Abstract
Recent research suggests that a participative approach to goal setting is not sufficient to ensure goal commitment. Instead, goal commitment can be bolstered by a deliberative approach, where managers engage employees in mutual reasoning when setting goals. In this chapter, the impact of a deliberative goal-setting style on goal commitment will be discussed. Attention will be paid to the mediating effect of supervisor-focussed justice and the moderating effect of employees’ personality on this relationship. Facilitating deliberative processes in face-to-face forums could become a demanding task for managers. Consideration will, therefore, be given to the potential of online forums and big data methods to facilitate discussions and analyse large amounts of textual data based on more deliberative forms of goal setting. The aforementioned methodologies are not without pitfalls, and the unwanted influence of demagoguery and misapplications of big data methods will be addressed accordingly.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Aguinis, H., & Vandenberg, R. J. (2014). An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure: Improving research quality before data collection. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 1(1), 569–595. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-031413-091231.
Ajzen, I. (2001). Nature and operation of attitudes. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 27–58. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.27.
Anderson, C., & Kilduff, G. J. (2009). Why do dominant personalities attain influence in face-to-face groups? The competence-signaling effects of trait dominance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96(2), 491–503. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014201.
Avolio, B. J., Bass, B. M., & Jung, D. I. (1999). Re-examining the components of transformational and transactional leadership using the multifactor leadership questionnaire. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 72(4), 441–462. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317999166789.
Barrick, M. R., & Mount, M. K. (2009). Select on conscientiousness and emotional stability. In E. A. Locke (Ed.), Handbook of principles of organizational behaviour: Indispensable knowledge for evidence-based management. West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons.
Barrick, M. R., Mount, M. K., & Strauss, J. P. (1993). Conscientiousness and performance of sales representatives: Test of the mediating effects of goal setting. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(5), 715–722. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.78.5.715.
Berg, B. L. (2001). Qualitative research methods for the social sciences. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
Bipp, T., & Kleingeld, P. A. M. (2011). Goal-setting in practice: The effects of personality and perceptions of the goal-setting process on job satisfaction and goal commitment. Personnel Review, 40(3), 306–323. https://doi.org/10.1108/00483481111118630.
Borgogni, L., & Dello Russo, S. (2013). A quantitative analysis of the high performance cycle in Italy. In E. A. Locke & G. P. Latham (Eds.), New developments in goal setting and task performance (pp. 270–283). New York, NY: Routledge.
Burkhalter, S., Gastil, J., & Kelshaw, T. (2002). A conceptual definition and theoretical model of public deliberation in small face-to-face groups. Communication Theory, 12(4), 398–422. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2002.tb00276.x.
Burnett, M. F., Williamson, I. O., & Bartol, K. M. (2009). The moderating effect of personality on employees’ reactions to procedural fairness and outcome favorability. Journal of Business and Psychology, 24(4), 469–484. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-009-9120-6.
Buss, D. M. (1991). Evolutionary personality psychology. Annual Review of Psychology, 42(1), 459–491. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.42.1.459.
Carpenter, N. C., & Berry, C. M. (2014). Are counterproductive work behavior and withdrawal empirically distinct? A meta-analytic investigation. Journal of Management, 20(10), 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206314544743.
Carsten, M. K., Uhl-bien, M., West, B. J., Patera, J. L., & Mcgregor, R. (2010). Exploring social constructions of followership: A qualitative study. The Leadership Quarterly, 21(3), 543–562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2010.03.015.
Chamorro-Premuzic, T., & Furnham, A. (2005). Personality and intellectual competence. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Chung, C. K., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2019). Textual analysis. In H. Blanton, J. M. La Croix, & G. D. Webster (Eds.), Measurement in social psychology (pp. 153–173). New York, NY: Taylor & Francis.
Coleman, S. (2004). Connecting parliament to the public via the internet. Information, Communication & Society, 7(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118042000208870.
Collinson, D. (2006). Rethinking followership: A post-structuralist analysis of follower identities. Leadership Quarterly, 17(2), 179–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2005.12.005.
Colquitt, J. A., Scott, B. A., Rodell, J. B., Long, D. M., Zapata, C. P., Conlon, D. E., et al. (2013). Justice at the millennium, a decade later: A meta-analytic test of social exchange and affect-based perspectives. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 98(2), 199–236. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031757.
