Skip to main content

Mapping Antecedents of the Psychological Contract for Digital Natives: A Review and Future Research Agenda

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Thriving in Digital Workspaces

Abstract

The concept of the psychological contract (PC) refers to an individual’s perception regarding the expectations and obligations of a reciprocal exchange agreement between the individual and the organisation. This chapter will undertake a narrative review of psychological contract research, focusing on former conceptualisations and empirical results specifically focusing on the expectations and obligations of different generational cohorts as aspects of their thriving. The synthesis of previous results lays the foundation for mapping the expectations and obligations of the emerging digital natives in terms of their psychological contract. This discussion is focused around employees’ expectations and obligations against the backdrop of the Fourth Industrial Revolution in order to ensure that they thrive in the new digitised workplace. The findings of this review can be used to provide directions for future research in the psychological contract, generational diversity and Industry 4.0 by proposing a research agenda.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Adams, J. S. (1965). Inequity in social exchange. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 2, 267–299.

    Google Scholar 

  • Agarwal, P. (2015). State of psychological contract in India: Managing the ‘new deal’. Global Business Review, 16(4), 623–631.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, N., & Schalk, R. (1998). Editorial: The psychological contract in retrospect and prospect. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 19, 637–647.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Agarwal, U. A., & Gupta, R. K. (2018). Examining the nature and effects of psychological contract: case study of an Indian organization. Thunderbird International Business Review, 60(2), 175–191.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barbieri, B., Farnese, M. L., Sulis, L., Dal Corso, L., & De Carlo, A. (2018). One perception, two perspectives: Measuring psychological contract dimensionality through the psychological contract content questionnaire. TPM-testing, 25(1), 21–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berkup, S. B. (2014). Working with generations X and Y in generation Z period: Management of different generations in business life. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 5(19), 218–229.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blau, P. M. (1964). Exchange and power in social life. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bordia, S., Bordia, P., & Restubog, S. L. D. (2015). Promises from afar: A model of international student psychological contract in business education. Studies in Higher Education, 40(2), 212–232.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boyd, N. M. (2015). Introducing thriving at work to the field of community psychology. Journal of Community Psychology, 43(6), 94–809. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.21752.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Broadbridge, A., Maxwell, G., & Ogden, S. (2007). Experiences, perceptions and expectations of retail employment for Generation Y. Career Development International, 12, 523–544.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cahill, T. F., & Sedrak, M. (2012). Leading a multigenerational workforce: Strategies for attracting and retaining Millennials. Frontiers of Health Services Management, 29(1), 3–15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carter, T. (2018). Preparing Generation Z for the teaching profession. SRATE Journal, 27(1), 1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chernyak-Hai, L., & Rabenu, E. (2018). The new era workplace relationships: Is social exchange theory still relevant? Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 11(3), 456–481.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chicca, J., & Shellenbarger, T. (2018). Connecting with Generation Z: Approaches in nursing education. Teaching and Learning in Nursing, 13, 180–184.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chillakuri, B., & Mahanandia, R. (2018). Generation Z entering the workforce: The need for sustainable strategies in maximising their talent. Human Resource Management International Digest, 26(4), 34–38. https://doi.org/10.1108/HRMID-01-2018-0006.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cho, M., Bonn, M. A., & Han, S. J. (2018). Generation Z’s sustainable volunteering: Motivations, attitudes and job performance. Sustainability, 10, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10051400.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Christensen, S. S., Wilson, B. L., & Edelman, L. S. (2018). Can I relate? A review and guide for nurse managers in leading generations. Journal of Nursing Management, 26, 689–695.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper-Thomas, H. D., Van Vianen, A., & Anderson, N. (2004). Changes in person-organization fit: The impact of socialization tactics on perceived and actual P-O fit. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 13, 52–78. https://doi.org/10.1080/13594320344000246.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coyle-Shapiro, J. A.-M., & Parzefall, M. (2008). Psychological contracts. In C. L. Cooper & J. Barling (Eds.), The Sage handbook of organizational behavior (pp. 17–34). London: SAGE.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coyle-Shapiro, J. A.-M., Costa, S. P., Doden, W., & Chang, C. (2018). Psychological contracts: Past, present and future. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 6, 145–169.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deas, A. J. (2017). Constructing a psychological retention profile for diverse generational groups in the higher educational environment. (Unpublished doctoral thesis). Pretoria: University of South Africa.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Vos, A. (2002). The individual antecedents and the development of newcomers’ psychological contracts during the socialization process: A longitudinal study. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Ghent University, Belgium.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dick, P. (2006). The psychological contract and the transition from full to part-time police work. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27(1), 37–58.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eastman, J. K., & Lui, J. (2012). The impact of generational cohorts on status consumption: An exploratory look at generational cohort and demographics on status consumption. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 29(2), 93–102.