Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
The Pediatric and Adolescent Hip

  • 1562 Accesses

Abstract

Slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) is a common paediatric orthopaedic problem that attracts substantive research and debate. The understanding of the pathophysiology of this disorder and its subsequent treatments are evolving at a slow pace. Some forms of treatments have become obsolete while new surgical techniques have emerged which have been widely adopted without substantive evidence regarding long term outcomes. This chapter describes and evaluates the current practice regarding SCFE, the evidence that underpins this practice, in addition to future clinical and research directions.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 299.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Loder RT, O’Donnell PW, Didelot WP, Kayes KJ. Valgus slipped capital femoral epiphysis. J Pediatr Orthop. 2006;26(5):594–600.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Alshryda S, Jones S, Banaszkiewicz P. Postgraduate paediatric orthopaedics: the candidate’s guide to the FRCS (Tr and Orth) examination. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2014.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  3. Howorth MB. Slipping of the upper femoral epiphysis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1949;31A(4):734–47.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Ippolito E, Mickelson MR, Ponseti IV. A histochemical study of slipped capital femoral epiphysis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1981;63(7):1109–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Walter KD, Lin DY. Slipped capital femoral epiphysis. 2016. https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/91596-overview

  6. Manoff EM, Banffy MB, Winell JJ. Relationship between Body Mass Index and slipped capital femoral epiphysis. J Pediatr Orthop. 2005;25(6):744–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Jerre R, Billing L, Hansson G, Karlsson J, Wallin J. Bilaterality in slipped capital femoral epiphysis: importance of a reliable radiographic method. J Pediatr Orthop B. 1996;5(2):80–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Carney BT, Weinstein SL. Natural history of untreated chronic slipped capital femoral epiphysis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1996;(322):43–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Carney BT, Weinstein SL, Noble J. Long-term follow-up of slipped capital femoral epiphysis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1991;73(5):667–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Havelin LI, Fenstad AM, Salomonsson R, Mehnert F, Furnes O, Overgaard S, Pedersen AB, Herberts P, Karrholm J, Garellick G. The Nordic Arthroplasty Register Association: a unique collaboration between 3 national hip arthroplasty registries with 280,201 THRs. Acta Orthop. 2009;80(4):393–401.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Larson AN, McIntosh AL, Trousdale RT, Lewallen DG. Avascular necrosis most common indication for hip arthroplasty in patients with slipped capital femoral epiphysis. J Pediatr Orthop. 2010;30(8):767–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Kelsey JL, Keggi KJ, Southwick WO. The incidence and distribution of slipped capital femoral epiphysis in Connecticut and Southwestern United States. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1970;52(6):1203–16.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Loder RT. The demographics of slipped capital femoral epiphysis. An international multicenter study. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1996;(322):8–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Ninomiya S, Nagasaka Y, Tagawa H. Slipped capital femoral epiphysis. A study of 68 cases in the eastern half area of Japan. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1976;(119):172–6.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Loder RT, Aronsson DD, Dobbs MB, Weinstein SL. Slipped capital femoral epiphysis. Instr Course Lect. 2001;50:555–70.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Loder RT, Greenfield ML. Clinical characteristics of children with atypical and idiopathic slipped capital femoral epiphysis: description of the age-weight test and implications for further diagnostic investigation. J Pediatr Orthop. 2001;21(4):481–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Loder RT, Richards BS, Shapiro PS, Reznick LR, Aronson DD. Acute slipped capital femoral epiphysis: the importance of physeal stability. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1993;75(8):1134–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Alshryda S, Tsang K, Chytas A, Chaudhry M, Sacchi K, Ahmad M, Mason JM. Evidence based treatment for unstable slipped upper femoral epiphysis: systematic review and exploratory patient level analysis. Surgeon. 2018;16(1):46–54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Naseem H, Chatterji S, Tsang K, Hakimi M, Chytas A, Alshryda S. Treatment of stable slipped capital femoral epiphysis: systematic review and exploratory patient level analysis. J Orthop Traumatol. 2017;18(4):379–94.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Kallio PE, Mah ET, Foster BK, Paterson DC, LeQuesne GW. Slipped capital femoral epiphysis. Incidence and clinical assessment of physeal instability. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1995;77(5):752–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Kallio PE, Paterson DC, Foster BK, Lequesne GW. Classification in slipped capital femoral epiphysis. Sonographic assessment of stability and remodeling. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1993;(294):196–203.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Ziebarth K, Domayer S, Slongo T, Kim YJ, Ganz R. Clinical stability of slipped capital femoral epiphysis does not correlate with intraoperative stability. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2012;470(8):2274–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Montgomery R. Slipped upper femoral epiphysis. Orthop Trauma. 2009;23(3):169–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Edouard C, Raphael V, Hubert Dle P. Is the femoral head dead or alive before surgery of slipped capital femoral epiphysis? Interest of perfusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging. J Clin Orthop Trauma. 2014;5(1):18–26.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Hesper T, Zilkens C, Bittersohl B, Krauspe R. Imaging modalities in patients with slipped capital femoral epiphysis. J Child Orthop. 2017;11(2):99–106.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Betz RR, Steel HH, Emper WD, Huss GK, Clancy M. Treatment of slipped capital femoral epiphysis. Spica-cast immobilization. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1990;72(4):587–600.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Meier MC, Meyer LC, Ferguson RL. Treatment of slipped capital femoral epiphysis with a spica cast. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1992;74(10):1522–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Abu Amara S, Cunin V, Ilharreborde B. Severe slipped capital femoral epiphysis: a French multicenter study of 186 cases performed by the SoFOP. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2015;101(6 Suppl):S275–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Alshryda S, Tsang K, Ahmed M, Adedapo A, Montgomery R. Severe slipped upper femoral epiphysis; fish osteotomy versus pinning-in-situ: an eleven year perspective. Surgeon. 2013;12(5):244–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Alves C, Steele M, Narayanan U, Howard A, Alman B, Wright JG. Open reduction and internal fixation of unstable slipped capital femoral epiphysis by means of surgical dislocation does not decrease the rate of avascular necrosis: a preliminary study. J Child Orthop. 2013;6(4):277–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Aronsson DD, Loder RT. Treatment of the unstable (acute) slipped capital femoral epiphysis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1996;(322):99–110.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Kalogrianitis S, Tan CK, Kemp GJ, Bass A, Bruce C. Does unstable slipped capital femoral epiphysis require urgent stabilization? J Pediatr Orthop B. 2007;16(1):6–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Loder RT, Dietz FR. What is the best evidence for the treatment of slipped capital femoral epiphysis? J Pediatr Orthop. 2012;32(Suppl 2):S158–65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Dunn DM, Angel JC. Replacement of the femoral head by open operation in severe adolescent slipping of the upper femoral epiphysis. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1978;60-B(3):394–403.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Fish JB. Cuneiform osteotomy in treatment of slipped capital femoral epiphysis. N Y State J Med. 1972;72(21):2633–40.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Ganz R, Gill TJ, Gautier E, Ganz K, Krugel N, Berlemann U. Surgical dislocation of the adult hip a technique with full access to the femoral head and acetabulum without the risk of avascular necrosis. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2001;83(8):1119–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Barmada R, Bruch RF, Gimbel JS, Ray RD. Base of the neck extracapsular osteotomy for correction of deformity in slipped capital femoral epiphysis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1978;(132):98–101.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Kramer WG, Craig WA, Noel S. Compensating osteotomy at the base of the femoral neck for slipped capital femoral epiphysis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1976;58(6):796–800.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Imhauser G. Late results of Imhauser’s osteotomy for slipped capital femoral epiphysis (author’s transl). Z Orthop Ihre Grenzgeb. 1977;115(5):716–25.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Southwick WO. Osteotomy through the lesser trochanter for slipped capital femoral epiphysis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1967;49(5):807–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Peterson MD, Weiner DS, Green NE, Terry CL. Acute slipped capital femoral epiphysis: the value and safety of urgent manipulative reduction. J Pediatr Orthop. 1997;17(5):648–54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Rao SB, Crawford AH, Burger RR, Roy DR. Open bone peg epiphysiodesis for slipped capital femoral epiphysis. J Pediatr Orthop. 1996;16(1):37–48.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Lim YJ, Lam KS, Lim KB, Mahadev A, Lee EH. Management outcome and the role of manipulation in slipped capital femoral epiphysis. J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong). 2007;15(3):334–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Palocaren T, Holmes L, Rogers K, Kumar SJ. Outcome of in situ pinning in patients with unstable slipped capital femoral epiphysis: assessment of risk factors associated with avascular necrosis. J Pediatr Orthop. 