Colquitt, J. A., & Simmering, M. J. (1998). Conscientiousness, goal orientation, and motivation to learn during the learning process: A longitudinal study. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83(4), 654–665. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.83.4.654.
Cosmides, L., & Tooby, J. (1992). Cognitive adaptations for social exchange. In J. H. Barkow, L. Cosmides, & J. Tooby (Eds.), The adapted mind: Evolutionary psychology and the generation culture (pp. 163–228). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Cuddy, A. J. C., Glick, P., & Beninger, A. (2011). The dynamics of warmth and competence judgments, and their outcomes in organizations. Research in Organizational Behavior, 31, 73–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.riob.2011.10.004.
Dahlberg, L. (2006). Computer-mediated communication and the public sphere: A critical analysis. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2001.tb00137.x.
Dahlberg, L. (2007). The Internet, deliberative democracy, and power: Radicalizing the public sphere. International Journal of Media & Cultural Politics, 3(1), 47–64. https://doi.org/10.1386/macp.3.1.47_1.
Dahlberg, L. (2011). Re-constructing digital democracy: An outline of four “positions”. New Media and Society, 13(6), 855–872. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444810389569.
Davis, R. (1999). The web of politics: The Internet’s impact on the American political system. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
De Dreu, C. K. (2006). When too little or too much hurts: Evidence for a curvilinear relationship between task conflict and innovation in teams. Journal of Management, 32(1), 83–107. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206305277795.
De Hoogh, A. H. B., & Den Hartog, D. N. (2008). Ethical and despotic leadership, relationships with leader’s social responsibility, top management team effectiveness and subordinates’ optimism: A multi-method study. Leadership Quarterly, 19(3), 297–311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2008.03.002.
De Vries, R. E. (2018). Three nightmare traits in leaders. Frontiers in Psychology, 9(June), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00871.
Deci, E. L., Eghrari, H., Patrick, B. C., & Leone, D. R. (1994). Facilitating internalization: The self-determination theory perspective. Journal of Personality, 62(1), 119–142. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1994.tb00797.x.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227–268. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1104.
Deci, E. L., Ryan, R. M., Gagné, M., Leone, D. R., Usunov, J., & Kornazheva, B. P. (2001). Need satisfaction, motivation, and well-being in the work organizations of a former eastern bloc country: A cross-cultural study of self-determination. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(8), 930–942. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167201278002.
Dehghani, M., Johnson, K. M., Garten, J., Boghrati, R., Hoover, J., Balasubramanian, V., … Parmar, N. J. (2017). TACIT: An open-source text analysis, crawling, and interpretation tool. Behavior Research Methods, 49(2), 538–547. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-016-0722-4.
Drucker, P. F., & Maciariello, J. A. (2008). Management (Revised ed.). New York, NY: Harper Collins.
Duffy, M. K., Ganster, D. C., & Pagon, M. (2002). Social undermining in the workplace. Academy of Management Journal, 45(2), 331–351. https://doi.org/10.2307/3069350.
Edwards, A., & Wright, S. (2009). Moderation in government-run online fora. In M. Khosrow-Pour (Ed.), Encyclopedia of information science and technology (2nd ed., pp. 2682–2688). New York, NY: Information SCI.
Ehrhart, M. G., & Klein, K. J. (2001). Predicting followers’ preferences for charismatic leadership: The influence of follower values and personality. Leadership Quarterly, 12(2), 153–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1048-9843(01)00074-1.
Einarsen, S., Aasland, M. S., & Skogstad, A. (2007). Destructive leadership behaviour: A definition and conceptual model. Leadership Quarterly, 18(3), 207–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2007.03.002.
Erez, A., & Judge, T. A. (2001). Relationship of core self-evaluations to goal setting, motivation, and performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(6), 1270–1279. https://doi.org/10.1037//0021-9010.86.6.1270.
Falbe, C. M., & Yukl, G. A. (1992). Consequences for managers of using single influence tactics and combinations of tactics. Academy of Management Journal, 35(3), 638–652. https://doi.org/10.2307/256490.
Fawcett, T. (2006). An introduction to ROC analysis. Pattern Recognition Letters, 27(8), 861–874. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patrec.2005.10.010.
Felfe, J., & Schyns, B. (2006). Personality and the perception of transformational leadership: The impact of extraversion, neuroticism, personal need for structure, and occupational self-efficacy. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 36(3), 708–739. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0021-9029.2006.00026.x.
