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Upstate New York: Reversing Economic Decline Through Innovation

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Regional Renaissance

Part of the book series: International Studies in Entrepreneurship ((ISEN,volume 42))

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Abstract

For a half century, New York’s leaders have worked to reverse the state’s decline relative to other states and regions in manufacturing, particularly in upstate areas experiencing an erosion of companies and jobs. This effort, based on the promotion of innovation driven by the state’s universities and colleges, has been sustained by a succession of governors and legislative leaders of both political parties. In the Capital Region, New York’s developmental effort, drawing on best practices from Silicon Valley and other dynamic regions, was sufficient to enable the state to make a strong albeit unsuccessful bid to attract Sematech (1988) and to persuade IBM to reverse a decision to move its headquarters out of the state (1995). These policies provided the foundation for further growth in the decade ahead.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Hamilton’s Report on Manufactures, which recommended subsidies, workforce training and trade protection, was not implemented by Congress. Thomas Jefferson stated that Hamilton’s proposed industrial policy “flowed from principles adverse to liberty, and was calculated to undermine and demolish the republic.” Jefferson to Washington, September 1792, cited in Douglas A. Irwin, “The Aftermath of Hamilton’s Report on Manufactures,” The Journal of Economic History (September 2004), p. 813. For a survey of recent US policy debates on industrial policy, see Wendy H. Schact, Industrial Competitiveness and Technological Advancement: Debate Over Government Policy (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, December 3, 2013).

  2. 2.

    Morton Schoolman and Alvin Magid (eds.) Reindustrializing New York State: Strategies, Implications, Challenges (Albany: SUNY Press, 1986), pp. 27–29. Economist Erik Reinert observed in 2007 that “…since its founding fathers, the United States has always been torn between two traditions, the activist policies of Alexander Hamilton (1755–1804) and Thomas Jefferson’s (1743–1826) maxim that ‘the government that governs least, governs best’. With time and usual American pragmatism, this rivalry has been resolved by putting the Jeffersonians in charge of the rhetoric and the Hamiltonians in charge of policy.” Erik Reinert, How Rich Countries Got Rich and Why Poor Countries Stay Poor (London: Constable, 2007), p. 23.

  3. 3.

    Edward V. Schneier, John Brian Murtaugh, and Antoinette Pole, New York Politics: A Tale of Two States (Armonk and London: M.E. Sharpe, 2010), p. 12.

  4. 4.

    Timothy B. Clark, “The Frostbelt Fights for a New Future,” Empire State Report II (October–November 1976), p. 332.

  5. 5.

    Peter D. McClelland and Alan L. Magdovitz, Crisis in the Making: The Political Economy of New York State Since 1945 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981), p. 61.

  6. 6.

    Peter D. McClelland and Alan L. Magdovitz, Crisis in the Making: The Political Economy of New York State Since 1945 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981), p. 59.

  7. 7.

    National Research Council, Charles W. Wessner (ed), Competing in the 21st Century: Best Practices In State and Regional Innovation Initiatives: Competing in the 21st Century (Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2013), p. 144.

  8. 8.

    Rolf Pendall, Upstate New York’s Population Plateau: The Third-Slowest Growing State (Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 2003).

  9. 9.

    Robert F. Pecorella, “Regional Political Conflict in New York State,” in Robert F. Pecorella and Jeffrey M. Stonecash, (eds) Governing New York State (Albany: SUNY Press, 2012), p. 14.

  10. 10.

    Stuart W. Leslie, “Regional Disadvantage: Replicating Silicon Valley in New York’s Capital Region,” Technology and Culture (2001), p. 237.

  11. 11.

    Robert D. McNeil, et al., “Barriers to Nanotechnology Commercialization,” Report prepared for U.S. Department of Commerce Technology Administration (Springfield: The University of Illinois, September 2007).

  12. 12.

