Abstract
Several closely related species of commercial importance in the genus Pyrus are cultivated throughout the world. In eastern Asia, specifically in China, Japan, and Korea, the East Asian pear, including the Chinese white pear (P. pyrifolia white pear group, also referred to as P. × bretschneideri), the Chinese sand pear (P. pyrifolia), the Japanese pear (P. pyrifolia), the Ussurian pear (P. ussuriensis), and the Xingiang pear (P. sinkiangensis), is cultivated, while in the rest of the world, the European pear (P. communis) is more commonly grown. Whole-genome sequences have been released for both P. × bretschneideri cv. Dangshansuli (also known to belong to P. pyrifolia white pear group) and P. communis cv. Bartlett. As a result of these draft pear genome sequences, major advances have been made in pursuing functional genomics studies in pear.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Bai S, Sun Y, Qian M, Yang F, Ni J, Tao R, Li L, Shu Q, Zhang D, Teng Y (2017a) Transcriptome analysis of bagging-treated red Chinese sand pear peels reveals light-responsive pathway functions in anthocyanin accumulation. Sci Rep 7(1):63
Bai S, Tao R, Tang Y, Yin L, Ma Y, Ni J, Yan X, Yang Q, Wu Z, Zeng Y, Teng Y (2019) BBX16, a B‐box protein, positively regulates light‐induced anthocyanin accumulation by activating MYB10 in red pear. Plant Biotechnol J. https://doi.org/10.1111/pbi.13114
Bai S, Tuan PA, Saito T, Ito A, Ubi BE, Ban Y, Moriguchi T (2017b) Repression of TERMINAL FLOWER1 primarily mediates floral induction in pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) concomitant with change in gene expression of plant hormone-related genes and transcription factors. J Exp Bot 68(17):4899–4914
Bielenberg DG, Wang YE, Li Z, Zhebentyayeva T, Fan S, Reighard GL, Scorza R, Abbott AG (2008) Sequencing and annotation of the evergrowing locus in peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] reveals a cluster of six MADS-box transcription factors as candidate genes for regulation of terminal bud formation. Tree Genet Genomes 4(3):495–507
Broun P (2005) Transcriptional control of flavonoid biosynthesis: a complex network of conserved regulators involved in multiple aspects of differentiation in Arabidopsis. Curr Opin Plant Biol 8(3):272–279
Chagné D, Crowhurst RN, Pindo M, Thrimawithana A, Deng C, Ireland H, Fiers M, Dzierzon H, Cestaro A, Fontana P, Bianco L, Lu A, Storey R, Knabel M, Saeed M, Montanari S, Kim YK, Nicolini D, Larger S, Stefani E, Allan AC, Bowen J, Harvey I, Johnston J, Malnoy M, Troggio M, Perchepied L, Sawyer G, Wiedow C, Won K, Viola R, Hellens RP, Brewer L, Bus VG, Schaffer RJ, Gardiner SE, Velasco R (2014) The draft genome sequence of European pear (Pyrus communis L. ‘Bartlett’). PLoS ONE 9(4):e92644
Dondini L, Pierantoni L, Ancarani V, D’Angelo M, Cho KH, Shin IS, Musacchi S, Kang SJ, Sansavini S (2008) The inheritance of the red colour character in European pear (Pyrus communis) and its map position in the mutated cultivar ‘Max Red Bartlett’. Plant Breed 127(5):524–526
Duan XW, Zhang WN, Huang J, Hao L, Wang SN, Wang AD, Meng D, Zhang QL, Chen QJ, Li TZ (2016) PbWoxT1 mRNA from pear (Pyrus betulaefolia) undergoes long-distance transport assisted by a polypyrimidine tract binding protein. New Phytol 210(2):511–524
Duan XW, Zhang WN, Huang J, Zhao LM, Ma C, Hao L, Yuan H, Harada T, Li TZ (2015) KNOTTED1 mRNA undergoes long-distance transport and interacts with movement protein binding protein 2C in pear (Pyrus betulaefolia). Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 121(1):109–119
Espley RV, Brendolise C, Chagne D, Kutty-Amma S, Green S, Volz RK, Putterill J, Schouten HJ, Gardiner SE, Hellens RP, Allan AC (2009) Multiple repeats of a promoter segment causes transcription factor autoregulation in red apples. Plant Cell 21(1):168–183
Faust M, Erez A, Rowland LJ, Wang SY, Norman HA (1997) Bud dormancy in perennial fruit trees: physiological basis for dormancy induction, maintenance, and release. HortScience 32(4):623–629
