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The Infrastructure Buildout: A Detailed Look

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Regional Renaissance

Part of the book series: International Studies in Entrepreneurship ((ISEN,volume 42))

Abstract

The transportation, water, and electric power infrastructure necessary to support semiconductor manufacturing in Saratoga County did not exist at the time the corporate predecessor of GlobalFoundries committed to build a wafer fabrication plant at a local site. A wide-ranging effort to secure regulatory approvals and build new infrastructure was required. Although this process encountered delays and setbacks, by the time the fab was built and became operational, the necessary infrastructure was in place.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    “Infrastructure Required Before Plan Can be Built,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (June 21, 2006).

  2. 2.

    “Officials Put Focus on Luther Forest Infrastructure,” Albany, The Times Union (June 24, 2006); “Infrastructure Required Before Plant Can Be Built,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (June 21, 2006).

  3. 3.

    “Schumer Offers Assurance of Luther Forest Fab,” Troy, The Record (March 25, 2008); “Area’s Tech Future Launched,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (July 25, 2009); “Schumer: Plant Overdue,” Albany, The Times Union (January 10, 2012).

  4. 4.

    “Water Supply Transfer Moves Forward, County Expected to Get Permit,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (January 19, 2008); “Locals View Gillibrand as Upstate Watchdog,” Saratoga Springs, The Saratogian (January 24, 2009).

  5. 5.

    “Federal Earmarks Set for Luther Forest, Glenn Falls Civic Center, Among Others,” Glenn Falls, The Post-Star (December 18, 2007).

  6. 6.

    “GlobalFoundries Chip Fab Plant Fosters a Ripple Effect Felt Far and Wide,” Saratoga Springs, The Saratogian (July 24, 2012).

  7. 7.

    Interview with Dennis Brobston, president, Saratoga Economic Development Corporation (October 28, 2015).

  8. 8.

    “One Troubled Tech Park in Malta,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (April 6, 2014).

  9. 9.

    “GlobalFoundries Unveils New Tech Lab as Cloud of Uncertainty About State’s Threat to take Over Luther Forest Loans,” Saratoga Springs, The Saratogian (October 27, 2010).

  10. 10.

    “Tech Park Ownership at Issue,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (October 26, 2010).

  11. 11.

    Michael Relyea, the head of LFTCEDC, said that the state had loaned $12 million through ESD and that it was the hope of LFTCEDC that “the debt would be forgiven.” See “Luther Forest Chief Rejects State Takeover of the 1,414-Acre Park Where GlobalFoundries is Building its Chip Fab,” Saratoga Springs, The Saratogian (October 29, 2010).

  12. 12.

    “Default, Demands and Dismay,” Albany, The Times Union (October 29, 2010).

  13. 13.

    “Waiting on a $15 M Promise,” Albany, The Times Union (December 18, 2010).

  14. 14.

    “Officials Put Focus on Luther Forest Infrastructure—Various Projects to Move Past Planning Stages in Wake of AMD Deal,” Albany, The Times Union (June 24, 2006).

  15. 15.

    “Water Plan Rolling Thanks to Chip Fab—System to be up and Running in Fall ‘08,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (June 23, 2006).

  16. 16.

    “Large Water Source Sought for Decades,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (March 6, 2005).

  17. 17.

    “Large Water Source Sought for Decades,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (March 6, 2005).

  18. 18.

    “Cuomo Gets Bill of Water Authority,” Albany, The Times Union (June 3, 1990). The Water Authority was created by the legislature at the request of the Saratoga County Board of Supervisors. “Politics of Water Unclear on Costs,” Albany, The Times Union (October 2, 2002).

  19. 19.

    “Politics of Water Unclear on Costs,” Albany, The Times Union (October 2, 2002). Plans for the project were developed by Clough Harbour & Associates in 1990 and 1995 under the auspices of the Saratoga County Water Authority. “River Water is Favored by Officials—Study Offers an Alternative to Saratoga Lake,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (June 26, 2002).

  20. 20.

    “Grandin Blames County for Water Vote,” Albany, The Times Union (August 30, 1990); “Water Authority Deadline Postponed Until January,” Albany, The Times Union (December 6, 1990).

