Abstract
Large state investments in universities in the Capital Region, most notably in the University at Albany (SUNY Albany) and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, transformed the region into one of the most formidable centers of nanotechnology in the world. Most notably, the state underwrote expansion of the nanotechnology research infrastructure at SUNY Albany, culminating in the creation in 2004 of the College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering (CNSE). In 2002, Sematech began a process of relocation from Austin to Albany which was completed a decade later, followed by an influx of other semiconductor companies seeking joint research projects at the NanoCollege.
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Notes
- 1.
Creso M. Sá, “Redefining University Roles in Regional Economies: A Case Study of University-Industry Relations and Academic Organization in Nanotechnology,” Higher Education (2011) 61:193–208.
- 2.
Creso M. Sá, “Redefining University Roles in Regional Economies: A Case Study of University-Industry Relations and Academic Organization in Nanotechnology,” Higher Education (2011), 61:197. The RPI and SUNY Albany research efforts were seen as complementary. RPI had research programs under way in sputtering and ion beam deposition physical analysis and semiconductor process applications of thin film metals and insulators. SUNY Albany had ongoing research programs in chemical vapor deposition of metals and superconductors, ultra-high vacuum (UHV) surface analysis, and nuclear reaction analysis. Michael Fury and Alain E. Kaloyeros, “Metallization for Microelectronics Program at the University of Albany: Leveraging a Long-Term Mentor Relationship,” IEEE Explore (1990), pp. 59–60; “Love of Teaching Brought Scientist to Capital District,” Albany, The Times Union (December 11, 1990).
- 3.
In 1989, Kaloyeros received a $50,000 grant from the State of New York for superconductivity research seeking a technique for achieving better electrical current characteristics in complex shapes and forms. In 1991, he received a National Science Foundation grant of $62,500 per year for 5 years to conduct research in advanced electronic materials, matched by $37,000 per year by corporate sponsors. “Superconductivity Study Sparks Grants,” Albany, The Times Union (January 9, 1989), “SUNY Physicist Gets 5-Year Grant,” Albany, The Times Union (May 16, 1989). By 1993 his work was being supported by about $4 million per year in grants and donated equipment. “SUNY Gets High Tech Designation,” Albany, The Times Union (May 15, 1993).
- 4.
President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST), The National Nanotechnology Initiative at Five Years: Assessment and Recommendations of the National Nanotechnology Advisory Panel (Washington, DC: Executive Office of the President, 2003).
- 5.
Philip Shapira and Jue Wang, “Case Study: R&D Policy in the United States: The Promotion of Nanotechnology R&D,” (Atlanta: Georgia Institute of Technology, November 2007.)
- 6.
Neal Lane and Thomas Kalil, “The National Nanotechnology Initiative: Present at the Creation,” Issues in Science and Technology (Summer 2005).
- 7.
“If You Build It, They Will Come,” The Chronicle of Higher Education (February 7, 2003).
- 8.
“IBM Team Makes Atomic-Scale Circuitry Breakthrough,” Watertown Daily Times (February 3, 2000).
- 9.
“RPI Creates Center for Nanotechnology Studies,” Albany, The Times Union (March 30, 2001).
- 10.
“NY’s High-Tech Hope,” New York Post (September 18, 2002).
- 11.
At the time, semiconductor devices were made from a silicon substrate coated with silicon oxide, and aluminum was used to connect a device’s memory cells and as a connector between devices. Kaloyeros explained that “you have two regions in the device and you want them to talk to each other. This is where the metals come in.” Aluminum, however, had high electrical resistance, which slowed the flow of electrons and increased the heat created by the current passing through, and was subject to electromagnetic degradation, which limited the thinness with which aluminum connectors could be made. The “metal of choice” to replace aluminum was copper, which had lower electrical resistance and other advantages. However, copper interacts with silicon, requiring a barrier to isolate copper from the silicon substrate. While this posed considerable technological challenges, as Kaloyeros put it, “We don’t have a choice any more. If we are going to have higher speed, we are going to have to learn how to use copper.” “Scientists Explore the Future of Computer Technology,” Albany, The Times Union (December 11, 1990).