Feng S, Wang Y, Yang S, Xu Y, Chen X (2010) Anthocyanin biosynthesis in pears is regulated by a R2R3-MYB transcription factor PyMYB10. Planta 232(1):245–255
Freiman A, Shlizerman L, Golobovitch S, Yablovitz Z, Korchinsky R, Cohen Y, Samach A, Chevreau E, Le Roux P-M, Patocchi A, Flaishman MA (2012) Development of a transgenic early flowering pear (Pyrus communis L.) genotype by RNAi silencing of PcTFL1-1 and PcTFL1-2. Planta 235(6):1239–1251
Hichri I, Barrieu F, Bogs J, Kappel C, Delrot S, Lauvergeat V (2011) Recent advances in the transcriptional regulation of the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. J Exp Bot 62(8):2465–2483
Hiwasa K, Nakano R, Hashimoto A, Matsuzaki M, Murayama H, Inaba A, Kubo Y (2004) European, Chinese and Japanese pear fruits exhibit differential softening characteristics during ripening. J Exp Bot 55(406):2281–2290
Huang X, Li K, Jin C, Zhang S (2015) ICE1 of Pyrus ussuriensis functions in cold tolerance by enhancing PuDREBa transcriptional levels through interacting with PuHHP1. Sci Rep 5:17620. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep17620
Ito A, Yaegaki E, Hayama H, Kusaba S, Yamaguchi I, Yoshioka H (1999) Bending shoots stimulates flowering and influences hormone levels in lateral buds of Japanese pear. Hortscience 34(7):1224–1228
Jin C, Huang XS, Li KQ, Yin H, Li LT, Yao ZH, Zhang SL (2016) Overexpression of a bHLH1 transcription factor of Pyrus ussuriensis confers enhanced cold tolerance and increases expression of stress-responsive genes. Front Plant Sci 7:441
Jung S, Ficklin SP, Lee T, Cheng CH, Blenda A, Zheng P, Yu J, Bombarely A, Cho I, Ru S, Evans K, Peace C, Abbott AG, Mueller LA, Olmstead MA, Main D (2014) The genome database for Rosaceae (GDR): year 10 update. Nucl Acids Res 42(Database issue):D1237–1244
Kanehisa M, Furumichi M, Tanabe M, Sato Y, Morishima K (2017) KEGG: new perspectives on genomes, pathways, diseases and drugs. Nucl Acids Res 45(D1):D353–D361
Kobayashi S, Goto-Yamamoto N, Hirochika H (2004) Retrotransposon-induced mutations in grape skin color. Science 304(5673):982
Lang GA, Early JD, Martin GC, Darnell RL (1987) Endodormancy, paradormancy, and ecodormancy—physiological terminology and classification for dormancy research. HortScience 22(3):371–377
Layne REC, Quamme HA (1975) Pears. In: Janik J, Moore JN (eds) Advances in fruit breeding. Purdue University Press, West Lafayette, IN, pp 38–70
Li J, Xu Y, Niu Q, He L, Teng Y, Bai S (2018) Abscisic acid (ABA) promotes the induction and maintenance of pear (Pyrus pyrifolia white pear group) flower bud endodormancy. Int J Mol Sci 19(1):310. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19010310
Li K, Xing C, Yao Z, Huang X (2017a) PbrMYB21, a novel MYB protein of Pyrus betulaefolia, functions in drought tolerance and modulates polyamine levels by regulating arginine decarboxylase gene. Plant Biotechnol J 15(9):1186–1203
Li L, Deng CH, Knabel M, Chagne D, Kumar S, Sun J, Zhang S, Wu J (2017b) Integrated high-density consensus genetic map of Pyrus and anchoring of the ‘Bartlett’ v1.0 (Pyrus communis) genome. DNA Res 24(3):289–301
Medina-Puche L, Cumplido-Laso G, Amil-Ruiz F, Hoffmann T, Ring L, Rodriguez-Franco A, Luis Caballero J, Schwab W, Munoz-Blanco J, Blanco-Portales R (2014) MYB10 plays a major role in the regulation of flavonoid/phenylpropanoid metabolism during ripening of Fragaria ananassa fruits. J Exp Bot 65(2):401–417
Murayama H, Sekine D, Yamauchi Y, Gao M, Mitsuhashi W, Toyomasu T (2006) Effect of girdling above the abscission zone of fruit on ‘Bartlett’ pear ripening on the tree. J Exp Bot 57(14):3679–3686
Nashima K, Shimizu T, Nishitani C, Yamamoto T, Takahashi H, Nakazono M, Itai A, Isuzugawa K, Hanada T, Takashina T (2013a) Microarray analysis of gene expression patterns during fruit development in European pear (Pyrus communis). Sci Hortic 164:466–473
Nashima K, Takahashi H, Nakazono M, Shimizu T, Nishitani C, Yamamoto T, Itai A, Isuzugawa K, Hanada T, Takashina T, Kato M, Matsumoto S, Oikawa A, Shiratake K (2013b) Transcriptome analysis of giant pear fruit with fruit-specific DNA reduplication on a mutant branch. J Jpn Soc Hortic Sci 82(4):301–311
Nham NT, de Freitas ST, Macnish AJ, Carr KM, Kietikul T, Guilatco AJ, Jiang CZ, Zakharov F, Mitcham EJ (2015) A transcriptome approach towards understanding the development of ripening capacity in ‘Bartlett’ pears (Pyrus communis L.). BMC Genomics 16:762
Ni J, Bai S, Zhao Y, Qian M, Tao R, Yin L, Gao L and Teng Y (2019) Ethylene response factors Pp4ERF24 and Pp12ERF96 regulate blue light-induced anthocyanin biosynthesis in ‘Red Zaosu’ pear fruits by interacting with MYB114. Plant Mol Biol 99:67–78
Niu Q, Li J, Cai D, Qian M, Jia H, Bai S, Hussain S, Liu G, Teng Y, Zheng X (2016) Dormancy-associated MADS-box genes and microRNAs jointly control dormancy transition in pear (Pyrus pyrifolia white pear group) flower bud. J Exp Bot 67(1):239–257
Pierantoni L, Dondini L, De Franceschi P, Musacchi S, Winkel BSJ, Sansavini S (2010) Mapping of an anthocyanin-regulating MYB transcription factor and its expression in red and green pear, Pyrus communis. Plant Physiol Biochem 48(12):1020–1026
Qian M, Zhang D, Yue X, Wang S, Li X, Teng Y (2013) Analysis of different pigmentation patterns in ‘Mantianhong’ (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) and ‘Cascade’ (Pyrus communis L.) under bagging treatment and postharvest UV-B/visible irradiation conditions. Scient Hort 151(2):75–82
Qian M, Ni J, Niu Q, Bai S, Bao L, Li J, Sun Y, Zhang D, Teng Y (2017) Response of miR156-SPL module during the red peel coloration of bagging-treated Chinese sand pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai). Front Physiol 8:550
Reuscher S, Fukao Y, Morimoto R, Otagaki S, Oikawa A, Isuzugawa K, Shiratake K (2016) Quantitative proteomics-based reconstruction and identification of metabolic pathways and membrane transport proteins related to sugar accumulation in developing fruits of pear (Pyrus communis). Plant Cell Physiol 57(3):505–518
Saito T, Bai S, Imai T, Ito A, Nakajima I, Moriguchi T (2015a) Histone modification and signaling cascade of the dormancy-associated MADS-box gene, PpMADS13-1, in Japanese pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) during endodormancy. Plant Cell Environ 38(6):1157–1166
Saito T, Bai S, Ito A, Sakamoto D, Saito T, Ubi BE, Imai T, Moriguchi T (2013) Expression and genomic structure of the dormancy-associated MADS box genes MADS13 in Japanese pears (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) that differ in their chilling requirement for endodormancy release. Tree Physiol 33(6):654–667
Saito T, Tuan PA, Katsumi-Horigane A, Bai SL, Ito A, Sekiyama Y, Ono H, Moriguchi T (2015b) Development of flower buds in the Japanese pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) from late autumn to early spring. Tree Physiol 35(6):653–662
Shi DQ, Tang C, Wang RZ, Gu C, Wu X, Hu S, Jiao J, Zhang SL (2017) Transcriptome and phytohormone analysis reveals a comprehensive phytohormone and pathogen defence response in pear self-/cross-pollination. Plant Cell Rep 36(11):1785–1799
Takos AM, Jaffé FW, Jacob SR, Bogs J, Robinson SP, Walker AR (2006) Light-induced expression of a MYB gene regulates anthocyanin biosynthesis in red apples. Plant Physiol 142(3):1216–1232
Tanaka Y, Sasaki N, Ohmiya A (2008) Biosynthesis of plant pigments: anthocyanins, betalains and carotenoids. Plant J 54(4):733–749
Tao R, Bai S, Ni J, Yang Q, Zhao Y, Teng Y (2018) The blue light signal transduction pathway is involved in anthocyanin accumulation in ‘Red Zaosu’ pear. Planta 248(1):37–48
Tuan PA, Bai S, Saito T, Ito A, Moriguchi T (2017) Dormancy-associated MADS-box (DAM) and the abscisic acid pathway regulate pear endodormancy through a feedback mechanism. Plant Cell Physiol 58(8):1378–1390