  21. 21.

    “Private Water System Sought by Authority,” Albany, The Times Union (December 20, 1991).

  22. 22.

    “Effort to Seize Water System Ends—Malta Vote Leaves County Authority too Broke to Continue,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (December 10, 1998).

  23. 23.

    “Authority Drops Water Takeover,” Albany, The Times Union (December 10, 1998); “Effort to Seize Water System Ends—Malta Vote Leaves County Authority too Broke to Continue,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (December 10, 1998).

  24. 24.

    Part of the impetus for this plan was to forestall any effort to develop nearby Saratoga Lake as a water source. Residents of Saratoga Springs and surrounding communities feared that they would not be able to use the lake for recreation if it were a primary source of drinking water. “Politics of Water Unclear on Costs,” Albany, The Times Union (October 2, 2002).

  25. 25.

    “Water Authority to Sell Sole Asset,” Albany, The Times Union (June 26, 2005).

  26. 26.

    “Water Authority to Sell Sole Asset,” Albany, The Times Union (June 26, 2005).

  27. 27.

    The loan used 50% of the county’s budget surplus. It was to be paid back over a period of 32 years. “County Loan to Fund Water System—$15 million Earmarked to Guarantee Supply for Computer Chip Plant,” Albany, The Times Union (May 18, 2006).

  28. 28.

    “Water Authority Adds Some New Members—Board of Supervisors Taps 7 to Aid River Plan,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (October 18, 2006).

  29. 29.

    John Lawler, who subsequently became chairman of the Saratoga County Water Authority (SCWA), likened the launch of the water project to “a perfect storm,” citing the confluence of strong residential growth, Majority Leader Bruno’s efforts to attract a chip fab, and the prospects for an AMD fab, which “made perfect timing for the SCWA to begin work on the plant.” See “Meeting Focuses on Water System,” Saratoga Springs, The Saratogian (July 25, 2008).

  30. 30.

    The town of Ballston committed to 400,000 gallons per day, Wilton committed to about 300,000 gallons (later upped to 500,000) per day, and Clifton Park committed to 1.5 million gallons per day. Clifton Park’s commitment was contingent on its securing four of the seven seats on a yet-to-be-created water authority. Saratoga Springs did not commit to the plan, and its representatives took the position that AMD’s fab could be supported at lower cost by running a pipe from the Hudson River in Stillwater to Luther Forest. “Tech Park News Helps Water Plan,” Saratoga Springs, The Saratogian (June 22, 2006).

  31. 31.

    “Official: Chip Fab Plan Makes Water Project More Urgent,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (July 7, 2006).

  32. 32.

    “Official: Water Project More Likely With Chip Plant Coming,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (July 7, 2006). In August 2006, the mayor of Albany was reportedly considering a pipeline plan pursuant to which a pipeline could be built at Albany’s Loudonville Reservoir and run up either the I-87 median or along Route 9, terminating at the AMD plant. The Chairman of the Saratoga County Board of Supervisors commented that “these types of conversations should have started years ago if they were interested. It is too late at this point. They are way, way behind.” See “County Leader Douses Pipe Plan,” Albany, The Times Union (August 5, 2006). Clifton Park officials reportedly were discussing a plan to supply the new fab by buying comparatively pure water not requiring extensive treatment from the city of Schenectady, which enjoyed access to abundant water from the local Great Flats Aquifer. “Water Plan Could Include AMD,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (December 21, 2006); In 2007, the president of Saratoga Water Services, a private water company in Malta, said that his company could supply the AMD fab more quickly and at lower costs by using two high-yield wells in Stillwater. “River Water Project Opponent Pitches Alternative Plan,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (April 17, 2007).

  33. 33.

    Mackay’s first lawsuit reportedly complained that relevant officials had not complied with New York’s Environmental Quality Review Act with respect to the water project. A second action challenged the permit issued by New York’s Department of Environmental Conservation enabling the project to proceed. Animosity between Mackay and local officials reportedly dated back nearly two decades. In the 1990s, the Town of Malta had tried for seven years to take over Mackay’s water company. “New Plan for Tech Campus Water,” Albany, The Times Union (April 17, 2007).

  34. 34.

    “Saratoga County Water Pipeline Lawsuit Dismissed,” The Post-Star (April 22, 2008).

  35. 35.

    The chairman of the Water Authority, John Lawler, commenting on the need for the funding, said that “right now we don’t have the money to buy a pencil.” See “Water Authority Given Loan—County Supervisors Approve $250G to Cover Startup Costs,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (March 21, 2007).

  36. 36.

    “Water Authority Gets its First Director,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (August 22, 2007).

  37. 37.

    “Stake Oks $10 M for Water Plan,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (May 11, 2007).

  38. 38.

    “County Authority Signs Deal to Sell Water to Tech Campus,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (April 18, 2007).

  39. 39.

    The Army Corps attached conditions to its permit requiring the county to offset the water projects’ effects on wetlands through two county-funded mitigation projects, creating of a new wetlands area in Wilton and removal of log and debris jam from Kayaderosseras Creek, opening the creek to boaters from Saratoga Lake. “Logjam to be Cleared from Kayaderosseras,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (August 15, 2007).

  40. 40.

    “$67 M Water Plan Advances—Saratoga County Supervisors Approve Deals with 8 Contractors,” Albany, The Times Union (May 19, 2007).

  41. 41.

    “Water Milestone Marked—Backhoe Ceremony Celebrates County System,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (June 2, 2007).

  42. 42.

    DEC granted the county supervisors a permit, but when the Water Authority asked for the permit to be transferred, given that name of the actual plans had changed with the transfer of authority over the project, DEC indicated that “the agency needed to know more about the impact of the project.” The issue was resolved when DEC issued the permit to the Water Authority in March 2008. Receipt of the permit put the Water Authority “in a better position to issue bonds and collect the rest of the money the water authority needs to build the project.” See “Saratoga Gets Key Water Permit,” Albany, The Times Union (March 8, 2008).

  43. 43.

    “Saratoga County’s Water Authority has Yet to Get Easements for Fewer Than 16 of the More Than 140 Residential Property Owners Along the County Water System’s 28-mile Route,” Saratoga Springs, The Saratogian (October 24, 2007).

  44. 44.

    “Water Milestone Marked—Backhoe Ceremony Celebrates County System,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (June 2, 2007); “Saratoga County’s Water Authority has Yet to Get Easements for Fewer Than 16 of the More Than 140 Residential Property Owners Along the County Water System’s 28-mile Route,” Saratoga Springs, The Saratogian (October 24, 2007).

  45. 45.

    “Grant Interpretation Jeopardizes AMD,” Saratoga Springs, The Saratogian (March 26, 2008); “Water Worry for AMD,” Troy, The Record (March 26, 2008); “Feud Over Water Project—Saratoga County Agency Upset by State’s Demands for Funding,” Albany, The Times Union (March 25, 2008).

  46. 46.

    “Pipeline Plans Move Forward,” Saratoga Springs, The Saratogian (April 21, 2008); “Water Worry for AMD,” Troy, The Record (March 26, 2008).

  47. 47.

    “Water Authority Files for Eminent Domain,” Saratoga Springs, The Saratogian (March 31, 2008). The easements averaged 10–30 ft in width and required owners to move houses, sheds, and other structures and give up further use of the land involved once the pipeline was built. “Water Board Ups the Pressure,” Albany, The Times Union (March 29, 2008).

  48. 48.

    “Court Decision Clears Way for Water Pipeline,” Troy, The Record (April 21, 2008).

  49. 49.

    “Saratoga County Water Pipeline Lawsuit Dismissed,” The Post-Star (April 22, 2008).

  50. 50.

    “Water Project Overcomes Last Legal Obstacle,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (April 26, 2008).

  51. 51.

    “Logjam to be Cleared from Kayaderosseras,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (August 15, 2007); “Saratoga County: Water Authority Has Yet to Get Easements for Fewer than 16 of the More Than 140 Residential Property Owners Along the County System’s 28-mile Route,” Saratoga Springs, The Saratogian (October 24, 2007).

