Abstract
It has long been recognized that single-trees, as major components of forest ecosystems, change the distribution of resources due to the abundance and the structure of their canopies. This includes both the vertical and horizontal dimensions of plant parts, such as the canopy, the stem, and the root system, as well as the changes in spatial properties during the vegetation period and tree life. Such properties relate for example, to canopy storage capacity with effects on water redistribution processes in forest ecosystems. Spatial and/or temporal variations in resource distribution affect patterns of plant communities, tree seedling establishment, and soil biogeochemical processes. Studies on ecosystem processes are therefore directly or indirectly related to the consideration of spatial and or temporal dependencies of observations. This chapter aims to show some approaches how heterogeneity of model residuals and correlations among observations can be assessed, described, and considered in empirical model building processes. Using an exemplary dataset on throughfall measurements, we demonstrate how linear and nonlinear mixed effects models can be applied and adapted to fulfill general model assumptions and to explore relationships of factors and variables. This chapter uses the same dataset as Chap. 7 and provides an electronic supplement including the sample dataset as well as fully documented computer code, which aims to serve as a guideline for conducting data analysis using the statistical software environment R.
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Tischer, A., Zwanzig, M., Frischbier, N. (2020). Spatiotemporal Statistics: Analysis of Spatially and Temporally Correlated Throughfall Data: Exploring and Considering Dependency and Heterogeneity. In: Levia, D.F., Carlyle-Moses, D.E., Iida, S., Michalzik, B., Nanko, K., Tischer, A. (eds) Forest-Water Interactions. Ecological Studies, vol 240. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-26086-6_8
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