Tuan PA, Bai SL, Saito T, Imai T, Ito A, Moriguchi T (2016) Involvement of EARLY BUD-BREAK, an AP2/ERF transcription factor gene, in bud break in Japanese pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) lateral flower buds: expression, histone modifications and possible target genes. Plant Cell Physiol 57(5):1038–1047
Wang YZ, Dai MS, Zhang SJ, Shi ZB (2014) Exploring candidate genes for pericarp russet pigmentation of sand pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) via RNA-seq data in two genotypes contrasting for pericarp color. PLoS ONE 9(1):e83675
Wang Z, Meng D, Wang A, Li T, Jiang S, Cong P, Li T (2013) The methylation of the PcMYB10 promoter is associated with green-skinned sport in max red bartlett pear. Plant Physiol 162(2):885–896
Wang ZG, Du H, Zhai R, Song LY, Ma FW, Xu LF (2017) Transcriptome analysis reveals candidate genes related to color fading of ‘Red Bartlett’ (Pyrus communis L.). Front Plant Sci 8:455
Wu J, Wang Z, Shi Z, Zhang S, Ming R, Zhu S, Khan M, Tao S, Korban S, Wang H, Chen N, Nishio T, Xu X, Cong L, Qi K, Huang X, Wang Y, Zhao X, Wu J, Deng C, Gou C, Zhou W, Yin H, Qin G, Sha Y, Tao Y, Chen H, Yang Y, Song Y, Zhan D, Wang J, Li L, Dai M, Gu C, Wang Y, Shi D, Wang X, Zhang H, Zeng L, Zheng D, Wang C, Chen M, Wang G, Xie L, Sovero V, Sha S, Huang W, Zhang S, Zhang M, Sun J, Xu L, Li Y, Liu X, Li Q, Shen J, Wang J, Paull R, Bennetzen J, Zhang S (2013a) The genome of the pear (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd.). Genome Res 23(2):396–408
Wu J, Zhao G, Yang YN, Le WQ, Khan MA, Zhang SL, Gu C, Huang WJ (2013b) Identification of differentially expressed genes related to coloration in red/green mutant pear (Pyrus communis L.). Tree Genet Genomes 9(1):75–83
Xie M, Huang Y, Zhang YP, Wang X, Yang H, Yu O, Dai WH, Fang CB (2013) Transcriptome profiling of fruit development and maturation in Chinese white pear (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd). BMC Genom 14:823
Yang YN, Yao GF, Yue WQ, Zhang SL, Wu J (2015) Transcriptome profiling reveals differential gene expression in proanthocyanidin biosynthesis associated with red/green skin color mutant of pear (Pyrus communis L.). Front Plant Sci 6:795
Yao G, Ming M, Allan AC, Gu C, Li L, Wu X, Wang R, Chang Y, Qi K, Zhang S, Wu J (2017) Map-based cloning of the pear gene MYB114 identifies an interaction with other transcription factors to coordinately regulate fruit anthocyanin biosynthesis. Plant J 92(3):437–451
Zhai R, Wang ZM, Zhang SW, Meng G, Song LY, Wang ZG, Li PM, Ma FW, Xu LF (2016) Two MYB transcription factors regulate flavonoid biosynthesis in pear fruit (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd.). J Exp Bot 67(5):1275–1284
Zhang JY, Cheng X, Jin Q, Su XQ, Li ML, Yan CC, Jiao XY, Li DH, Lin Y, Cai YP (2017) Comparison of the transcriptomic analysis between two Chinese white pear (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd.) genotypes of different stone cells contents. PLoS ONE 12(10):e0187114. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0187114
Zhang MY, Xue C, Xu LL, Sun HH, Qin MF, Zhang SL, Wu J (2016) Distinct transcriptome profiles reveal gene expression patterns during fruit development and maturation in five main cultivated species of pear (Pyrus L.). Sci Rep 6:28130. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep28130
Zhang WN, Duan XW, Ma C, Harada T, Li TZ (2013) Transport of mRNA molecules coding NAC domain protein in grafted pear and transgenic tobacco. Biol Plantarum 57(2):224–230
Zhang WN, Gong L, Ma C, Xu HY, Hu JF, Harada T, Li TZ (2012) Gibberellic acid-insensitive mRNA transport in Pyrus. Plant Mol Biol Rep 30(3):614–623
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bai, S., Teng, Y. (2019). Functional Genomics. In: Korban, S. (eds) The Pear Genome. Compendium of Plant Genomes. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11048-2_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11048-2_14
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-11047-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-11048-2
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)