- 12.
Michael Fury and Alain E. Kaloyeros, “Metallization for Microelectronics Program at the University of Albany: Leveraging a Long-Term Mentor Relationship,” IEEE Explore (1990), pp. 59–60.
- 13.
Michael Fury and Alain E. Kaloyeros, “Metallization for Microelectronics Program at the University of Albany: Leveraging a Long-Term Mentor Relationship,” IEEE Explore (1990), p. 63.
- 14.
“UAlbany Hopes to Bring in Semiconductor Center,” Albany, The Times Union (August 31, 1996).
- 15.
“UAlbany, Varian Unveil Manufacturing Line,” Albany, The Times Union (September 13, 1996).
- 16.
Thin films are extraordinarily thin layers of materials with ubiquitous applications in the semiconductor industry, and these film deposition techniques are a major subject of research.
- 17.
“Technology Carries Ball as Collegiate Moneymaker,” Albany, The Times Union (February 25, 1996).
- 18.
According to one account, Governor Cuomo initially opposed funding CESTM, preferring proposals advanced by Cornell and Columbia universities. However, SUNY Albany President H. Patrick Swygert determined to secure a CAT center at his institution, moved two highly regarded SUNY Albany assets to CESTM as a lure—the National Weather Service and the Atmospheric Sciences Research Center. Swygert also sought help from Victor Riley, at the time CEO of Key Bank and a leading Capital Region community leader. Riley agreed to chair a committee of local business leaders to pitch SUNY Albany to the governor and Assembly Speaker Sheldon Silver. This effort proved successful. “Others Deserve Credit for Nano College’s Success, Too,” Albany, The Times Union (October 8, 2011).
- 19.
“UAlbany Reveals Blueprints for High Tech Center,” Albany, The Times Union (February 15, 1995).
- 20.
“Work on High Tech Site Means Business,” Albany, The Times Union (November 11, 1995).
- 21.
“Work on High-Tech Site Means Business,” Albany, The Times Union (November 11, 1995).
- 22.
“Pataki Budget Threatens Three Technology Programs,” Albany, The Times Union (January 17, 1997).
- 23.
“UAlbany, Varian Unveils Manufacturing Line,” Albany, The Times Union (September 13, 1996).
- 24.
“High-Tech Center at RPI, SUNY-A Work Together to Bring in Big R&D Dollars,” Albany Business Review (October 7, 1996). A key feature of the new line was a “cluster tool” designed to integrate as many as eight stand-alone tools, reducing the number of clean rooms required and significantly reducing costs. Ibid.
- 25.
“SUNY Albany, Stony Brook Named Partners for Latest Center for Advanced Technology,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (July 30, 1998).
- 26.
“Joins in Partnership with Stony Brook for New Endeavors,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (August 3, 1998).
- 27.
“If You Build It, They Will Come,” The Chronicle of Higher Education (February 7, 2003).
- 28.
“SUNY Albany, Stony Brook Named Partners for Latest Center for Advanced Technology,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (July 30, 1998).
- 29.
Robert W. Wagner, Academic Entrepreneurialism and New York State’s Centers of Excellence Policy , Ph.D. dissertation, (SUNY Albany, 2007), p. 81.
- 30.
Robert W. Wagner, Academic Entrepreneurialism and New York State’s Centers of Excellence Policy, Ph.D. dissertation, (SUNY Albany, 2007), pp. 101–102.
- 31.
Robert W. Wagner, Academic Entrepreneurialism and New York State’s Centers of Excellence Policy, Ph.D. dissertation, (SUNY Albany, 2007), p. 103.
- 32.
Robert W. Wagner, Academic Entrepreneurialism and New York State’s Centers of Excellence Policy, Ph.D. dissertation, (SUNY Albany, 2007), p. 155.
- 33.
The Fuller Road Management Corporation (FRMC), for example, was co-founded on an equal basis by the Research Foundation of the State of New York and the University at Albany Foundation. FRMC is private 501(c) not-for-profit real estate holding corporation formed in 1993 to “plan, design, develop, construct, own, operate, and lease facilities supporting the technical programs, strategic partnerships and business consortia” of SUNY Albany’s nanotechnology activities. The state continued to own the land under CESTM and the Center of Excellence but leased it to FRMC, which assumed responsibility for the land. New York State Office of the Comptroller General, Fuller Road Management Corporation, Report 2012-S-26, (January 2013), p. 5.
- 34.
Interview with Professor Catherine Hill, Saratoga Springs , New York (September 15, 2015).
- 35.
Edward V. Schneier, John Brian Murtaugh, and Antoinette Pole, New York Politics: A Tale of Two States (Armonk and London: M.E. Sharpe, 2010), p. 46.
- 36.
SUNY Buffalo State, “Research Foundation of SUNY Celebrates 60th Anniversary,” Press Release, February 15, 2011.
- 37.
Interview with Catherine Hill, Saratoga Springs, New York (September 15, 2015).
- 38.
National Research Council, Charles W. Wessner (rapporteur), New York’s Nanotechnology Model: Building the Innovation Economy (Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2013), p. 75.
- 39.
“High-tech Centers at RPI, SUNY-A Work Together to Bring in Big R&D Dollars,” Albany Business Review (October 7, 1996).
- 40.
“Semiconductor Industry Eyes Schools,” Albany, The Times Union (October 3, 1996).
- 41.
“High-tech Center at RPI, SUNY-A Work Together to Bring in Big R&D Dollars,” Albany Business Review (October 7, 1996).
- 42.
National Research Council, Charles W. Wessner (ed.) Securing the Future: Regional and National Programs to Support the Semiconductor Industry (Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2003), pp. 203–204.
- 43.
“Semiconductor Industry Eyes Schools,” Albany, The Times Union (October 3, 1996).
- 44.
“UAlbany, RPI Ready Research Center Bid,” Albany, The Times Union (November 6, 1997); “State Pays to Go High-Tech,” Albany The Times Union (December 2, 1997).
- 45.
“Semiconductor Research in Place,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (November 23, 1997).
- 46.
“Albany Draws Microchip Center,” Albany, The Times Union (August 12, 1998).
- 47.
“UAlbany, RPI, Join Microchip Network,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (August 12, 1998).
- 48.
Focus Center—New York was to receive $5.85 million from MARCO, $15 million from the state and $25 million in cash and equipment from industry. “Computer Technology Initiative a Reality,” Albany, The Times Union (December 10, 1998).
- 49.
- 50.
“New UAlbany Science Center Thriving,” Albany, The Times Union (May 20, 1997).
- 51.
“Millennium Modern Airily Impressive Science Center Offers a High-Tech Alternative to Areas,” Albany, The Times Union (March 23, 1997).
- 52.
“Semiconductor Industry Eyes Schools,” Albany, The Times Union (October 3, 1996).
- 53.
“UAlbany Banks on $10 M to Fund a Dream,” Albany, The Times Union (October 10, 1997).
- 54.
“$65 Million Chip Etching Tool Arrives,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (August 29, 2006).
- 55.
Michael Tittnich, et al., “A Year in the Life of an Immersion Lithography Alpha Tool at Albany Nano Tech,” in Proceedings of SPIE, Vol. 6151, Emerging Lithographic Technologies (2006), pp. 1–3.
- 56.
Robert W. Wagner, Academic Entrepreneurialism and New York State’s Centers of Excellence Policy, Ph.D. dissertation, (SUNY Albany, 2007), p. 84.
- 57.
“Researcher Outlines 21st Century Incubator,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (November 19, 1998).
- 58.
Interview with Catherine Hill, Counsel to Albany Chamber of Commerce, 1995–1996, Saratoga Springs, New York (September 15, 2015).
- 59.
“IBM Plant Likely a Magnet,” Albany, The Times Union (October 11, 2000).
- 60.
