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Numerical Instability of the Akhmediev Breather and a Finite-Gap Model of It

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Recent Developments in Integrable Systems and Related Topics of Mathematical Physics (MP 2016)

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Abstract

The focusing Nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) equation is the simplest universal model describing the modulation instability (MI) of quasi monochromatic waves in weakly nonlinear media, considered the main physical mechanism for the appearance of rogue (anomalous) waves (RWs) in Nature. In this paper we study the numerical instabilities of the Akhmediev breather, the simplest space periodic, one-mode perturbation of the unstable background, limiting our considerations to the simplest case of one unstable mode. In agreement with recent theoretical findings of the authors, in the situation in which the round-off errors are negligible with respect to the perturbations due to the discrete scheme used in the numerical experiments, the split-step Fourier method (SSFM), the numerical output is well-described by a suitable genus 2 finite-gap solution of NLS. This solution can be written in terms of different elementary functions in different time regions and, ultimately, it shows an exact recurrence of rogue waves described, at each appearance, by the Akhmediev breather. We discover a remarkable empirical formula connecting the recurrence time with the number of time steps used in the SSFM and, via our recent theoretical findings, we establish that the SSFM opens up a vertical unstable gap whose length can be computed with high accuracy, and is proportional to the inverse of the square of the number of time steps used in the SSFM. This neat picture essentially changes when the round-off error is sufficiently large. Indeed experiments in standard double precision show serious instabilities in both the periods and phases of the recurrence. In contrast with it, as predicted by the theory, replacing the exact Akhmediev Cauchy datum by its first harmonic approximation, we only slightly modify the numerical output. Let us also remark, that the first rogue wave appearance is completely stable in all experiments and is in perfect agreement with the Akhmediev formula and with the theoretical prediction in terms of the Cauchy data.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    The authors are very grateful to M. Sommacal for introducing us to this method and providing us with his personalized MatLab code.

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Acknowledgments

Two visits of P. G. Grinevich to Roma were supported by the University of Roma “La Sapienza”, and by the INFN, Sezione di Roma. P. G. Grinevich and P. M. Santini acknowledge the warm hospitality and the local support of CIC, Cuernavaca, Mexico, in December 2016. P.G. Grinevich was also partially supported by RFBR grant 17-51-150001. We acknowledge useful discussions with F. Briscese, F. Calogero, C. Conti, E. DelRe, A. Degasperis, A. Gelash, I. Krichever, A. Its, S. Lombardo, A. Mikhailov, D. Pierangeli, M. Sommacal and V. Zakharov.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. L.D. Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics, pr. Akademika Semenova 1a, Chernogolovka, 142432, Russia

    P. G. Grinevich

  2. Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, GSP-1, 1 Leninskiye Gory, Main Building, 119991, Moscow, Russia

    P. G. Grinevich

  3. Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutskiy per., Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141700, Russia

    P. G. Grinevich

  4. Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma, Piazz.le Aldo Moro 2, I-00185, Roma, Italy

    P. M. Santini

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  1. P. G. Grinevich
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  1. Steklov Mathematical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

    Victor M. Buchstaber

  2. Centre of Integrable Systems, P.G. Demidov Yaroslavl State University, Yaroslavl, Russia

    Sotiris Konstantinou-Rizos

  3. School of Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

    Alexander V. Mikhailov

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Grinevich, P.G., Santini, P.M. (2018). Numerical Instability of the Akhmediev Breather and a Finite-Gap Model of It. In: Buchstaber, V., Konstantinou-Rizos, S., Mikhailov, A. (eds) Recent Developments in Integrable Systems and Related Topics of Mathematical Physics. MP 2016. Springer Proceedings in Mathematics & Statistics, vol 273. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04807-5_2

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