Fisher, C. D. (2014). Conceptualizing and Measuring Wellbeing at Work. In P. Y. Chen & C. L. Cooper (Eds.), Work and wellbeing (pp. 9–33). Malden, MA: Wiley Blackwell.
Fiske, S. T. (1993). Social cognition and social perception. Annual Review of Psychology, 44(1), 155–194. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ps.44.020193.001103.
Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J. C., & Glick, P. (2007). Universal dimensions of social cognition: Warmth and competence. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11(2), 77–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2006.11.005.
Gagné, M., & Deci, E. L. (2005). Self-determination theory and work motivation. Source Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26(4), 331–362. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.322.
Gastil, J. (1993). Democracy in small groups. Philadelphia, PA: New Society Publishers.
Gastil, J. (1994). A definition and illustration of democratic leadership. Human Relations, 47(8), 953–975. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872679404700805.
Gastil, J., Black, L., & Moscovitz, K. (2008). Ideology, attitude change, and deliberation in small face-to-face groups. Political Communication, 25(1), 23–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584600701807836.
Gastil, J., & Richards, R. C. (2017). Embracing digital democracy: A call for building an online civic commons. PS—Political Science and Politics, 50(3), 758–763. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049096517000555.
Gigerenzer, G., & Hug, K. (1992). Domain-specific reasoning: Social contracts, cheating, and perspective change. Cognition, 43(2), 127–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0277(92)90060-U.
Glikson, E., Wolley, A. W., Gupta, P., & Kim, Y. J. (2019). Visualized automatic feedback in virtual teams. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00814.
Graesser, A. C., McNamara, D. S., Louwerse, M. M., & Cai, Z. (2004). Coh-metrix: Analysis of text on cohesion and language. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers, 36(2), 193–202. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03195564.
Graham, T. S. (2009). What’s Wife Swap got to do with it? Talking Politics in the net-based public sphere (Unpublished doctoral thesis), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Graham, T., & Wright, S. (2014). Discursive equality and everyday talk online: The impact of “superparticipants”. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 19(3), 625–642. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcc4.12016.
Greenberg, J. (2009). Promote procedural and interactional justice to enhance individual and organizational outcomes. In E. A. Locke (Ed.), Handbook of principles of organizational behaviour: Indispensable knowledge for evidence-based management (pp. 255–271). West Sussex, UK: Wiley.
Guzzo, R. A., Fink, A. A., King, E., Tonidandel, S., & Landis, R. S. (2015). Big data recommendations for industrial-organizational psychology. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 8(4), 491–508. https://doi.org/10.1017/iop.2015.40.
Habermas, J. (1984). The theory of communicative action: Reason and the rationalization of society. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
Habermas, J. (1987). The theory of communicative action: Lifeworld and system: A critique of functionalist reason. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
Halpern, D. (2017). How does social media trigger collective efficacy through deliberation? A field experiment. International Journal of Communication, 11, 3955–3974. https://doi.org/10.4314/thrb.v8i1.14267.
Halpern, D., & Gibbs, J. (2013). Social media as a catalyst for online deliberation? Exploring the affordances of Facebook and YouTube for political expression. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(3), 1159–1168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.10.008.
Hanisch, K. A., & Hulin, C. L. (1991). General attitudes and organizational withdrawal: An evaluation of a causal model. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 39(1), 110–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-8791(91)90006-8.
Hargittai, E. (2015). Is bigger always better? Potential biases of big data derived from social network sites. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 659(1), 63–76. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716215570866.
Haslam, S. A., & Reicher, S. D. (2012). When prisoners take over the prison: A social psychology of resistance. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 16(2), 154–179. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868311419864.
Hernandez, I., Newman, D. A., & Jeon, G. (2016). Twitter analysis: Methods for data management and a word count dictionary to measure city-level job satisfaction. In S. Tonidandel, E. B. King, & J. M. Cortina (Eds.), Big data at work: The data science revolution and organizational psychology. New York, NY: Routledge.
Herscovitch, L., & Meyer, J. P. (2002). Commitment to organizational change: Extension of a three-component model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(3), 474–487. https://doi.org/10.1037//0021-9010.87.3.474.
Hetland, H., Sandal, G. M., & Johnsen, T. B. (2008). Followers’ personality and leadership. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 14(4), 322–331. https://doi.org/10.1177/1548051808315550.