“UAlbany Center Hopes for High Tech Boost,” Albany, The Times Union (November 18, 1997). IBM’s Vice President John Kelly concurred that the SUNY Albany pilot line would benefit his company “because of the school’s proximity to the new [IBM] plant.” See “UAlbany High Tech Plans Get a Boost,” Albany, The Times Union (December 2, 1997).
- 61.
“Plant’s Benefit to Area Touted—IBM’S Facility May Spark Local Opportunities,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (October 11, 2000).
- 62.
Robert W. Wagner, Academic Entrepreneurialism and New York State’s Centers of Excellence Policy, Ph.D. dissertation, (SUNY Albany, 2007), p. 83.
- 63.
See “UAlbany High Tech Plans Get a Boost,” Albany, The Times Union (December 2, 1997).
- 64.
“UAlbany Chip Site to Get $18 M More—Pataki and Bruno to Announce Funding,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (February 15, 2000).
- 65.
“Plant Opens Door to Future,” Albany, The Times Union (October 15, 2000).
- 66.
“‘Clean Rooms’ are Eyed,” Albany Business Review (December 28, 1998).
- 67.
“‘Clean Rooms’ are Eyed,” Albany Business Review (December 28, 1998).
- 68.
“Silver Pledges Support for Chip Plant Clean Room,” Albany, The Times Union (February 24, 1999).
- 69.
“Research Initiative Will Benefit Area Universities,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (January 4, 2001); “Playing a Big Role in a Tiny World,” Albany, The Times Union (January 5, 2001).
- 70.
“$100 M Boosts Tech Center,” Albany, The Times Union (April 24, 2001).
- 71.
“$100 M Boosts Tech Center,” Albany, The Times Union (April 24, 2001).
- 72.
Michael Tittnich, et al., “A Year in the Life of an Immersion Lithography Alpha Tool at Albany Nano Tech,” in Proceedings of SPIE, Vol. 6151, Emerging Lithographic Technologies (2006).
- 73.
“Albany NanoTech Fills Toolbox,” Albany, The Times Union (August 26, 2004).
- 74.
“New Chips Mark UAlbany Milestone, Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (January 15, 2004).
- 75.
IBM’s John Kelly commented on the acquisition of the 193-nanometer immersion system: “That’s the first in the world and the most advanced lithography tools and it’s sitting in Albany NanoTech.” “Brain Power Will Win Nanotech Wars,” Albany Business Review (September 16, 2004).
- 76.
See generally National Research Council, Charles W. Wessner (ed.) Securing the Future: Regional and National Programs to Support the Semiconductor Industry (Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2003).
- 77.
“If You Build It, They Will Come,” The Chronicle of Higher Education (February 7, 2003); “Fall Meeting Planted Seed for Deal,” Albany The Times Union (July 18, 2002).
- 78.
“Sematech, SUNY Seal EUV Lithography Program,” Solid State Technology (January 29, 2003).
- 79.
“Sematech Touts the Benefits of its New York Alliance,” Austin American-Statesman (July 19, 2002).
- 80.
Michael Tittnich, et al., “A Year in the Life of an Immersion Lithography Alpha Tool at Albany Nano Tech,” in Proceedings of SPIE, Vol. 6151, Emerging Lithographic Technologies (2006); Vibhu Jindal, “Getting up to Speed with Roadmap Requirements for Extreme UV Lithography,” SPIENewsroom (January 2013).
- 81.
“Albany No Longer A Secret in High-Tech Chip World,” New York Times (July 19, 2002).
- 82.
“Momentum for New Hope,” Albany, The Times Union (November 22, 2002).
- 83.
“Getting All of Sematech Never Part of Area Plan,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (June 5, 2003).
- 84.
“Sematech Expands Presence at Albany With $50 M R&D Center,” Albany Business Review (January 26, 2006).
- 85.
“Details of Agreement Emerge in Contract Documents,” Albany, The Times Union (May 11, 2007); International Sematech Move Expected to Transform Albany Economy,” Austin Business Journal (May 10, 2007); “Legislation for Int’l Sematech Funding Approved by Assembly,” Albany Business Review (May 14, 2007).
- 86.
“Sematech Moving Operations, 100 Jobs to Albany,” Albany Business Review (October 12, 2010).
- 87.
“UAlbany Lands R&D Center,” Albany, The Times Union (November 21, 2002). TEL make machines for a number of steps in the semiconductor manufacturing process, including coating wafers with light-sensitive chemicals, circuit etching, and wafer cleaning. “Momentum for New Hope,” Albany, The Times Union (November 2, 2002).
- 88.
“If You Build It, They Will Come,” The Chronicle of Higher Education (February 7, 2003).
- 89.
Michael Tittnich, et al., “A Year in the Life of an Immersion Lithography Alpha Tool at Albany Nano Tech,” in Proceedings of SPIE, Vol. 6151, Emerging Lithographic Technologies (2006).
- 90.
“Tech Valley’s Love,” Albany, The Times Union (November 22, 2002).
- 91.
“Momentum for Hope,” Albany, The Times Union (November 22, 2002).
- 92.
“Tokyo Electron Plugging $300 M R&D Center Into Albany, NY,” Site Selection (December 2002).
- 93.
“School of Nanosciences Planned,” Albany, The Times Union (April 14, 2001).
- 94.
“Brand Name Tenants Fill Vacancies,” Albany, The Times Union (August 9, 2003).
- 95.
“New Chips Mark UAlbany Milestone,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (January 15, 2004).
- 96.
Office of the New York State Comptroller, Fuller Road Management Corporation & The Research Foundation of the State of New York: Use of State Funding for Research into Emerging Technologies at the State University of New York at Albany: Nanotechnology (2010-S-4) http://www.osc.state.ny.us/audits/allaudits/093010/10s4.pdf , page 13.
- 97.
National Research Council, Charles W. Wessner (rapporteur), New York’s Nanotechnology Model: Building the Innovation Economy (Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2013), p. 77.
- 98.
Laura I. Schultz, “Nanotechnology’s Triple Helix: A Case Study of The University of Albany’s College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering,” Journal of Technology Transfer (2011), p. 560.
- 99.
“IBM, Partners Creating 1000+ Jobs With $2.7 Billion in New York Projects,” Site Selection (January 2005).
- 100.
“Upstate New York Gets Nod For Sematech’s $403 M R&D Center,” Site Selection (July 2002).
- 101.
“IBM’s Big New York Compute: $1.5 B Investment, 1000 Jobs,” Site Selection (August 2008).
- 102.
“IBM’s Big New York Computer: $1.5 B Investment, 1000 Jobs,” Site Selection (August 2008).
- 103.
“New Deal in Works at Arsenal,” Albany, The Times Union (February 10, 2014).
- 104.
“UAlbany Project Raises Hopes,” Albany, The Times Union (January 6, 2005).
- 105.
“Firm Moving Headquarters to Arsenal,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (February 10, 2010).
- 106.
“GlobalFoundries Construction Moving HQ from Texas to Watervliet ,” Saratoga Springs, The Saratogian (February 9, 2010).
- 107.
“M + W Move a Sign of High Tech to Come,” Albany, The Times Union (February 10, 2010).
- 108.
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, http://rpi.edu/president/profile.html
- 109.
“RPI Creates Center for Nanotechnology Studies,” Albany, The Times Union (March 30, 2001).
- 110.
“RPI to Get Supercomputer—System Expected to Create 300–500 Jobs,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (May 11, 2006).
- 111.
“A ‘Magical’ Moment for Tech Valley—Many Await Chance to Use RPI Supercomputers Which Will Link Region to a Powerful Network,” Albany, The Times Union (May 12, 2006).
- 112.
“RPI to Get Supercomputer—System Expected to create 300–500 Jobs,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (May 11, 2006).
- 113.
National Research Council, Charles W. Wessner (rapporteur), New York’s Nanotechnology Model: Building the Innovation Economy (Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2013), p. 69.
- 114.
“UAlbany to Have Nanotech College,” Albany, The Times Union (January 8, 2004).
- 115.
“Nano College Propels UAlbany Program,” Albany Business Review (April 22, 2004); “Nanoscience College Destined for Albany,” Albany Business Review (April 20, 2004). The SUNY Albany School of NanoSciences and NanoEngineering was absorbed by CNSE.
- 116.
“It’s More Than a Tech Transfer,” Albany Business Review (September 2, 2004).
- 117.
Interview with Karen Hitchcock , Troy New York (April 4, 2013), in National Research Council, Charles W. Wessner (ed), Best Practices In State and Regional Innovation Initiatives: Competing in the 21st Century (Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2013), p. 153.
- 118.
Laura I. Schultz, “Nanotechnology’s Triple Helix: A Case Study of the University of Albany’s College of Nanoscale Engineering,” Journal of Technology Transfer (2011), p. 553.
- 119.
Laura I. Schultz, “Nanotechnology’s Triple Helix: A Case Study of the University of Albany’s College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering,” Journal of Technology Transfer (2011), p. 560.
- 120.
Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, http://jsnn.ncat.uncg.edu/
- 121.
“It’s More Than a Tech Transfer,” Albany Business Review (September 2, 2004).
- 122.
CNSE, A Proposal for Undergraduate Academic Programs Leading to the B.S. in Nanoscale Science and B.S. in Nanoscale Engineering (Submitted to SUNY Albany Senate, May 5, 2008), p. 7.
- 123.
Pradeep Haldar, “Pioneering Innovation to Drive an Educational and Economic Renaissance in New York State,” in National Research Council, Charles W. Wessner (rapporteur), New York’s Nanotechnology Model: Building the Innovation Economy (Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2013), p. 81.
- 124.
SUNY Working Group Report, The SUNY College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering (June 13, 2013), p. 5 (“SUNY Working Group Report on CNSE”).
- 125.
Laura I. Schultz, “Nanotechnology’s Triple Helix: A Case Study of the University of Albany’s College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering,” Journal of Technology Transfer (2011), p. 561.
- 126.
“Small Times Magazine Ranks UAlbany College Tops in Nanotech,” Albany Business Review (May 12, 2006).
- 127.
SUNY Working Group Report, The SUNY College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering (June 13, 2013), p. 5 (“SUNY Working Group Report on CNSE”), p. 5.
- 128.
Jason Chernock and Jan Youtie, “State University of New York at Albany Nanotech Complex,” in Georgia Tech Enterprise Innovation Institute , Best Practices in Foreign Direct Investment and Exporting Based on Regional Industry Clusters (Atlanta: Georgia Tech Research Corporation, February 2013, Prepared for the Economic Development Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce), p. 65.
- 129.
Laura I. Schultz, “Nanotechnology’s Triple Helix: A Case Study of the University of Albany’s College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering,” Journal of Technology Transfer (2011), p. 553.
- 130.
Harpal Dhillon, Salahuddin Qazi, and Sohail Anwar, “Mitigation of Barriers to Commercialization of Nanotechnology: An Overview of Two Successful University-Based Initiatives.” Proceedings of the ASEE 2008 Annual Conference (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 2008).
- 131.
“High Tech Companies Team Up on Chip Research,” Wall Street Journal (August 27, 2012).
- 132.
Interview with Catherine Hill, former counsel to Albany County Chamber of Commerce (September 16, 2015).
- 133.
College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, “Landing Edge Research and Development Research Centers,” http://www.sunycnse.com/LandingEdgeResearchandDevelopmentResearchCenters
- 134.
“More Chips in Tech Jackpot,” Albany, The Times Union (July 19, 2005).
- 135.
“More Chips in Tech Jackpot,” Albany, The Times Union (July 19, 2005).
- 136.
“Huge Prize Awaits Tiny Science—UAlbany to Play Role in Nanotech,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (January 4, 2016).“Better Microchips Sought by Alliance,” Kansas City Star (July 19, 2005).
- 137.
“New York Gets Nanotech Institute,” Albany Business Review (January 3, 2006).
- 138.
“Albany Leads in Tiny Realm,” Albany, The Times Union (January 3, 2006).
- 139.
“$2.7 Billion Boost for Tech Valley,” Albany, The Times Union (January 5, 2005); “UAlbany Project Raises Hopes,” Albany, The Times Union (January 6, 2005).
- 140.
“$300 M Partnership for Nano Tech,” Albany, The Times Union (September 27, 2005); “More than 100 High Tech Jobs to be Created,” Troy, The Record (September 27, 2005).
- 141.
In September 2014, CNSE was transferred to the State University of New York at Utica-Rome (SUNY IT), merging with it to form a new entity, SUNY Polytechnic Institute (SUNY Poly).
- 142.
SUNY POLY, “SUNY Poly CNSE Announces Milestone as M + W Group Opens US Headquarters at Albany Nanotech Complex and Research Alliance Begins $105 M Solar Power Initiative,” Press Release, October 21, 2015.
- 143.
“Governor Cuomo and Vice President Biden Announce New York State to Lead Prestigious National Integrated Photonics Manufacturing Institute,” New York State Press Release, July 27, 2015.
- 144.
“Teaming Up to Get Workers Ready for the Tech of the Future,” Columbia, South Carolina The State (September 12, 2015).
- 145.
“Photonics: The Next Big Thing,” Albany The Times Union (May 12, 2018).
- 146.
“Albany NanoTech is Magnet for Companies That Make the Tools That Make the Chips,” Albany Business Review (December 26, 2005).
- 147.
“Albany NanoTech is Magnet for Companies That Make the Tools That Make the Chips,” Albany Business Review (December 26, 2005).
- 148.
“Region Draws British Company,” Albany, The Times Union (October 19, 2006); “U.K. Transplant Seeks 60 Employees for R&D, High-Tech Manufacturing,” Albany Business Review (January 22, 2007).
- 149.
GlobalFoundries, “SUNY Poly and GlobalFoundries Announce New $500 M R&D Program in Albany to Accelerate Next Generation Chip Technology,” Press Release (February 9, 2016).
- 150.
“IBM Promises 326 New Jobs at SUNY Poly,” Albany The Times Union (February 20, 2019).
- 151.
“UAlbany Picked for Chip Research,” Albany, The Times Union (November 1, 1998).
- 152.
“Defense Bill Has Funds for Region,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (July 24, 2004).
- 153.
“Naval Research Leader Likes UAlbany’s Nanotechnology,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (August 25, 2004).
- 154.
“U.S. Army and UAlbany NanoCollege Sign Agreement to Establish Unique Research Partnership,” Nanowerk (May 20, 2008).
- 155.
“Plans to Spin off College in Play,” Albany, The Times Union (March 14, 2013).
- 156.
SUNY Board of Trustees Resolution No. 2004–41, adopted April 20, 2004.
- 157.
SUNY Board of Trustees Resolution No. 2008–165, adopted November 18, 2008.
- 158.
CNSE Working Group, The SUNY College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering: A Vibrant Engine for Innovation, Education, Entrepreneurship and Economic Vitality for the State of New York (June 13, 2013). The working group included representatives of CNSE, the governor’s office, SUNY Albany, the SUNY Research Foundation, and the SUNY Board of Trustees.
- 159.
“Nano U, Big Questions,” Albany, The Times Union (March 15, 2013).
- 160.
SUNY Working Group Report, The SUNY College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering (June 13, 2013), p. 5 (“SUNY Working Group Report on CNSE”), pp. 1, 6, and 12.
- 161.
UAlbany/CNSE/IT Implementation Teams, Report to the SUNY Board of Trustees on the Potential Merger of the SUNY Institute of Technology and the SUNY College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering (2013).
- 162.
“CNSE to Spin Off on its Own,” Albany, The Times Union (July 17, 2013).
- 163.
“A Nano Model Ripe for Export,” Albany, The Times Union (October 24, 2013).
- 164.
Comment by Tom Clynne, President of Infrared Components Corp, of Utica (later named Critical Imaging), a maker of infrared components and cameras, in “Playing a Big Role in a Tiny World,” Albany, The Times Union (January 5, 2001); “Imaging Firm to Work With NanoTech,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (February 24, 2005). In 2004, with the collaboration of CNSE’s Professor Bai Xu, an expert in micro-electro-mechanical structure, Utica-based Critical Imaging was able to fabricate prototype 200 mm wafers for Silicon-based infrared sensor devices “Imaging Firm to Work With NanoTech,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazatte (February 24, 2005).
- 165.
“Utica Region in Running for Nanotech Support Jobs. Utica, Observer-Dispatch (July 22, 2008); “Nanogeek, the Man Behind SUNYIT’s Nanotech Project, “Utica Observer-Dispatch (November 28, 2009); “SUNYIT Tech Partnership to Bring 475 Jobs,” Utica Observer-Dispatch (July 15, 2009).
- 166.
“Major Technology Partnership Announced,” US Fed News (July 21, 2009).
- 167.
Office of the Governor, “Governor Cuomo Announces $4.4 Billion Investment by International Technology Group Led by Intel and IBM to Develop Next Generation Computer Chip Technology in New York,” Press Release, (September 27, 2011) http://www.governor.ny.gov/press/092711chiptechnologyinvestment
- 168.
“State Funding Isn’t Why Chip Group Died,” Albany, The Times Union (January 14, 2017).
- 169.
“Chip Makers Winding Down SUNY Research Program,” The Buffalo News (January 12, 2017).
- 170.
“Chip Giants Leave SUNY Alliance,” Albany, The Times Union (January 11, 2017).
- 171.
“EUV is key to 450 mm Wafers,” Semiconductor Engineering (July 31, 2014).
- 172.
“Why 450 mm Wafer?” Semiconductor Engineering (August 8, 2012).
- 173.
“What Happened to 450 mm?” Semiconductor Engineering (July 17, 2014). In addition, the European Commission was exploring the feasibility of building a 450 mm fab in Europe. “In the Space of Five Years, It Looks Like 450 mm Manufacturing Has Become Surplus to Current Requirements,” New Electronics (June 28, 2016).
- 174.
“450 Mm/Copper/Low-K Convergence Report 2017,” Business Wire (May 10, 2017).
- 175.
“The Bumpy Road to 450 mm,” Semiconductor Engineering (May 16, 2013).
- 176.
A frequently overlooked phenomenon is that in each generational shift in wafer size, the percentage of wafer costs attributable to lithography increases, and per-chip lithography costs do not drop with changes in wafer size (the cost savings are attributable to other processes, such as deposition and etch). Lithography accounted for 20–25 percent of the cost of making chips on 150 mm wafers. At 200 mm, lithography was 25 percent of total cost, and at 300 mm, 50 percent. “Every time wafer size increases, the importance of lithography to the overall cost of making a chip grows. . . . Each wafer size increase affects only the non-litho costs, but those costs are becoming a smaller fraction of the total because of wafer size increases.” At 450 mm, in a worst-case scenario, lithography could account for 75 percent of the cost of making a device. “Why 450 mm Wafers?” Semiconductor Engineering (August 8, 2012).
- 177.
“450 mm and Other Emergency Measures,” Semiconductor Engineering (September 22, 2016).
- 178.
“Is 450 mm Dead in the Water?” Semiconductor Engineering (May 15, 2014).
- 179.
“The Bumpy Road to 450 mm,” Semiconductor Engineering (May 16, 2013).
- 180.
As noted in the front matter of this book, the study also drew on interviews carried out by the authors and numerous articles from The Times Union (Albany), The Daily Gazette (Schenectady), the Albany Business Review (Albany), The Post-Star (Glens Falls), The Record (Troy) , The Saratogian (Saratoga Springs), The Buffalo News (Buffalo), The Observer-Dispatch (Utica), The Daily Messenger (Canandaigua), and the Post-Standard (Syracuse). These are not individually included in the bibliography.
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Wessner, C.W., Howell, T.R. (2020). Nanotechnology Research in Albany, 1980–2016. In: Regional Renaissance. International Studies in Entrepreneurship, vol 42. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21194-3_3
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