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Farnese, M. L., Livi, S., Barbieri, B., & Schalk, R. (2018). “You can see how things will end by the way they begin”: The contribution of early mutual obligations for the development of the psychological contract. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 543.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gardner, D. G., Huang, G.-H., Niu, X., Pierce, J. L., & Lee, C. (2015). Organization-based self-esteem, psychological contract fulfilment, and perceived employment opportunities: A test of self-regulatory theory. Human Resource Management, 54(6), 933–953.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goh, E., & Lee, C. (2018). A workforce to be reckoned with: the emerging pivotal Generation Z hospitality workforce. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 23, 20–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhrm.2018.01.016.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gray, N. D. (2018). Psychological contract breach and counterproductive behaviour in exempt and non-exempt employees. Unpublished Doctoral thesis. Phoenix: Grand Canyon University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Griep, Y., Wingate, T., & Brys, C. (2017). Integrating psychological contracts and psychological ownership: the role of employee ideologies, organisational culture and organisational citizenship behaviour. In C. Olckers et al. (Eds.), Theoretical orientations and practical applications of psychological ownership. Springer International Publishing, AG. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70247-6_5.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Grow, J. M., & Yang, S. (2018). Generation-Z enters the advertising workplace: Expectations through a gendered lens. Journal of Advertising Education, 22(1), 7–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098048218768595.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guest, D. E. (2004). The psychology of the employment relationship: An analysis based on the psychological contract. Applied Psychology, 53, 541–555.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gursoy, D., Maier, A., & Chi, C. (2008). Generational differences: An examination of work values and generational gaps in the hospitality workforce. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 27, 448–485.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Habrakan, M., & Bondarouk, T. (2018). Smart industry research in the field of HRM: Resetting job design as an example of upcoming challenges. In T. Bondarouk, J. M. Huub and E. P. Ruël (Eds.), Electronic HRM in the smart era (The changing context of managing people, volume), (pp. 221–259). Emerald Publishing Limited.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, J. B., Parks, C., McNeilly, & Johnson, P. (2018). Boomers to Millennials: Generational stereotypes at work in academic librarianship. The Journal of Academic Librarianship, 44, 845–853. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acalib.2018.09.011.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hicks, J., Riedy, C., & Waltz, M. (2018). Cross-generational counselling strategies: Understanding unique needs of each generation. Journal of Counselor Practice, 9(1), 6–23. https://doi.org/10.22229/yio309843.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoole, C., & Bonnema, J. (2015). Work engagement and meaningful work across generational cohorts. South African Journal of Human Resource Management, 13(1), 1–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hurst, J. L., & Good, L. K. (2009). Generation Y and career choice: The impact of retail career perceptions, expectations and entitlement perceptions. Career Development International, 1(1), 570–593.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ignatius, J. S., & Hechanova, M. R. (2014). Internet usage from a generational perspective. Philippine Journal of Psychology, 47(1), 73–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Joeng, J., Kurnia, S., Samson, D., & Cullen, S. (2018). Psychological contract in IT outsourcing: a systematic literature review. In Proceedings of the 51st Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, (pp. 135–144). ISBN: 978-0-9981331-1-9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, J. S., Murray, S. R., & Tapp, S. R. (2018). Generational differences in the workplace. Journal of Business Diversity, 18(2), 88–97.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karagonlar, G., Eisenberger, R., & Aselage, J. (2016). Reciprocation wary employees discount psychological contract fulfillment. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 37, 23–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kleinhans, K. A., Chakradhar, K., Muller, S., & Waddill, P. (2015). Multigenerational perceptions of the academic work environment in higher education in the United States. Higher Education, 70, 89–103.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kupperschmidt, B. R. (2000). Multigeneration employees: Strategies for effective management. The Health Care Manager, 19(1), 65–76.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lanier, K. (2017). 5 Things HR professionals need to know about generation Z: Thought leaders share their views on the HR profession and its direction for the future. Strategic HR Review, 16(6), 288–290.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lowe, D., Levitt, K. J., & Wilson, T. (2008). Solutions for retaining generation Y employees in the workplace. Business Renaissance Quarterly, 3(3), 43–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lub, X. D., Bal, P. M., Blomme, R. J., & Schalk, R. (2016). One job, one deal … or not: Do generations respond differently to psychological contract fulfilment? The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 27(2), 653–680.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lyons, S. (2004). An exploration of generational values in life and at work. Dissertation Abstracts International, 3462A (UMI No. AATNQ94206).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mannheim, K. (1952). The problem of generations. In P. Kecskemeti (Ed.), Essays on the sociology of knowledge (pp. 276–322). London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manxhari, M. (2015). Employment relationships and the psychological contract: The case of banking sector in Albania. Procedia—Social and Behavioral Sciences, 210, 231–240.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McGrath, M. L., Millward, L. J., & Banks, A. P. (2015). Workplace emotion through a psychological contract lens. Surrey Research Insight. https://doi.org/10.1108/qrom-06-2014-1227.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Millward., L. J., & Hopkins, L. J. (1998). Psychological contracts, organizational and job commitment. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 28, 1530–1556.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, S. (1998). American generations: Who they are. How they live. What they think. Ithaca, NY: New Strategist.