Hinkin, T. R., & Schriesheim, C. A. (2008). A theoretical and empirical examination of the transactional and non-leadership dimensions of the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ). Leadership Quarterly, 19(5), 501–513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2008.07.001.
Hinojosa, A. S., Gardner, W. L., Walker, H. J., Cogliser, C., & Gullifor, D. (2017). A review of cognitive dissonance theory in management research: Opportunities for further development. Journal of Management, 43(1), 170–199. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206316668236.
Hofstee, W. K., De Raad, B., & Goldberg, L. R. (1992). Integration of the Big Five and circumplex approaches to trait structure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63(1), 146–163. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.63.1.146.
Hollenbeck, J. R., & Klein, H. J. (1987). Goal commitment and the goal-setting process: Problems, prospects, and proposals for future research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 72(2), 212–220. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.72.2.212.
Holtzman, N. S., Tackman, A. M., Carey, A. L., Brucks, M. S., Küfner, A. C. P., Deters, F. große, … Mehl, M. R. (2018). LIWC markers of narcissism: An exploratory LIWC analysis of 15 samples. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/yvna6.
House, R. J., & Mitchell, T. R. (1975). Path–goal theory of leadership. Journal of Contemporary Business, 3(4), 81–97. Retrieved from file:///C:/Users/USER/Downloads/ADA009513(4).pdf.
Huckfeldt, R., Mendez, J. M., & Osborn, T. (2004). Disagreement, ambivalence, and engagement: The political consequences of heterogeneous networks. Political Psychology, 25(1), 65–95. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2004.00357.x.
Jankowski, N. W., & Van Selm, M. (2000). The promise and practice of public debate in cyberspace. In K. L. Hacker & J. van Dijk (Eds.), Digital democracy; Issues of theory and practice (pp. 149–165). London, UK: SAGE Publications.
Janssen, D., & Kies, R. (2005). Online forums and deliberative democracy. Acta Politica, 40(3), 317–335. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.ap.5500115.
Kacewicz, E., Pennebaker, J. W., Davis, M., Jeon, M., & Graesser, A. C. (2014). Pronoun use reflects standings in social hierarchies. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 33(2), 125–143. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X13502654.
Keyes, C. L. M. (2007). Promoting and protecting mental health as flourishing: A complementary strategy for improving national mental health. American Psychologist, 62(2), 95–108. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.62.2.95.
Kiesler, S., Siegel, J., & McGuire, T. W. (1984). Social psychological aspects of computer-mediated communication. American Psychologist, 39(10), 1123–1134. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.39.10.1123.
Kiesler, S., & Sproull, L. (1992). Group decision making and communication technology. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 52(1), 96–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(92)90047-B.
King, E. B., Tonidandel, S., Cortina, J. M., & Fink, A. A. (2016). Building understanding of the data science revolution and I-O psychology. In S. Tonidandel, E. B. King, & J. M. Cortina (Eds.), Big data at work: The data science revolution and organizational psychology.
Klein, H. J., Cooper, J. T., & Monahan, C. A. (2013). Goal commitment. In E. A. Locke & G. P. Latham (Eds.), New developments in goal setting and task performance (pp. 65–89). New York, NY: Routledge.
Klein, H. J., Molloy, J. C., & Thomas, S. (2012). Reconceptualizing workplace commitment to redress a stretched construct: Revisiting assumptions and removing confounds. Academy of Management Review, 37(1), 130–151. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2010.0018.
Klein, H. J., Wesson, M. J., Hollenbeck, J. R., & Alge, B. J. (1999). Goal commitment and the goal-setting process: Conceptual clarification and empirical synthesis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84(6), 885–896. https://doi.org/10.1037//0021-9010.84.6.885.
Klein, H. J., Wesson, M. J., Hollenbeck, J. R., Wright, P. M., & DeShon, R. P. (2001). The assessment of goal commitment: A measurement model meta-analysis. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 85(1), 32–55. https://doi.org/10.1006/obhd.2000.2931.
Kwan, H. K., Lee, C., Wright, P. L., & Hui, C. (2013). Re-examining the goal-setting questionnaire. In E. A. Locke & G. P. Latham (Eds.), New developments in goal setting and task performance (pp. 583–600). New York, NY: Routledge.
Latham, G. P. (2009). Motivate employee performance through goal setting. In E. A. Locke (Ed.), Handbook of principles of organizational behaviour: Indispensable knowledge for evidence-based management (pp. 161–178). West Sussex, UK: Wiley.
Latham, G. P., Erez, M., & Locke, E. A. (1988). Resolving scientific disputes by the joint design of crucial experiments by the antagonists: Application to the Erez-Latham dispute regarding participation in goal setting. Journal of Applied Psychology, 73(4), 753–772. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.73.4.753.
Lavelle, J. J., Rupp, D. E., Manegold, J., & Thornton, M. A. (2015). Multifoci justice and target similarity: Emerging research and extensions. In R. S. Cropanzano & M. L. Ambrose (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of justice in the workplace (pp. 165–186). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Lee, C., & Bobko, P. (1992). Exploring the meaning and usefulness of measures of subjective goal difficulty. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 22(18), 1417–1428. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1992.tb00957.x.
Lee, C., Bobko, P., Earley, P. C., & Locke, E. A. (1991). An empirical analysis of a goal setting questionnaire. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 12(6), 467–482. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030120602.
LePine, J. A., Erez, A., & Johnson, D. E. (2002). The nature and dimensionality of organizational citizenship behavior: A critical review and meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(1), 52–65. https://doi.org/10.1037//0021-9010.87.1.52.
Li, A., & Butler, A. B. (2004). The effects of participation in goal setting and goal rationales on goal commitment: An exploration of justice mediators. Journal of Business and Psychology, 19(1), 37–51. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOBU.0000040271.74443.22.
Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. (2013). Goal setting theory, 1990. In E. A. Locke & G. P. Latham (Eds.), New developments in goal setting and task performance (pp. 3–15). New York, NY: Routledge.
Magee, J. C. (2009). Seeing power in action: The roles of deliberation, implementation, and action in inferences of power. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2008.06.010.
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (2003). Personality in adulthood: A five-factor theory perspective. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
McKelvey, B. (2008). Emergent strategy via complexity leadership: Using complexity science and adaptive tension to build distributed intelligence. In M. Uhl-Bien & R. Marion (Eds.), complexity leadership (pp. 225–268). Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing.
Mehl, M. R., Gosling, S. D., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2006). Personality in its natural habitat: Manifestations and implicit folk theories of personality in daily life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(5), 862–877. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.90.5.862.
Millard, W. B. (1997). I flamed Freud: A case study in teletextual incendiarism. In D. Porter (Ed.), Internet culture (pp. 145–159). New York, NY: Routledge.
Morgeson, F. P., Reider, M. H., & Campion, M. A. (2005). Selecting individuals in team settings: The importance of social skills, personality characteristics, and teamwork knowledge. Personnel Psychology, 58(3), 583–611. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2005.655.x.
Nettle, D. (2011). Evolutionary perspectives on the Five-factor Model of Personality. In D. M. Buss & P. H. Hawley (Eds.), The evolution of personality and individual differences (pp. 5–28). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Newman, M. L., Pennebaker, J. W., Berry, D. S., & Richards, J. M. (2003). Lying words: Predicting deception from linguistic styles. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(1901), 665–675. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167203251529.
Pennebaker, J. W. (2011). The secret life of pronouns. New Scientist, 211(2828), 42–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0262-4079(11)62167-2.
Pennebaker, J. W., Chung, C. K., Ireland, M., Gonzales, A., & Booth, R. J. (2007). The development and psychometric properties of LIWC2007. Austin, TX: LIWC.
Pennebaker, J. W., Francis, M. E., & Booth, R. J. (2001). Linguistic inquiry and word count: LIWC 2001. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Pennebaker, J. W., & King, L. A. (1999). Linguistic styles: Language use as an individual difference. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(6), 1296–1312. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.77.6.1296.
Piccolo, R. F., & Buengeler, C. (2013). Leadership and goal setting. In E. A. Locke & G. P. Latham (Eds.), New developments in goal setting and task performance (pp. 357–374). New York, NY: Routledge.
Pinker, S. (2018). Enlightenment now: The case for reason, science, huminism, and progress. New York, NY: Penguin.
Postmes, T., & Spears, R. (1998). Deindividuation and antinormative behavior: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 123(3), 238–259. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.123.3.238.