    Martin Schoolman, “Solving the Dilemma of Statesmanship: Reindustrialization Through an Evolving Democratic Plan,” in Morton Schoolman and Alvin Magid (eds.) Reindustrializing New York State: Strategies, Implications, Challenges (Albany: SUNY Press, 1986), p. 18.

  13. 13.

    Edward V. Schneier, John Brian Murtaugh, and Antionette Pole, New York Politics: A Tale of Two States (Armonk and London: M.E. Sharpe, 2010), p. 41.

  14. 14.

    Edward V. Schneier, John Brian Murtaugh, and Antionette Pole, New York Politics: A Tale of Two States (Armonk and London: M.E. Sharpe, 2010), p. 8.

  15. 15.

    “Campus Poses Transport Challenge,” Albany, The Times Union (May 10, 2004).

  16. 16.

    E. Michael Tucker, “The Rise of Tech Valley,” Economic Development Journal (Fall 2008), pp. 35–36.

  17. 17.

    Edward V. Schneier, John Brian Murtaugh, and Antoinette Pole, New York Politics: A Tale of Two States (Armonk and London: M.E. Sharpe, 2010), p. 24.

  18. 18.

    Morton Schoolman and Alvin Magid (eds.) Reindustrializing New York State: Strategies, Implications, Challenges (Albany: SUNY Press, 1986), p. 29.

  19. 19.

    Interview with Ray Rudolph, Chairman, CHA Companies (September 15, 2015).

  20. 20.

    Edward V. Schneier, John Brian Murtaugh, and Antoinette Pole, New York Politics: A Tale of Two States (Armonk and London: M.E. Sharpe, 2010), pp. 27–28.

  21. 21.

    Michael Black and Richard Worthington, “The Center for Industrial Innovation at RPI,” in Morton Schoolman and Alvin Magid (eds.) Reindustrializing New York State: Strategies, Implications and Challenges (Albany: SUNY Press, 1986), pp. 261–265.

  22. 22.

    “Legislature Stakes Out New Priorities as Convention Continues,” Troy, The Record (January 4, 2008).

  23. 23.

    Elizabeth Tandy Shermer, “Nelson Rockefeller and the State University of New York’s Rapid Rise and Decline,” (Rockefeller Archive Center Research Reports Online, 2015), p. 3.

  24. 24.

    Peter D. McClelland and Alan L. Magdovitz, Crisis in the Making: The Political Economy of New York State Since 1945 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981), p. 104; Nicholas Lowe, “Southern Industrialization Revisited: Industrial Recruitment as a Strategic Tool for Local Economic Development,” in Daniel P. Gitterman (Ed.), The Way Forward: Building a Globally Competitive South (Chapel Hill: Global Research Institute, 2011); National Research Council, Charles W. Wessner (ed), Best Practices In State and Regional Innovation Initiatives: Competing in the 21st Century (Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2013).

  25. 25.

    Stuart W. Leslie and Robert H. Kargon, “Selling Silicon Valley: Frederick Terman’s Model for Regional Advantage,” Business History Review (Winter 1996).

  26. 26.

    Stuart W. Leslie, “Regional Disadvantage: Replicating Silicon Valley in New York’s Capital Region ,” Technology and Culture (2001).

  27. 27.

    At the end of World War II, all of New York’s universities were supervised by the University of the State of New York, whose powerful Board of Regents had propelled New York into a national leadership position in primary and secondary education. With respect to higher learning, the Regents championed the state’s private universities and fought creation of competing state institutions. Syracuse University’s chancellor warned at war’s end that while temporary state institutions might be opened to serve returning GIs, “we ought to guard against the danger of temporary agencies becoming permanent institutions. We do not want an embryo of a state university . . . which would be difficult to liquidate.” John B. Clark, W. Bruce Leslie, and Kenneth P. O’Brien (eds.), SUNY at Sixty: The Promise of the State University of New York (Albany: SUNY Press, 2010) , p. xvii.

  28. 28.

    Roger L. Geiger, “Better Late Than Never: Intentions, Timing and Results in Creating SUNY Research Universities,” in John B. Clark, W. Bruce Leslie, and Kenneth P. O’Brien (eds.), SUNY at Sixty: The Promise of the State University of New York (Albany: SUNY Press, 2010), p. 172. SUNY was created under the leadership of Governor Thomas E. Dewey to provide for the education of returning GIs and in response to exposés of discrimination and anti-Semitism in New York’s private universities. Tod Ottman, “Forging SUNY in New York’s Political Cauldron” in John B. Clark, W. Bruce Leslie, and Kenneth P. O’Brien (eds.), SUNY at Sixty: The Promise of the State University of New York (Albany: SUNY Press, 2010), pp. 15–29.

  29. 29.

    P. D. McClelland and A. L. Magdovitz, Crisis in the Making: The Political Economy of New York State Since 1945, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (1981), p. 182.

  30. 30.

    Roger L. Geiger, “Better Late Than Never: Intentions, Timing and Results in Creating SUNY Research Universities,” in John B. Clark, W. Bruce Leslie, and Kenneth P. O’Brien (eds.), SUNY at Sixty: The Promise of the State University of New York (Albany: SUNY Press, 2010), p. 176.

  31. 31.

    “The Father of Silicon Valley,” TechHistoryWorks (September 21, 2016). http://www.techhistoryworks.com/silicon-valley-history/2016/9/21/the-father-of-silicon-valley.

  32. 32.

    Stuart W. Leslie and Robert H. Kargon, “Selling Silicon Valley: Frederick Terman’s Model for Regional Advantage,” Business History Review (Winter 1996).

  33. 33.

    National Research Council, C. Wessner (ed.), Best Practices in State and Regional Innovation Initiatives (Washington DC: The National Academies Press, 2013), pp. 219–27; Timothy J. Sturgeon, “How Silicon Valley Came to Be,” in Martin Kenney (Ed.), Understanding Silicon Valley: The Anatomy of an Entrepreneurial Region (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2000); “Upstarts and Rabble Rousers … Stanford Fetes 4 Decades of Computer Science,” San Francisco Chronicle (March 20, 2006).

  34. 34.

    Henry Etzkowitz, “Silicon Valley: The Sustainability of an Innovation Region,” Triple Helix Research Group, 2012.

  35. 35.

    AnnaLee Saxenian, Regional Advantage: Culture and Competition in Silicon Valley and Route 128 (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1994), p. 20.

  36. 36.

    Stuart W. Leslie and Robert H. Karagon, “Selling Silicon Valley: Fredrick Terman’s Model for Regional Advantage,” Business History Review (Winter 1996), p. 437.

  37. 37.

    AnnaLee Saxenian, Regional Advantage: Culture and Competition in Silicon Valley and Route 128 (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1994), pp. 22–24; C. Stewart Gillmore, Fred Terman at Stanford: Building a Discipline, a University, and Silicon Valley (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004).

  38. 38.

    John W. Kalas, “Reindustrialization in New York: The Role of the State University,” in Morton Schoolman and Alvin Magid (eds.) Reindustrializing New York State: Strategies, Implications, Challenges (Albany: SUNY Press, 1986).

  39. 39.

    Stuart W. Leslie, “Regional Disadvantage: Replicating Silicon Valley in New York’s Capital Region ,” Technology and Culture (2001); “RPI will Devote More Attention to Research—Locally, University at Albany Has Stolen Much of the Spotlight,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (April 2, 2000). Terman’s 1968 survey of engineering schools in New York found that enrollment in Ph.D. programs in engineering were “surprisingly weak for a state as industrialized as New York,” and that in general, New York institutions were “nearly all lacking in top leadership.” Terman advised that “faculty, not buildings or improved equipment, should be the state’s highest priority.” C. Stewart Gilmore, Fred Terman at Stanford: Building a University, a Discipline, and Silicon Valley (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2014), p. 459.

  40. 40.

    “RPI Will Devote More Attention to Research—Locally, University at Albany Has Stolen Much of the Spotlight,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (April 2, 2000). Reflecting RPI’s preeminence in undergraduate engineering education, GlobalFoundries’ New York-based semiconductor manufacturing operation recruits more of its workforce from RPI than anywhere else. Keynote Address by RPI President Shirley Ann Jackson, National Research Council Symposium, “New York’s Nanotechnology Model: Building the Innovation Economy,” Albany, New York, April 4, 2013.

  41. 41.

    Low, serving as NASA’s Chief of Manned Space Flight, wrote a memo to President Kennedy suggesting that it was technologically possible to put a man on the moon. Based on that memo, Kennedy made the dramatic statement in 1961 that man would land on the moon and return safely to earth by the end of the 1960s. “The Legacy of George Low,” Albany Business Review (November 26, 2003).

  42. 42.

    Stuart W. Leslie, “Regional Disadvantage: Replicating Silicon Valley in New York’s Capital Region,” Technology and Culture (2001).

  43. 43.

    Stuart W. Leslie , “Regional Disadvantage: Replicating Silicon Valley in New York’s Capital Region,” Technology and Culture (2001).The legislation establishing CII provided that the state’s Urban Development Corporation would let $30 million in bonds and lend the funds to RPI to finance construction of the facility, with the state holding a lien on the property. Upon completion of the construction, the state would lease the facility from RPI and lease it back for $600 thousand per year until the principle was paid off. The state paid the interest, and RPI assumed responsibility for the estimated $35 million cost of equipping the facility. Michael Black and Richard Worthington, “The Center for Industrial Innovation at RPI: Critical Reflections on New York’s Economic Recovery,” in Morton Schoolman and Alvin Magid (eds.) Reindustrializing New York State: Strategies, Implications and Challenges (Albany: SUNY Press, 1986), p. 261.

  44. 44.

    Terman oversaw the creation of Stanford Industrial Park on land owned by the university after World War II. His goal was to create a university-linked center of high technology. Varian Associates became the first industrial tenant in 1951, followed by Hewlett Packard, GE, Kodak, and others, including the Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory, a corporate seedbed whose offspring and descendants included Fairchild Semiconductor, Intel, and Advanced Micro Devices. Terman used his former student, David Packard, co-founder of Hewlett-Packard, to explain to companies the benefits of physical proximity to a cooperative research university. By 1977 the park hosted 75 companies and 19,000 employees. C. Stewart Gilmore, Fred Terman at Stanford: Building a University, a Discipline, and Silicon Valley (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2014), p. 328; Carolyn Tajnai, “From the Valley of Heart’s Delight to Silicon Valley: A Study of Stanford University’s Role in the Transformation,” Stanford: Stanford University Department of Computer Science, 1996).

  45. 45.

    “Incubating Tech Valley,” Albany Business Review (February 8, 2010).

  46. 46.

    Stuart W. Leslie, “Regional Disadvantage: Replicating Silicon Valley in New York’s Capital Region ,” Technology and Culture (2001).

  47. 47.

    Stuart W. Leslie, “Regional Disadvantage: Replicating Silicon Valley in New York’s Capital Region,” Technology and Culture (2001).

  48. 48.

    Stuart W. Leslie, “Regional Disadvantage: Replicating Silicon Valley in New York’s Capital Region,” Technology and Culture (2001).

  49. 49.

    “The Legacy of George Low,” Albany Business Review (November 26, 2003).

  50. 50.

    “The Legacy of George Low,” Albany Business Review (November 26, 2003).

  51. 51.

    George Low, Memorandum for the Record, “Texas’ Quest for MCC,” August 11, 1983, RPI Archives, cited in Stuart W. Leslie, “Regional Disadvantage: Replicating Silicon Valley in New York’s Capital Region ,” Technology and Culture (2001).

  52. 52.

    “The Legacy of George Low,” Albany Business Review (November 26, 2003).

  53. 53.