2009;30(1):31–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Ramachandran M, Ward K, Brown RR, Munns CF, Cowell CT, Little DG. Intravenous bisphosphonate therapy for traumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head in adolescents. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007;89(8):1727–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Rhoad RC, Davidson RS, Heyman S, Dormans JP, Drummond DS. Pretreatment bone scan in SCFE: a predictor of ischemia and avascular necrosis. J Pediatr Orthop. 1999;19(2):164–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Sankar WN, McPartland TG, Millis MB, Kim YJ. The unstable slipped capital femoral epiphysis: risk factors for osteonecrosis. J Pediatr Orthop. 2010;30(6):544–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Seller K, Wild A, Westhoff B, Raab P, Krauspe R. Clinical outcome after transfixation of the epiphysis with Kirschner wires in unstable slipped capital femoral epiphysis. Int Orthop. 2006;30(5):342–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  49. Souder CD, Bomar JD, Wenger DR. The role of capital realignment versus in situ stabilization for the treatment of slipped capital femoral epiphysis. J Pediatr Orthop. 2014;34(8):791–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Tokmakova KP, Stanton RP, Mason DE. Factors influencing the development of osteonecrosis in patients treated for slipped capital femoral epiphysis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2003;85-A(5):798–801.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Aronson J, Tursky EA. The torsional basis for slipped capital femoral epiphysis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1996;(322):37–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Chen RC, Schoenecker PL, Dobbs MB, Luhmann SJ, Szymanski DA, Gordon JE. Urgent reduction, fixation, and arthrotomy for unstable slipped capital femoral epiphysis. J Pediatr Orthop. 2009;29(7):687–94.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Fallath S, Letts M. Slipped capital femoral epiphysis: an analysis of treatment outcome according to physeal stability. Can J Surg. 2004;47(4):284–9.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. Gordon JE, Abrahams MS, Dobbs MB, Luhmann SJ, Schoenecker PL. Early reduction, arthrotomy, and cannulated screw fixation in unstable slipped capital femoral epiphysis treatment. J Pediatr Orthop. 2002;22(3):352–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Kennedy JG, Hresko MT, Kasser JR, Shrock KB, Zurakowski D, Waters PM, Millis MB. Osteonecrosis of the femoral head associated with slipped capital femoral epiphysis. J Pediatr Orthop. 2001;21(2):189–93.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Phillips SA, Griffiths WE, Clarke NM. The timing of reduction and stabilisation of the acute, unstable, slipped upper femoral epiphysis. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2001;83(7):1046–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Biring GS, Hashemi-Nejad A, Catterall A. Outcomes of subcapital cuneiform osteotomy for the treatment of severe slipped capital femoral epiphysis after skeletal maturity. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2006;88(10):1379–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Parsch K, Weller S, Parsch D. Open reduction and smooth Kirschner wire fixation for unstable slipped capital femoral epiphysis. J Pediatr Orthop. 2009;29(1):1–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Madan SS, Cooper AP, Davies AG, Fernandes JA. The treatment of severe slipped capital femoral epiphysis via the Ganz surgical dislocation and anatomical reduction: a prospective study. Bone Joint J. 2013;95-B(3):424–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Sankar WN, Vanderhave KL, Matheney T, Herrera-Soto JA, Karlen JW. The modified Dunn procedure for unstable slipped capital femoral epiphysis: a multicenter perspective. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2013;95(7):585–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Ziebarth K, Zilkens C, Spencer S, Leunig M, Ganz R, Kim YJ. Capital realignment for moderate and severe SCFE using a modified Dunn procedure. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2009;467(3):704–16.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  62. Lowndes S, Khanna A, Emery D, Sim J, Maffulli N. Management of unstable slipped upper femoral epiphysis: a meta-analysis. Br Med Bull. 2009;90:133–46.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Baghdadi YM, Larson AN, Sierra RJ, Peterson HA, Stans AA. The fate of hips that are not prophylactically pinned after unilateral slipped capital femoral epiphysis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2013;471(7):2124–31.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  64. Larson AN, Yu EM, Melton LJ 3rd, Peterson HA, Stans AA. Incidence of slipped capital femoral epiphysis: a population-based study. J Pediatr Orthop B. 2009;19(1):9–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Kroin E, Frank JM, Haughom B, Kogan M. Two cases of avascular necrosis after prophylactic pinning of the asymptomatic, contralateral femoral head for slipped capital femoral epiphysis: case report and review of the literature. J Pediatr Orthop. 2015;35(4):363–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Sankar WN, Novais EN, Lee C, Al-Omari AA, Choi PD, Shore BJ. What are the risks of prophylactic pinning to prevent contralateral slipped capital femoral epiphysis? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2012;471(7):2118–23.

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  67. Stasikelis PJ, Sullivan CM, Phillips WA, Polard JA. Slipped capital femoral epiphysis. Prediction of contralateral involvement. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1996;78(8):1149–55.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Popejoy D, Emara K, Birch J. Prediction of contralateral slipped capital femoral epiphysis using the modified Oxford bone age score. J Pediatr Orthop. 2012;32(3):290–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Nicholson AD, Huez CM, Sanders JO, Liu RW, Cooperman DR. Calcaneal scoring as an adjunct to modified Oxford hip scores: prediction of contralateral slipped capital femoral epiphysis. J Pediatr Orthop. 2015;36(2):132–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Phillips PM, Phadnis J, Willoughby R, Hunt L. Posterior sloping angle as a predictor of contralateral slip in slipped capital femoral epiphysis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2013;95(2):146–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Ilchmann T, Parsch K. Complications at screw removal in slipped capital femoral epiphysis treated by cannulated titanium screws. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2006;126(6):359–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Bellemans J, Fabry G, Molenaers G, Lammens J, Moens P. Pin removal after in-situ pinning for slipped capital femoral epiphysis. Acta Orthop Belg. 1994;60(2):170–2.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Holm AG, Reikeras O, Terjesen T. Long-term results of a modified Spitzy shelf operation for residual hip dysplasia and subluxation. A fifty year follow-up study of fifty six children and young adults. Int Orthop. 2017;41(2):415–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Murphey MD, Roberts CC, Bencardino JT, Appel M, Arnold E, Chang EY, Dempsey ME, Fox MG, Fries IB, Greenspan BS, Hochman MG, Jacobson JA, Mintz DN, Newman JS, Rosenberg ZS, Rubin DA, Small KM, Weissman BN. ACR appropriateness criteria osteonecrosis of the hip. J Am Coll Radiol. 2016;13(2):147–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Agarwala S, Jain D, Joshi VR, Sule A. Efficacy of alendronate, a bisphosphonate, in the treatment of AVN of the hip. A prospective open-label study. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2005;44(3):352–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Lai KA, Shen WJ, Yang CY, Shao CJ, Hsu JT, Lin RM. The use of alendronate to prevent early collapse of the femoral head in patients with nontraumatic osteonecrosis. A randomized clinical study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2005;87(10):2155–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Feldman DS, Kurland AM. In: Rozbruch SR, Hamdy R, editors. Hinged arthrodiastasis for avascular necrosis of the hip. Limb lengthening and reconstruction surgery case atlas: pediatric deformities. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2015. p. 1–7.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Gomez JA, Matsumoto H, Roye DP Jr, Vitale MG, Hyman JE, van Bosse HJ, Marangoz S, Sala DA, Stein MI, Feldman DS. Articulated hip distraction: a treatment option for femoral head avascular necrosis in adolescence. J Pediatr Orthop. 2009;29(2):163–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Lieberman JR, Conduah A, Urist MR. Treatment of osteonecrosis of the femoral head with core decompression and human bone morphogenetic protein. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2004;(429):139–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. Guo P, Gao F, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Sun W, Jiang B, Wang B, Li Z. The use of anticoagulants for prevention and treatment of osteonecrosis of the femoral head: a systematic review. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017;96(16):e6646.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  81. Handal JA, John TK, Goldstein DT, Khurana JS, Saing M, Braitman LE, Samuel SP. Effect of atorvastatin on the cortical bones of corticosteroid treated rabbits. J Orthop Res. 2012;30(6):872–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Rajpura A, Wright AC, Board TN. Medical management of osteonecrosis of the hip: a review. Hip Int. 2011;21(4):385–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Yin H, Yuan Z, Wang D, Jiang Y, Zhang H, Fau-Zhang Y, Zhang B, Fau-Zhu H, Zhu P, Fau-Li B, Li C, Fau-Lu P, Lu Y, Fau-Xu C, Xu W, Fau-Chen Y, Chen N, Fau-Lin W, Lin N, Handal JA, John DT, Fau-Goldstein Tk, Goldstein JS, Fau-Khurana Dt, Khurana M, Fau-Saing Js, Saing LE, Fau-Braitman M, Braitman SP, Fau-Samuel Le, Samuel SP, Yang J, Wang Y, Fau-Xu L, Xu J, Fau-Wang Y, Wang Y, Fau-Wang J, Wang Y. Multiple drilling combined with simvastatin versus multiple drilling alone for the treatment of avascular osteonecrosis of the femoral head: 3-year follow-up study. Pravastatin prevents steroid-induced osteonecrosis in rats by suppressing PPARgamma expression and activating Wnt signaling pathway. Effect of atorvastatin on the cortical bones of corticosteroid treated rabbits. [An experimental study on treatment of steroid-associated femoral head necrosis with simvastatin and BMSCs transplantation]. (1471–2474 (Electronic)).

    Google Scholar 

  84. Camporesi EM, Vezzani G, Bosco G, Mangar D, Bernasek TL. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy in femoral head necrosis. J Arthroplast. 2010;25(6 Suppl):118–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  85. Reis ND, Schwartz O, Militianu D, Ramon Y, Levin D, Norman D, Melamed Y, Shupak A, Goldsher D, Zinman C. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy as a treatment for stage-I avascular necrosis of the femoral head. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2003;85(3):371–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Steinberg ME, Hayken GD, Steinberg DR. A quantitative system for staging avascular necrosis. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1995;77(1):34–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Castro FP Jr, Barrack RL. Core decompression and conservative treatment for avascular necrosis of the femoral head: a meta-analysis. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ). 2000;29(3):187–94.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Mont MA, Carbone JJ, Fairbank AC. Core decompression versus nonoperative management for osteonecrosis of the hip. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1996;(324):169–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  89. Gallinaro P, Mass A. Flexion osteotomy in the treatment of avascular necrosis of the hip. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2001;386:79–84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  90. Sugioka Y. Transtrochanteric anterior rotational osteotomy of the femoral head in the treatment of osteonecrosis affecting the hip: a new osteotomy operation. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1978;(130):191–201.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Sugioka Y, Hotokebuchi T, Tsutsui H. Transtrochanteric anterior rotational osteotomy for idiopathic and steroid-induced necrosis of the femoral head. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1992;(277):111–20.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Sugioka Y, Katsuki I, Hotokebuchi T. Transtrochanteric rotational osteotomy of the femoral head for the treatment of osteonecrosis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1982;(169):115–26.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Mont MA, Einhorn TA, Sponseller PD, Hungerford DS. The trapdoor procedure using autogenous cortical and cancellous bone grafts for osteonecrosis of the femoral head. J Bone Joint Surg. 1998;80(1):56–62.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Kerboul M, Thomine J, Postel M, Merle d’Aubigne R. The conservative surgical treatment of idiopathic aseptic necrosis of the femoral head. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1974;56(2):291–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Beaule PE, Matta JM, Mast JW. Hip arthrodesis: current indications and techniques. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2002;10(4):249–58.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Schuh A, Zeiler G, Werber S. Results and experiences of conversion of hip arthrodesis. Orthopade. 2005;34(3):218.. 220–214

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Emara KM. Pelvic support osteotomy in the treatment of patients with excision arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2008;466(3):708–13.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  98. Lie SA, Havelin LI, Furnes ON, Engesaeter LB, Vollset SE. Failure rates for 4762 revision total hip arthroplasties in the Norwegian Arthroplasty Register. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2004;86(4):504–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Tsukanaka M, Halvorsen V, Nordsletten L, EngesaeTer IO, EngesaeTer LB, Marie Fenstad A, Rohrl SM. Implant survival and radiographic outcome of total hip replacement in patients less than 20 years old. Acta Orthop. 2016;87(5):479–84.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  100. Panagiotopoulos KP, Robbins GM, Masri BA, Duncan CP. Conversion of hip arthrodesis to total hip arthroplasty. Instr Course Lect. 2001;50:297–305.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Thabet AM, Catagni MA, Guerreschi F. Total hip replacement fifteen years after pelvic support osteotomy (PSO): a case report and review of the literature. Musculoskelet Surg. 2012;96(2):141–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Lubicky JP. Chondrolysis and avascular necrosis: complications of slipped capital femoral epiphysis. J Pediatr Orthop B. 1996;5(3):162–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Warner WC Jr, Beaty JH, Canale ST. Chondrolysis after slipped capital femoral epiphysis. J Pediatr Orthop B. 1996;5(3):168–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Jofe MH, Lehman W, Ehrlich MG. Chondrolysis following slipped capital femoral epiphysis. J Pediatr Orthop B. 2004;13(1):29–31.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. El-Khoury GY, Mickelson MR. Chondrolysis following slipped capital femoral epiphysis. Radiology. 1977;123(2):327–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Frymoyer JW. Chondrolysis of the hip following Southwick osteotomy for severe slipped capital femoral epiphysis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1974;(99):120–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  107. Goldman AB, Schneider R, Martel W. Acute chondrolysis complicating slipped capital femoral epiphysis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1978;130(5):945–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Vrettos BC, Hoffman EB. Chondrolysis in slipped upper femoral epiphysis. Long-term study of the aetiology and natural history. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1993;75(6):956–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Helgesson L, Johansson PK, Aurell Y, Tiderius CJ, Karrholm J, Riad J. Early osteoarthritis after slipped capital femoral epiphysis. Acta Orthop. 2018;89(2):222–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Ortegren J, Peterson P, Svensson J, Tiderius CJ. Persisting CAM deformity is associated with early cartilage degeneration after Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis: 11-year follow-up including dGEMRIC. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2018;26(4):557–63.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Fish JB. Cuneiform osteotomy of the femoral neck in the treatment of slipped capital femoral epiphysis. A follow-up note. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1994;76(1):46–59.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Moher D, Hopewell S, Schulz KF, Montori V, Gotzsche PC, Devereaux PJ, Elbourne D, Egger M, Altman DG. CONSORT 2010 explanation and elaboration: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. BMJ. 2010;340:c869.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  113. Barrios C, Blasco MA, Blasco MC, Gasco J. Posterior sloping angle of the capital femoral physis: a predictor of bilaterality in slipped capital femoral epiphysis. J Pediatr Orthop. 2005;25(4):445–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Park S, Hsu JE, Rendon N, Wolfgruber H, Wells L. The utility of posterior sloping angle in predicting contralateral slipped capital femoral epiphysis. J Pediatr Orthop. 2010;30(7):683–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Zenios M, Ramachandran M, Axt M, Gibbons PJ, Peat J, Little D. Posterior sloping angle of the capital femoral physis: interobserver and intraobserver reliability testing and predictor of bilaterality. J Pediatr Orthop. 2007;27(7):801–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Royal Orthopedic Hospital, Birmingham, UK

    Balakumar Balasubramanian & Sanjeev Madan

  2. Clinical Director of Paediatric Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Royal Manchester Children Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK

    Sattar Alshryda

Authors
  1. Balakumar Balasubramanian
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Sattar Alshryda
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Sanjeev Madan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sattar Alshryda .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Clinical Director of Paediatric Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Royal Manchester Children Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK

    Sattar Alshryda

  2. Weill Cornell Medicine, Chief of Orthopaedic Surgery Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar

    Jason J. Howard

  3. Senior Attending Physician in Pediatric Orthopedic Surgery, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar

    James S. Huntley

  4. Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Jeffrey Mast Chair of Orthopaedic Hip and Trauma Surgery, Nashville, TN, USA

    Jonathan G. Schoenecker

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Balasubramanian, B., Alshryda, S., Madan, S. (2019). Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis. In: Alshryda, S., Howard, J., Huntley, J., Schoenecker, J. (eds) The Pediatric and Adolescent Hip. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12003-0_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12003-0_8

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-12002-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-12003-0

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation