiate athletics on income and graduation. Review of Economics and Statistics, 73(3), 525–531.
Longley, N. (1995). Salary discrimination in the National Hockey League: The effects of team location. Canadian Public Policy, 21(4), 413–422.
Longley, N. (2000). The underrepresentation of French Canadians in English Canadian NHL teams: Evidence from 1943 to 1998. Journal of Sports Economics, 1(3), 236–256.
Longley, N. (2006). Racial discrimination. In W. Andreff & S. Szymanski (Eds.), Handbook on the Economics of Sport (pp. 757–765). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Madden, J. F. (2004). Differences in the success of NFL coaches by race, 1990–2002: Evidence of last hire, first fire. Journal of Sports Economics, 5(1), 6–19.
Medcalfe, S. (2008). English league transfer prices: Is there a racial dimension? A re-examination with new data. Applied Economics Letters, 15(11), 865–867.
Mongeon, K. (2015). A market test for ethnic discrimination in the National Hockey League: A game-level panel data approach. Journal of Sports Economics, 16(5), 460–481.
Nardinelli, C., & Simon, C. (1990). Customer racial discrimination in the market for memorabilia: The case of baseball. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 105(3), 575–595.
Pedace, R. (2008). Earnings, performance, and nationality discrimination in a highly competitive labor market: An analysis of the English professional soccer league. Journal of Sports Economics, 9(2), 115–140.
Poli, R. (2010). Le marché des footballeurs: Réseaux et circuits dans l’économie globale. Neuchâtel: Centre International d’Etude du Sport.
Poli, R., Ravenel, L., & Besson, R. (2016). Les mobilités internationales de joueurs mineurs dans le football. Neuchâtel: Centre International d’Etude du Sport.
Preston, I., & Szymanski, S. (2000). Racial discrimination in English football. Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 47(4), 342–363.
Price, J., & Wolfers, J. (2010). Racial discrimination among NBA referees. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 125(4), 1859–1887.
Reilly, B. (2015). Labour market discrimination. In J. Goddard & P. Sloane (Eds.), Handbook on the Economics of Professional Football (pp. 238–258). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Reilly, B., & Witt, R. (1995). English League transfer prices: Is there a racial dimension? Applied Economics Letters, 2(7), 220–222.
Reilly, B., & Witt, R. (2011). Disciplinary sanctions in English Premiership football: Is there a racial dimension? Labour Economics, 18(3), 360–370.
Sandy, R., Sloane, P. J., & Rosentraub, M. S. (2004). The Economics of Sport: An International Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Scully, G. W. (1973). Economic discrimination in professional sports. Law and Contemporary Problems, 38(1), 67–84.
Scully, G. W. (1974). Discrimination: The case of baseball. In R. G. Noll (Ed.), Government and the Sports Business (pp. 221–273). Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution.
Seuret, F. (2002). Nike ne veut plus passer pour un exploiteur du tiers-monde (Problèmes économiques, n° 2745). Paris: La Documentation Française.
Shmanske, S. (2000). Gender, skill, and earnings in professional golf. Journal of Sports Economics, 1(4), 385–400.
Szymanski, S. (2000). A market test for discrimination in the English professional soccer leagues. Journal of Political Economy, 108(3), 590–603.
Tobin, J. (1978). A proposal for international monetary reform. Eastern Economic Journal, 4, 153–159.
Tshimanga Bakadiababu, E. (2001). Le commerce et la traite des footballeurs africains et sud-américains en Europe. Paris: L’Harmattan.
Van Reeth, D. (2015). Disequilibrium on the sports programmes market: The gender imbalance in TV coverage and TV viewership of the 2012 Olympic Games. In W. Andreff (Ed.), Disequilibrium Sports Economics: Competitive Imbalance and Budget Constraints (pp. 131–148). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Volz, B. D. (2017). Race and quarterback survival in the National Football League. Journal of Sports Economics, 18(8), 850–866.
Wang, J.-S., Fang, P.-H., & Wu, T.-M. (2017). An inquiry into wage discrimination based on nationality: The case of the Korean baseball. International Journal of Sport Finance, 12(4), 359–385.
Wood, G. (2011). TSMA assists the fair and safe working conditions. WFSGI Report, Verbier.
Yang, C.-H., & Lin, H.-Y. (2012). Is there salary discrimination by nationality in the NBA? Foreign talent or foreign market. Journal of Sports Economics, 13(1), 53–75.
Zimbalist, A. (1997). Gender equity and the economics of college sports. In W. Hendricks (Ed.), Advances in the Economics of Sport (Vol. 2, pp. 203–223). Stamford, CT: JAI Press.
Zimbalist, A. (1999). Unpaid Professionals. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Andreff, W. (2019). Economic Distortions: Infringing Human Rights in Sport. In: An Economic Roadmap to the Dark Side of Sport. Palgrave Pivots in Sports Economics. Palgrave Pivot, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28456-5_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28456-5_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Pivot, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-28455-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-28456-5
eBook Packages: Economics and FinanceEconomics and Finance (R0)