    “Cuomo Pushes Technology to Kickstart State’s Engine,” Watertown Daily Times (January 27, 1994); “Hi-Tech Funding Extended—Su Cater, Six Others to Benefit,” Syracuse Herald-Journal (March 16, 1987).

  54. 54.

    “Cuomo Tells IUE: High Tech Manufacturing Needed,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (May 22, 1982).

  55. 55.

    John B. Clark, W. Bruce Leslie, and Kenneth P. O’Brien (eds.), SUNY at Sixty: The Promise of the State University of New York (Albany: SUNY Press, 2010), p. 142.

  56. 56.

    Morton Schoolman, “Solving the Dilemma of Statesmanship: Reindustrialization Through a Democratic Plan,” Morton Schoolman and Alvin Magid (eds.), Reindustrializing New York State: Strategies, Implications and Challenges (Albany: SUNY Albany Press; 1986).

  57. 57.

    “IBM Pushes for Chip Consortium,” Ft. Lauderdale, Sun Sentinel (January 7, 1987).

  58. 58.

    Robert M. Burger, Cooperative Research: The New Paradigm (Durham: Semiconductor Research Corporation, 2001).

  59. 59.

    See summary of remarks by John E. Kelly in National Research Council, Charles W. Wessner (rapporteur), The 5/14/2019 in the United States (Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2011), p. 73. Between its inception in 1983 and 2011, SRC invested $1.3 billion, supported 7500 graduate students through 3000 research contracts, 1700 faculty, and 241 universities. SRC support resulted in more than 43,000 technical documents, 326 patents, 579 software tools, and work on 2315 research tasks and products. See summary of remarks by Larry Sumney in National Research Council, Charles W. Wessner (rapporteur), The Future of Photovoltaic Manufacturing in the United States (Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2011), pp. 184–185.

  60. 60.

    Robert M. Burger, Cooperative Research: The New Paradigm (Durham: Semiconductor Research Corporation, 2001), p. 59.

  61. 61.

    Robert R. Schaller, Technological Innovation in the Semiconductor Industry: A Case Study of the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors, Ph.D. Dissertation (Arlington, VA: George Mason University, 2004), pp. 442–443.

  62. 62.

    Robert M. Burger, Cooperative Research: The New Paradigm (Durham: Semiconductor Research Corporation, 2001), pp. 67–68.

  63. 63.

    Robert M. Burger, Cooperative Research: The New Paradigm (Durham: Semiconductor Research Corporation, 2001).

  64. 64.

    Robert M. Burger, Cooperative Research: The New Paradigm (Durham: Semiconductor Research Corporation, 2001), p. 70.

  65. 65.

    See generally the summary of comments by Gordon Moore of Intel Corporation in National Research Council, Charles W. Wessner (ed.) Securing the Future: Regional and National Programs to Support the Semiconductor Industry (Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2003).

  66. 66.

    “Industry Group Plans Cooperative—RPI Eyed as Semiconductor Manufacturing Site,” Albany, The Times Union (May 22, 1987).

  67. 67.

    “Cuomo Urges Bill to Draw High Tech,” Albany, The Times Union (July 1, 1987).

  68. 68.

    “State Fights Silicon Valley for Computer Chip Site,” Albany, Knickerbocker News (July 29, 1987).

  69. 69.

    “A Vigorous Effort,” Syracuse, The Post Standard (September 1, 1987).

  70. 70.

    Vetter stated “I have to ask why New York has to offer $40 million (in incentives): is it because Troy, N.Y. . . . is such a lousy place to locate? Have you ever tried to get to Troy, N.Y.? It’s not an easy job.” “Officials outraged by Texas Shot at Troy as Lousy Site for Project,” Albany, The Times Union (September 3, 1987).

  71. 71.

    “State to Up Ante in Sematech Pot to $80 M,” Albany, Knickerbocker News (December 3, 1987).

  72. 72.

    “Sematech Decision Tipped by Existing Building, State Aid,” Albany, The Times Union (January 7, 1988).

  73. 73.

    “Sematech Decision Tipped by Existing Building, State Aid,” Albany, The Times Union (January 7, 1988).

  74. 74.

    “Funding Roller-Coaster Derails Research,” The Buffalo News (June 10, 1992).

  75. 75.

    The University at Albany is also sometimes referred to as “UAlbany” or “UA.”

  76. 76.

    Kayloyeros earned his Ph.D. in physics from the University of Illinois at Champaign–Urbana. His research area, methods of applying metal coatings to manufactured objects, was “such a hot area of research that he was able to pick and choose among the many universities that recruited him.” “Love of Teaching Brought Scientist to Capital District,” Albany, The Times Union (December 11, 1990).

  77. 77.

    Susan V. Herbst, provost and acting president of SUNY Albany, in “A Raise for the Record Books,” Inside Higher Ed (June 5, 2007).

  78. 78.

    “Nano’s Seeds Planted Long Ago,” Albany, The Times Union (October 3, 2011).

  79. 79.

    Michael Buser, “The Production of Space in Metropolitan Regions: A Lefebvrian Analysis of Governance and Spatial Change,” Planning Theory (March 21, 2012), pp. 288–289; “A Special Executive is Needed,” Albany The Times Union (May 10, 1987). A 1988 editorial in the Albany Times Union, noting CEG’s formation, stated that “For too long, local politicians and executives have kept their distances, each fearing that closer ties might be against their best interests. That has led to a parochial approach in which neither side has been a winner. Executives viewed politicians as more interested in votes than in helping the economy grow. Politicians feared executives might spell trouble if their plans for expansion offended special interest groups. The price of parochialism has been high—a drop of 15 points in the national standings.” “More Airport Study? Yes,” Albany, The Times Union (May 12, 1988).

  80. 80.

    “Million Dollar Drive Getting Under Way Economic Development Fund-Raiser,” Albany The Times Union (March 26, 1987).

  81. 81.

    Interview with former Executive Director of NYSTAR Michael Relyea (January 8, 2016).

  82. 82.

    “The Argument for Regionalization,” Albany, The Times Union (April 11, 1993).

  83. 83.

    Michael Buser, “The Production of Space in Metropolitan Regions: A Lefebvrian Analysis of Governance and Spatial Change,” Planning Theory (March 21, 2012), p. 289; “Business Group Pushes $390 M Airport Expansions,” Albany, The Times Union (August 4, 1989).

  84. 84.

    “Not Yet Tech Valley, But Getting Closer,” Albany, The Times Union (March 7, 1999); “Obama Nods to Tech Valley,” Albany, The Times Union (September 20, 2009).

  85. 85.

    “Tech Valley Image Has Winning Edge,” Albany, The Times Union (October 7, 1999).

  86. 86.

    “New on Tech Valley Roads,” Albany, The Times Union (January 23, 2000).

  87. 87.

    Michael Buser, “The Production of Space in Metropolitan Regions: A Lefebvrian Analysis of Governance and Spatial Change,” Planning Theory (March 21, 2012), p. 289.

  88. 88.

    “Region Thrives Amid High-Tech Revolution,” Albany, The Times Union (March 19, 2013).

  89. 89.

    “Even Bad Publicity is Good,” Albany, The Times Union (November 28, 1999).

  90. 90.

    “Tech Valley Living Up to its New Name,” Albany, The Times Union (January 30, 2000).

  91. 91.

    IBM’s employment in the Hudson Valley peaked in 1984 at 31,300 jobs. “The Town IBM Left Behind,” Business Week (September 10, 1995).

  92. 92.

    “IBM Posts Biggest Loss in U.S. Corporate History,” Albany, The Times Union (January 20, 1993).

  93. 93.

    “IBM to Cut 3500 Jobs From New York Plants,” Albany, The Times Union (January 7, 1993).

  94. 94.

    “IBM Braces for Additional Cuts, Plans to Implement First Layoffs,” Watertown Daily Times (February 25, 1993).