  52. 52.

    $67 M Water Project on Time, Under budget,” Saratoga Springs, The Saratogian (May 22, 2008).

  53. 53.

    Problems included “computer glitches,” “glitches with controls,” missing equipment, and use of an extension cord instead of permanent wiring. “Water Plant Opening Awaits Tweaks, Tests,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (January 29, 2010); “Saratoga County, N.Y. Waterline Work Continues, with Some Snags,” Glenn Falls, The Post-Star (January 16, 2010); “Construction Snags Slow Work on Water Project,” Albany, The Times Union (January 30, 2010).

  54. 54.

    “Water Flows in County’s $67 M System,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (February 24, 2010).

  55. 55.

    “Work Coming Along Inside GlobalFoundries,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (October 22, 2010).

  56. 56.

    “Town Taps into Water System,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (June 3, 2010).

  57. 57.

    “Bigger Chip Fab Called No Problem,” Albany, The Times Union (May 4, 2010).

  58. 58.

    “Developer to Pay $2.5 M for Luther Forest Water Tank,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (June 24, 2008).

  59. 59.

    “Tech Park ‘Open for Business,’” Albany, The Times Union (March 12, 2009).

  60. 60.

    Haloacetic acids are linked to cancer and other health problems by the EPA. They are created from the chemical reaction of chlorine with organic materials in water such as leaves and algae. The EPA sets a maximum acceptable level of 60 parts per billion for drinking water. The county Water Authority’s treated water registered 70 ppb. “Unhealthy Chemicals in County’s Water System,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (August 26, 2011).

  61. 61.

    “Unhealthy Chemicals in County’s Water System,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (August 26, 2011).

  62. 62.

    “Wilton Still Not Buying County Water Even Though it Has Improved,” Saratoga Springs, The Saratogian (October 6, 2011).

  63. 63.

    “Heads Up on Water Supply,” Albany, The Times Union (February 5, 2012).

  64. 64.

    “GlobalFoundries Water Deal in Works,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (December 14, 2010); “Chip Fab Water Plan Wanted,” Albany, The Times Union (October 15, 2011). The Luther Forest Technology Campus Economic Development Corporation had originally planned to set up a transportation company that would buy water from the county Water Authority and sell it to GlobalFoundries. However, given the magnitude of GlobalFoundries’ needs and its sensitivity to water availability, it was decided that the company and the Water Authority should deal with each other directly. This arrangement required clearance from legal counsel because of a prohibition on retail sales of water by the Water Authority. “One Plant Issue Set, One to Go,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (March 4, 2011).

  65. 65.

    “County Water Authority, GlobalFoundries Reach Tentative Agreement on Water Terms,” Saratoga Springs, The Saratogian (December 15, 2011).

  66. 66.

    “Water Authority Reaches Deal with GlobalFoundries,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (January 14, 2012).

  67. 67.

    “Water Authority Reaches Deal with GlobalFoundries,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (January 14, 2012).

  68. 68.

    A second issue was the composition of secondary source water, which needed to be “consistent with or similar to” water being delivered to the chip fab from the Moreau plant on the upper Hudson. “Water Fears Precipitated Seizure,” Albany, The Times Union (November 5, 2010).

  69. 69.

    “Saratoga County Water Authority Says it Won’t Be the Sole Water Provider for GlobalFoundries’ Chip Plant by Malta,” Saratoga Springs, The Saratogian (March 2, 2011).

  70. 70.

    “Firm Studies Chip Plant Water Sources,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (December 5, 2010).

  71. 71.

    “Firm Studies Chip Plant Water Sources,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (December 5, 2010); “Water Fears Precipitated Seizure,” Albany, The Times Union (November 5, 2010).

  72. 72.

    “Second Fab Water Line Likely to be Late,” Albany, The Times Union (June 11, 2011).

  73. 73.

    “Second Water Tap for Chip Fab,” Albany, The Times Union (December 11, 2014); “Two 5-Million Gallon Water Tanks Get OK,” Albany, The Times Union (January 9, 2015).

  74. 74.

    “Sewer System Needs Capacity—Commissioners Planning for Arrival at Chip Plant at Tech Park,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (July 22, 2006).

  75. 75.

    “Treatment Plant Expansion Begins in Saratoga County,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (November 24, 2008).

  76. 76.

    “Chip Fab Plant Helps County Borrow Money,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (July 16, 2009).

  77. 77.

    “Chip Fab Plant Helps County Borrow Money,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (July 16, 2009).

  78. 78.

    “Sewer Expansion on Track in Saratoga County,” Glens Falls, The Post-Star (November 29, 2009).

  79. 79.

    “Tech Park Sewers to Become County Property,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (January 24, 2013).

  80. 80.

    “County Sewer District Owns Line Serving Chip Fab Plant,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (March 3, 2013).

  81. 81.

    “Round Lake Battles to Retain Victorian Character and Charm,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (January 4, 1998).

  82. 82.

    “Round Lake Battles to Retain Victorian Character and Charm,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (January 4, 1998). Daily traffic flows through the village in 1987 consisted of about 4000 vehicles. A 2003 Saratoga County study found that the flow would reach 12,000 vehicles by 2025 even if the proposed Luther Forest Technology Park was not built. “Technology Park Road Plan Received With Skepticism,” Albany, The Times Union (February 5, 2003).

  83. 83.

    A bypass was discussed in the early 1990s when the village was developing a new land-use plan. “Malta Board to Review Plan for Round Lake Area,” Albany, The Times Union (September 7, 1993).

  84. 84.

    “Round Lake Wary of New Master Plan,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (March 17, 2000).

  85. 85.

    “We have a problem with traffic in the village,” she said. “We cannot have any more traffic.” See “Technology Park Road Plan Received With Skepticism,” Albany, The Times Union (February 5, 2003).

  86. 86.

    “Vote Paves Way for $1.2 M Bypass Design—Construction Could Begin Next Summer,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (March 16, 2005).

  87. 87.

    “State to Study Bypass for Round Lake,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (March 5, 2004). The money for the study was to be drawn from federal transportation funds reportedly obtained for “unspecified Luther Forest Technology Campus transportation improvements” by US Rep. John E. Sweeney.

  88. 88.

    “Round Lake Bypass’s Cost Put at $13.5–$15 M,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (September 30, 2004). Exit 11’s exit ramps fed onto Curry Road, which ran roughly perpendicular to I-87 in an east-west direction. At the time of the study traffic exiting I-87 moving eastbound on Curry Road passed directly through the village.

  89. 89.

    A spokesman for Congressman John Sweeney noted that federal highway bill contained $8.15 million for unspecified Luther Forest-related transportation improvements (these funds were distinct from the $500,000 federal grant arranged by Sweeney in 2004 to enable the state DOT to conduct its feasibility of the bypass). The Saratoga supervisors planned to allocate $1.2 million of the new federal money to the forthcoming reconstruction of a local road in Edinburg. County money from that project would thus be freed up by the federal grant and redirected to the Round Lake bypass engineering work. This arrangement was seen as necessary because the federal government could demand a refund if it paid directly for the bypass engineering work, but the bypass was not actually built. “Vote Paves Way for $1.2 M Bypass Design—Construction Could Begin Next Summer,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (March 16, 2005).

  90. 90.

    An engineering consultant working with the county commented that “the wetlands impacts are going to have to be mitigated. The wetlands are pretty much all over out there.” “Environmental Study is Needed,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (December 23, 2005).

  91. 91.

    “Nothing Easy About Tech Campus Plans,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (February 4, 2006). The “Zim Smith Trail” was an 8.8-mile unpaved trail running from Ballston Spa to Halfmoon through Clifton Park, Round Lake, Malta, and Ballston along the original right-of-way for the Delaware and Hudson Railroad. Plans to pave the trail for easier use by bicyclists and walkers, thus creating the “backbone” of a countywide bicycle and hiking trail system had been discussed since the 1970s. “Bicycle Trail Effort Revived,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (July 17, 1999).

  92. 92.

    Saratoga PLAN (“preserving land and nature”) is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit conservation organization dedicated to “preserving the rural character, natural habitats and scenic beauty of Saratoga County … [by] … helping communities create plans that balance growth with conservation … .” http://www.saratogaplan.org/about/ . It is funded through a combination of contributions by individuals and businesses, foundation grants, government, and fundraising events. “A Promise to Keep the Land Pristine—Saratoga PLAN Works on its Own and Partners with Others to Preserve Open Spaces,” Albany, The Times Union (March 25, 2007).

  93. 93.

    “Group: Bypass Plan Design Defective,” Albany, The Times Union (March 10, 2006).

  94. 94.

    “County Trails Part of Bypass Project,” Albany, The Times Union (March 30, 2006).

  95. 95.

    New York Department of Transportation, Round Lake Bypass Project (Final Environmental Impact Statement P.I.N.1807.01, prepared by MJ Engineering and Land Surveying, PC, 2016); “State Will Provide Bypass Funding. Round is Needed for Luther Forest,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (August 24, 2006); “Tech Park Road Work Could Begin in April,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (February 29, 2008).

  96. 96.

    “Hurdles Leapt Bypass Work to Start in Spring—Road to Reduce Traffic Through Round Lake,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (January 27, 2007).

  97. 97.

    “Round Lake Bypass Bids Delayed—Permit Needed Before Construction,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (May 25, 2007); “Town Nears Deal on Luther Forest Roads,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (January 26, 2008).

  98. 98.

    “Bypass Project Fast Tracked,” Professional Surveyor Magazine (January 2010).

  99. 99.

    “Go Ahead, Bypass Round Lake,” Albany, The Times Union (July 22, 2009).

  100. 100.

    “Bypass Road Open to Traffic—Path to Spare Village by Serving as Direct Route to Northway,” Saratoga Springs, The Saratogian (July 22, 2009).

  101. 101.

    “Federal Money Earmarked for Tech Campus Roadwork,” Saratoga Springs, The Saratogian (July 29, 2005).

  102. 102.

    “Luther Area to Get Road Funding—$10 Million Slated for Paving, New Intersections,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (December 20, 2005).

  103. 103.

    “Luther Forest Road Work Delayed—Town Awaits Decision on State, Federal Environmental Permits,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (May 1, 2007).

  104. 104.

    “Town Agrees to Accept Tech Park Roads,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (October 4, 2006).

  105. 105.

    “Tech Park Work Nears Completion,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (April 18, 2010).

  106. 106.

    “Public Rises up About Roundabouts,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (October 25, 2012).

  107. 107.

    The Capital Region trails varied from dirt paths to paved 6- to 8-feet wide multi-use routes suitable for bicycles and wheelchairs. By the late 1990s, the Capital Region was “crisscrossed” with “hundreds of miles of trails,” including 65 miles of Clifton Everywhere Park, 45 miles in and around Saratoga Springs, and shorter trails in Malta, Ballston, and Ballston Spa. “The Trail to Everyone,” Albany, The Times Union (June 1, 1997).

  108. 108.

    Zimri Luce Smith was a retired Air Force Colonel who settled in Saratoga Springs in 1976. A member of Saratoga’s Design Review Commission, he worked on historic preservation projects in Saratoga Springs and at Saratoga National Historical Park. An advocate for trails, he served on the committee that created the Saratoga County Heritage Trail system by negotiating easements with private landowners. When Smith died in 1994, the committee named the trail for him. “Work on Trail Progresses,” Albany, The Times Union (August 14, 2007).

  109. 109.

    Saratoga County took over the D&H right-of-way in the 1960s. “County to Build New Trail,” Albany, The Times Union (December 17, 2002).

  110. 110.

    “Count to Build New Trail,” Albany, The Times Union (December 12, 2002).

  111. 111.

    “Malta’s Paving May be the Start of Inter-Town Bicycle Trail,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (September 8, 1998). The town of Malta paid to pave a 6700-foot stretch of the trail in 1998 between East Line and Ruble Roads. “Bicycle Trail Effort Revived,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (July 17, 1999).

  112. 112.

    Town of Stillwater Code, Art. XI § 211–184.

  113. 113.

    “Zim Smith Recreation Trail Remains Elusive Goal,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (June 10, 2006). “County to Build New Trail,” Albany, The Times Union (December 17, 2002). In 2003 and 2004, County officials worked with crews of municipal workers and prison inmates to clear the trail, which “was much more overgrown that anyone had anticipated.” A conundrum was presented by the need to cross the Mourning Kill stream in Ballston. The idea of moving an old highway bridge to the site turned out to be cost-prohibitive. The U.S. Department of Transportation had delayed release of the federal grant money, saying that “the county still has issues to work out,” such as what would happen where the proposed trail encountered CP Rail just south of Ballston Spa. “Saratoga County Plans to Pave Nine-Mile Trail,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (November 6, 2004); “Zim Smith Recreation Trail Still a Dream,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (June 10, 2006).

  114. 114.

    “Study Seeks Options for Linking Trails—Improvements Will Coincide With Bypass Work,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (March 20, 2006).

  115. 115.

    “Work on Trail Progresses,” Albany, The Times Union (August 14, 2007).

  116. 116.

    “Construction Bids Approved for Trail—County Ready to Move Forward with Zim Smith,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (May 4, 2007).

  117. 117.

    “Overpass Replacement will Help Trail,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (February 20, 2008).

  118. 118.

    Route 67 Crossing Set to be Replaced—Project to Make Room for Trail,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (February 20, 2008).

  119. 119.

    “Zim Smith Trail Work to Finish With Fed Aid,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (May 14, 2009).

  120. 120.

    “Stimulus Won’t Fund All Trail Work,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (July 15, 2009).

  121. 121.

    “At Long Last, Zim Smith Trail is Done,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (October 16, 2010).

  122. 122.

    “Malta’s Zim Smith Named National Recreation Trail,” Troy, The Record (June 3, 2012).

  123. 123.

    “Town Closer to Approving Zoning for New Chip Plant,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (December 29, 2006).

  124. 124.

    “SEDC Seeks Break on Trial Requirement,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (December 14, 2006); “Town Closer to Approving Zoning for New Chip Plant,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (December 29, 2006).

  125. 125.

    “Grant Boosts Efforts to Connect Trails,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (April 6, 2007).

  126. 126.

    The proposed connector trail would meet the Zim Smith Trail near the point at which it passed under I-87, use I-87’s eastern embankment to cross Ballston Creek, then run along the former trolley line owned by Saratoga PLAN and under the Round Lake Bypass bridge. From there it would proceed uphill to Route 9 (across land owned by Van Patterson) and on to connect with the Luther Forest Trail system. “Zim Smith, Tech Campus Trail Contract Near,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (August 1, 2012).

  127. 127.

    “Court to Decide Whether Zim Smith Trail Can be Connected to Recreational Trail Network in Luther Forest Technology Campus,” Saratoga Springs, The Saratogian (May 23, 2012); “With Eminent Domain, Malta Obtains Key Property that Will Connect Zim Smith Trail to Luther Forest Trail System,” Saratoga Springs, The Saratogian (June 18, 2012).

  128. 128.

    “Utility May Add Second Power Line,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (March 25, 2008).

  129. 129.

    “Chip Fab a Chance to Cash in—AMD Could Generate Big Business for Companies Like National Grid, Others in Region,” Albany, The Times Union (July 21, 2006). In Austin Texas, Freescale Semiconductor Inc., one of the largest local chip manufacturers, reportedly lost $20,000,000 as a result of four electric power outages between 2002 and 2006. Freescale “stopped short of threatening to leave the city because of the problems” but “the problems caused a major stir in Austin, which depends heavily on the semiconductor industry for jobs and economic development.” See “A Grid for the 21st Century,” Albany, The Times Union (October 22, 2006).

  130. 130.

    Luther Forest Technology Campus GEIS: Statement of Findings, Draft adopted by Stillwater Town Board (June 14, 2004), pp. 9–10. John S. Munsey, “Project Case Study: High Tech Land Development,” Civil and Structural Engineer (May 2006).

  131. 131.

    “Luther Forest Tech Park Plans Put Power Lines Underground,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (October 3, 2007).

  132. 132.

    Empire State Development, National Grid—Luther Forest Infrastructure Capital II—Upstate City-by-City (x044) (December 14, 2011).

  133. 133.

    “Powering Up for the Future,” Albany, The Times Union (July 2, 2009). National Grid said the planned upgrades were “tied to both general residential and commercial growth and plans for Advanced Micro Devices to build a computer chip factory in Malta that could use as much power as a small city.” Utility May Add Second Power Line,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (March 15, 2008).

  134. 134.

    “Power Line Improvement Set for Reliability, Added Service,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (May 28, 2009).

  135. 135.

    “Utility Plans 33-Mile Line,” Albany, The Times Union (February 19, 2010).

  136. 136.

    National Grid, Spier Falls to Rotterdam 115 kV Transmission Line Project, http://www9.nationalgridus.com/transmission/spier_rotterdam.asp.

  137. 137.

    “Neighbors Unhappy With Plans for New Power Line,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (July 23, 2010). A National Grid manager indicated that Saratoga County had the fastest growing electricity demand anywhere in National Grid’s service area, even before GlobalFoundries was operating. He warned that “the existing system performs marginally at times of high demand” and that “problems will become worse unless improvements are made.” Ibid.

  138. 138.

    “Controversial Power Line to Service GlobalFoundries Approved,” Glens Falls, The Post-Star (February 17, 2011).

  139. 139.

    “National Grid Begins Construction on 115-kV Line in New York,” Transmission Hub (November 2, 2011).

  140. 140.

    National Grid, “New Eastover Sub Station Provider Base for Continued Growth in New York Capital Region,” Press Release (June 4, 2015).

  141. 141.

    “National Grid Power Boost,” Albany, The Times Union (June 4, 2015).

  142. 142.

    The National Grid Co. was created in 1990 when the United Kingdom broke up and privatized its state-run electric power sector. National Grid took over the high-voltage transmission system. National Grid Co. went public in 1995 as the National Grid Group. “NIMO, National Grid to Merge at End of Month,” Syracuse, The Post Standard (January 17, 2002).

  143. 143.

    John S. Munsey, “Project Case Study: High Tech Land Development,” Civil and Structural Engineer (May 2006).

  144. 144.

    “Chip Fab a Chance to Cash in … AMD could Generate Big Business for Companies Like National Grid, Others in Region,” Albany, The Times Union (July 21, 2006).

  145. 145.

    “Utilities Can Play a Role in Attracting High-Tech Industry,” Electric Light & Power (November 1, 2006).

  146. 146.

    National Grid, GlobalFoundries: New Gas Transmission Line, (Article VII Application for a Certificate of Environmental Compatibility and Public Need, August 2011), p. 2.

  147. 147.

    “State Redirects $1.4 M to National Grid for Luther Forest Work,” Glens Falls, The Post-Star (December 16, 2010).

  148. 148.

    “Natural Gas Pipeline to Service GlobalFoundries,” Saratoga Springs, The Saratogian (January 10, 2012).

  149. 149.

    “PSC Approves Gas Line for Chip Fab,” Albany, The Times Union (June 16, 2012).

  150. 150.

    http://feeneybrothers.com/projects/national-grid-3/.

  151. 151.

    As noted in the front matter of this book, the study also drew on interviews carried out by the authors and numerous articles from The Times Union (Albany), The Daily Gazette (Schenectady), the Albany Business Review (Albany), The Post-Star (Glens Falls), The Record (Troy ), The Saratogian (Saratoga Springs), The Buffalo News (Buffalo), The Observer-Dispatch (Utica ), The Daily Messenger (Canandaigua), and the Post-Standard (Syracuse). These are not individually included in the bibliography.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA

    Charles W. Wessner

  2. Dentons, LLP, Washington, DC, USA

    Thomas R. Howell

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Wessner, C.W., Howell, T.R. (2020). The Infrastructure Buildout: A Detailed Look. In: Regional Renaissance. International Studies in Entrepreneurship, vol 42. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21194-3_5

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