Postmes, T., Spears, R., & Lea, M. (2002). Intergroup differentiation in computer-mediated communication: Effects of depersonalization. Group Dynamics, 6(1), 3–16. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2699.6.1.3.
Priester, J. R., & Petty, R. E. (2001). Extending the bases of subjective attitudinal ambivalence: Interpersonal and intrapersonal antecedents of evaluative tension. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80(1), 19–34. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.80.1.19.
Raelin, J. A. (2012). Dialogue and deliberation as expressions of democratic leadership in participatory organizational change. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 25(1), 7–23. https://doi.org/10.1108/09534811211199574.
Rawls, J. (1971). A theory of justice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Redeker, M., De Vries, R. E., Rouckhout, D., Vermeren, P., & De Fruyt, F. (2012). Integrating leadership: The leadership circumplex. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 23(3), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2012.738671.
Riketta, M. (2002). Attitudinal organizational commitment and job performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23(3), 257–266. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.l41.
Rosenberg, S., Nelson, C., & Vivekananthan, P. S. (1968). A multidimensional approach to the structure of personality impressions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 9(4), 283–294. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0026086.
Rothmann, S. (2013). From happiness to flourishing at work: A Southern African perspective. In M. P. Wissing (Ed.), Well-being research in South Africa (pp. 123–151). London, UK: Springer.
Russell, J. A. (1980). A circumplex model of affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(6), 1161–1178. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0077714.
Ryan, J., & Herleman, H. (2016). A big data platform for workforce analytics. In S. Tonidandel, E. B. King, & J. M. Cortina (Eds.), Big data at work: The data science revolution and organizational psychology. New York, NY: Routledge.
Ryan, R., & Deci, E. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68.
Salton, G., & McGill, M. J. (1983). Introduction to modern information retrieval. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Schneider, M., & Somers, M. (2006). Organizations as complex adaptive systems: Implications of complexity theory for leadership research. The Leadership Quarterly, 17(4), 351–365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2006.04.006.
Schneiderhan, E., & Khan, S. (2008). Reasons and inclusion: The foundation of deliberation. Sociological Theory, 26(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9558.2008.00316.x.
Schriesheim, C. A., & Kerr, S. (1974). Psychometric properties of the Ohio State leadership scales. Psychological Bulletin, 81(11), 756–765. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0037277.
Schyns, B., & Sanders, K. (2007). In the eyes of the beholder: Personality and the perception of leadership. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 37(10), 2345–2363. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2007.00261.x.
Sexton, J. B., & Helmreich, R. L. (2000). Analyzing cockpit communications: The links between language, performance, error, and workload. Journal of Human Performance in Extreme Environments, 5(1), 63–68. https://doi.org/10.7771/2327-2937.1007.
Siegrist, J. (2001). A theory of occupational stress. In J. Dunham (Ed.), Stress in the workplace: Past, present and future (pp. 52–66). Philadelphia, PA: Whurr Publishers.
Stogdill, R. M. (1974). Handbook of leadership: A survey of theory and research. New York, NY: Free Press.
Stromer-Galley, J. (2007). Measuring deliberation’s content: A coding scheme measuring deliberation’s content. Journal of Public Deliberation, 3(1), 1–35.
Tausczik, Y. R., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2010). The psychological meaning of words: LIWC and computerized text analysis methods. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 29(1), 24–54. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X09351676.
Taylor, N., & De Bruin, G. P. (2005). Basic traits inventory: Technical manual. Johannesburg, South Africa: Jopie van Rooyen & Partners.
Tepper, B. J., Duffy, M. K., Shaw, J. D., Nehring, D., Nelson, R., Newton, E., et al. (2001). Personality moderators of the relationship between abusive supervision and subordinates’ resistance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(5), 974–983. https://doi.org/10.1037//0021-9010.86.5.974.
Tepper, B. J., Eisenbach, R. J., Kirby, S. L., & Potter, P. W. (1998a). Test of a justice-based model of subordinates’ resistance to downward influence attempts. Group and Organization Management, 23(2), 144–160. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601198232004.
Tepper, B. J., Schriesham, C. A., Nehring, D., Nelson, R. J., Taylor, E. C., & Eisenbach, R. J. (1998). The multi-dimensionality and multifunctionality of subordinates’ resistance to downward influence attempts. In Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management. San Diego, California.
Tepper, B. J., Uhl-bien, M., Kohut, G. F., Rogelberg, S. G., & Lockhart, D. E. (2006). Subordinates’ resistance and managers’ evaluations of subordinates’ performance. Journal of Management, 32(2), 185–209. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206305277801.
Tonidandel, S., King, E. B., & Cortina, J. M. (2018). Big data methods: Leveraging modern data analytic techniques to build organizational science. Organizational Research Methods, 21(3), 525–547. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428116677299.
Uhl-Bien, M., & Arena, M. (2017). Complexity leadership: Enabling people and organizations for adaptability. Organizational Dynamics, 46(1), 9–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2016.12.001.
Uhl-Bien, M., & Arena, M. (2018). Leadership for organizational adaptability: A theoretical synthesis and integrative framework. Leadership Quarterly, 29(1), 89–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2017.12.009.
Uhl-Bien, M., & Marion, R. (2009). Complexity leadership in bureaucratic forms of organizing: A meso model. Leadership Quarterly, 20(4), 631–650. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2009.04.007.
Uhl-Bien, M., Marion, R., & McKelvey, B. (2007). Complexity leadership theory: Shifting leadership from the industrial age to the knowledge era. Leadership Quarterly, 18(4), 298–318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2007.04.002.
Van Katwyk, P. T., Fox, S., Spector, P. E., & Kelloway, E. K. (2000). Using the job-related affective well-being scale (JAWS) to investigate affective responses to work stressors. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5(2), 219–230. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.5.2.219.
Van Knippenberg, D., De Dreu, C. K. W., & Homan, A. C. (2004). Work group diversity and group performance: An integrative model and research agenda. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(6), 1008–1022. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.89.6.1008.
Van Lill, X. (2019). Effects of managers’ goal-setting styles on subordinates’ degrees of commitment (Unpublished doctoral thesis), University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Van Lill, X., & Roodt, G. (2016). Effects of managers’ degree of considerateness and reasonableness on subordinates’ decisions. In Pan-Pacific Business Conference XXXII. Miri, Malaysia.
Van Lill, X., Roodt, G., & De Bruin, G. (2018). Subordinates’ commitment to challenging goals: The mediating role of managers’ deliberation. In The 35th Annual Pan-Pacific Business Conference. Seoul, Korea.
Vandenberg, R. J., & Lance, C. E. (1992). Examining the causal order of job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Journal of Management, 18(1), 153–167. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639201800110.
Vroom, V. H. (1964). Work and motivation. New York, NY: Wiley.
Warren, M. E. (2006). What should and should not be said: Deliberating sensitive issues. Journal of Social Philosophy, 37(2), 163–181. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9833.2006.00325.x.
Weber, R. P. (1990). Basic content analysis. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Welsh, D. T., & Ordóñez, L. D. (2014). The dark side of consecutive high performance goals: Linking goal setting, depletion, and unethical behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 123(2), 79–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2013.07.006.
Wiggins, J. S. (2003). Paradigms of personality assessment. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Wood, R. E. (1986). Task complexity: Definition of the construct. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 37(1), 60–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(86)90044-0.
Woolley, A. W., Aggarwal, I., & Malone, T. W. (2015). Collective intelligence and group performance. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 24(6), 420–424. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721415599543.
Woolley, A. W., Chabris, C. F., Pentland, A., Hashmi, N., & Malone, T. W. (2010). Evidence for a collective intelligence factor in the performance of human groups. Science, 330(6004), 686–688. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1193147.
Wright, S., & Street, J. (2007). Democracy, deliberation and design: The case of online discussion forums. New Media and Society, 9(5), 849–869. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444807081230.
Yukl, G. A., Kim, H., & Chavez, C. (1999). Task importance, feasibility, and agent influence behavior as determinants of target commitment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84(1), 137–143. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.84.1.137.
Zaccaro, S. J., Ely, K., & Nelson, J. (2008). Leadership processes and work motivation. In R. Kanfer, G. Chen, & R. D. Pritchard (Eds.), Work motivation: Past, present, and future (pp. 319–360). New York, NY: Routledge.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
van Lill, X., Roodt, G., de Bruin, G.P. (2019). Democratising Goal Setting: Possibilities and Pitfalls of Online Deliberation and Big Data Methods. In: Coetzee, M. (eds) Thriving in Digital Workspaces. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24463-7_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24463-7_9
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-24462-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-24463-7
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)