  95. 95.

    “State Offers $40 M in Loans in Effort to Help IBM Grow,” Albany, The Times Union (January 30, 1994).

  96. 96.

    “IBM Country Under Siege,” Albany, The Times Union (March 26, 1993); “In IBM Country, A Kick in the Teeth,” Watertown Daily Times (April 4, 1993); “Small Manufacturers Feeling Squeeze—Shrinking of Industrial Giants Like IBM, Kodak Hurting State’s Smaller Firms,” Watertown Daily Times (May 17, 1993).

  97. 97.

    Peter Fairweather and George A. Schnell, “Reinventing a Regional Economy: The Mid-Hudson Valley and the Downsizing of IBM,” Middle States Geographer (Vol. 28, 1995).

  98. 98.

    “State Offers $40 million in Effort to Help IBM Grow,” Albany, The Times Union (January 30, 1994). A $15 million loan from the state Urban Development Corporation and a $25 million loan from the state Job Development Authority would be made available to purchase equipment, make renovations, train employees, and cover energy costs. Ibid.

  99. 99.

    “Pataki Hails IBM’s New Chip Plant—$700 million Deal to Create 400 Jobs,” The Buffalo News (November 18, 1997).

  100. 100.

    “IBM Reports Solid Quarterly Results,” The Buffalo News (October 21, 1994).

  101. 101.

    “Pataki Hails IBM’s New Chip Plant—$700 million Deal to Create 400 Jobs,” The Buffalo News (November 18, 1997).

  102. 102.

    “Pataki Headlines Fox’s ‘NanoNow’,” Albany Business Review (September 18, 2006).

  103. 103.

    Governor Pataki committed to acquire vacant IBM facilities in the mid-Hudson region for $13 million and use them to consolidate New York’s data processing operations, at that time scattered in 49 locations. “Big Blue to Stay in State, Build New Headquarters,” Watertown Daily Times (February 17, 1995).

  104. 104.

    “NYSTAR is Fostering High Tech Business,” The Buffalo News (February 16, 2000).

  105. 105.

    “NYSTAR is Fostering High Tech Business,” The Buffalo News (February 16, 2000).

  106. 106.

    “State Investing $522 million to Create High-Tech Jobs,” Watertown Daily Times (November 11, 1999).

  107. 107.

    “Jobs 2000 Gets Backing from Pataki, Bruno—State Sets Aside Half Billion Dollars for High-Tech R&D,” Schenectady The Daily Gazette (November 11, 1999).

  108. 108.

    “The State of the State,” The Buffalo News (January 4, 2001).

  109. 109.

    “NanoTech Idea Created a Decade Ago,” Schenectady, The Daily Gazette (September 15, 2011).

  110. 110.

    Robert W. Wagner, Academic Entrepreneurialism and New York State’s Centers of Excellence Policy, Ph.D. dissertation, (SUNY Albany, 2007), p. 6.

  111. 111.

    Robert W. Wagner, Academic Entrepreneurialism and New York State’s Centers of Excellence Policy, Ph.D. dissertation, (SUNY Albany, 2007), p. 84, citing interviews conducted by the author.

  112. 112.

    As noted in the front matter of this book, the study also drew on interviews carried out by the authors and numerous articles from The Times Union (Albany), The Daily Gazette (Schenectady), the Albany Business Review (Albany), The Post-Star (Glens Falls), The Record (Troy), The Saratogian (Saratoga Springs) , The Buffalo News (Buffalo), The Observer-Dispatch (Utica), The Daily Messenger (Canandaigua), and the Post-Standard (Syracuse). These are not individually included in the bibliography.

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  1. Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA

    Charles W. Wessner

  2. Dentons, LLP, Washington, DC, USA

    Thomas R. Howell

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Wessner, C.W., Howell, T.R. (2020). Upstate New York: Reversing Economic Decline Through Innovation. In: Regional Renaissance. International Studies in Entrepreneurship, vol 42. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21194-3_2

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