    Google Scholar 

  • Myers, K. K., & Sadaghiani, K. (2010). Millennials in the workplace: a communication perspective on millennials’ organizational relationships and performance. Journal of Business and Psychology, 25(2), 225–238.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Naim., M. F., & Lenka, U. (2018). Development and retention of Generation Y employees: a conceptual framework. Employee Relations, 40(2), 433–455. https://doi.org/10.1108/er-09-2016-0172.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nichols, T., & Wright, M. (2018). Generational differences: understanding and exploring generation Z. 2017–2018 Officers President President-Elect, 177.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Donohue, W., Martin, A., & Torugsa, N. (2015). Understanding individual responses to failure by the organisation to fulfil its obligations: Examining the influence of psychological capital and psychological contract type. Human Resource Management Journal, 25(1), 131–147.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Obushenkova, E., Plester, B., & Haworth, N. (2018). Manager-employee psychological contracts: Enter the smartphone. Employee Relations, 40(2), 193–207.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ozkan, M., & Solmaz, B. (2015). The changing face of the employees: generation Z and their perceptions of work (a study applied to university students). Procedia Economics and Finance, 26, 476–486. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(15)00876-X.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Persson, S., & Wasieleski, D. (2015). The seasons of the psychological contract: Overcoming the silent transformations of the employer-employee relationship. Human Resource Management Review, 25, 368–383.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pyöriä, P., Ojala, S., Saari., & Järvinen, K-M. (2017). The Millennial generation: a new breed of labour? SAGE Open, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244017697158.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rousseau, D. M. (1989). Psychological and implied contracts in organizations. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 2, 121–139.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rousseau, D. M. (1990). New hire perceptions of their own and their employer’s obligations: A study of psychological contracts. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 11, 389–400.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rousseau, D. M. (1995). Psychological contracts in organizations: Understanding written and unwritten agreements. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rousseau, D. M. (2001). Schema, promises and mutuality: The building blocks of the psychological contract. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 74(4), 511–541.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sakdiyakorn, M., & Wattanacharoensil, W. (2018). Generational diversity in the workplace: A systematic review in the hospitality context. Cornell Hospitality Quaterly, 59(2), 135–159. https://doi.org/10.1177/1938965517730312.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salahiddin, M. (2010). Generational differences impact on leadership style and organizational success. Journal of Diversity Management, 5, 2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schewe, C. D., Meredith, G. E., & Noble, S. M. (2000). Defining moments: Segmenting by cohorts. Marketing Management, 9(3), 48–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, P. (2018). Managerial challenges of Industry 4.0: an empirically backed research agenda for a nascent field. Review of Managerial Science, 12(3), 803–848.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schwieger, D., & Ladwig, C. (2018). Reaching and retaining the Next Generation: adapting to the expectations of Gen Z in the classroom. Information Systems Education Journal, 16(3), 45–54. ISSN: 1545-679X.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seopa, N., Wöcke, A., & Leeds, C. (2015). The impact on the psychological contract of differentiating employees into talent pools. Career Development International, 20(7), 717–732.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shatto, B., & Erwin, K. (2016). Moving on from millennials: preparing for generation Z. The Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing, 47(6), 253–254.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sherman, R. (2006). Leading a multigenerational nursing workforce: Issues, challenges and strategies. Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 11(2), 5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherman, R. (2008). One size doesn’t fit all: Motivating a multigenerational staff. Nursing Management, 39(9), 8–10.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simmers, C. A., & Anandarajan, M. (2018). The internet of people, things and services (IoPTS): Workplace transformations. New York, NY: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Spreitzer, G. M., Sutcliffe, K., Dutton, J., Sonenshein, S., & Grant, A. M. (2005). A socially embedded model of thriving at work. Organization Science, 16(5), 537–549.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sung, K. (2018). Industry 4.0: A Korea perspective. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 132, 40–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Twenge, J. M. (2017). iGen: Why today’s super-connected kids are growing up less rebellious, more tolerant, less happy- and completely unprepared for adulthood and what that means for the rest of us. New York, NY: Atria Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Twenge, J. M., Campbell, S. M., Hoffman, B. J., & Lance, C. E. (2010). Generational differences in work values: leisure and extrinsic values increasing, social and intrinsic values decreasing. Journal of Management, 36, 1117–1142.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wiedmer, T. (2015). Generations do differ: Best practices in leading traditionalist, boomers, and generations X, Y and Z. Delta Kappa Gamma Bulletin, 82(1), 51–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Working Group Industrie 4.0. (2013). Recommendations for implementing the strategic initiative Industrie 4.0: Final report of the Industrie 4.0 Working Group. http://www.acatech.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Baumstruktur_nach_Website/Acatech/root/de/Material_fuer_Sonderseiten/Industrie_4.0/Final_report_Industrie_4.0_accessible.pdf. Accessed February 2, 2019.

  • Wu, C. M., Pai, T. I., Chen, T. J., Lin, C. C., & Chen, S. H. (2018). Promoting change-orientated organizational citizenship behaviour: The role of social support and thriving. Science Journal of Business and Management, 6(2), 32–37. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjbm.20180602.11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Alda Deas .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Deas, A. (2019). Mapping Antecedents of the Psychological Contract for Digital Natives: A Review and Future Research Agenda. In: Coetzee, M. (eds) Thriving in Digital Workspaces. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24463-7_12

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics