Abstract
The French Institute for Public Health Surveillance (InVS, French Public Health Agency) described its complex activities of monitoring, surveillance and warning into official reports published in 2005, 2006 and 2011. Taking these documents as a starting point, we employed Object-Oriented Analysis (OOA) and Universal Modeling Language (UML) to design the architecture of a system able to suitably perform these activities. The conceptual framework of our modeling work implies studying (1) “risk exposure situation” to environmental health threats of human, animal or vegetal populations and (2) responsibilities of the system in charge of monitoring, reporting and warning in case of unacceptable risks. Three examples of environmental health threats illustrate the model: bluetongue (an insect-borne disease of animal populations presenting serious economic impact), human intoxication by chlordecone (a persistent organochlorine pesticide used until early 1990s in French West Indies for banana weevil borer control) and human intoxication by phycotoxins (natural metabolites produced by marine microalgae), due to ingestion of contaminated seafood.
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Notes
- 1.
According to standard XP X 43-244 elements of occupational health vocabulary (December 1998), Similar Exposure Group is a group of persons, jobs or tasks presenting hazard exposure of same type and intensity.
- 2.
Norm NF ISO 31000: 2010.
- 3.
- 4.
According to the InVS, surveillance is a set of actions whose purpose is to identify unusual or abnormal events presenting a risk for human health.
- 5.
Exposure situation risk level was defined in this study as join effect of two factors: probability of occurrence of damages on human or animal population health and potential severity of damages in case of occurrence (vulnerability) (de Gainza et al. 2015).
- 6.
Control Theory analyzes the properties of dynamic systems on which it is possible to act through commands.
- 7.
A surveillance plan is an animal, vegetable or foodstuff random sampling campaign in order to assess a given contaminant prevalence within a given population and, consequently, consumer exposure to that hazard. http://agriculture.gouv.fr/plans-de-surveillance-et-de-controle. Accessed 5 Feb 2018.
- 8.
In application of article 3113-1 (D11-1) of Public Health Code and Circular concerning notification, investigation and response required in case of Microbial Foodborne Intoxication outbreak (JoRf #1487).
- 9.
Decree #2002-1089, August 07, 2002.
- 10.
The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDPC) is an EU agency aimed at strengthening Europe’s defences against infectious diseases. ECDC works in three key strategic areas: it provides evidence for effective and efficient decision-making, it strengthens public health systems, and it supports the response to public health threats. ECDC core functions cover a wide spectrum of activities: surveillance, epidemic intelligence, response, scientific advice, microbiology, preparedness, public health training, international relations, health communication, and the scientific journal Eurosurveillance.
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De Gainza, R., Romana, C.A. (2019). Architectural Pattern for Health Forecasting, Surveillance and Early Warning Systems. In: Boulet, R., Lajaunie, C., Mazzega, P. (eds) Law, Public Policies and Complex Systems: Networks in Action. Law, Governance and Technology Series, vol 42. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11506-7_7
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