Skip to main content

Paediatric Imaging

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Children's Orthopaedics and Fractures
  • 2778 Accesses

Abstract

Diagnostic and therapeutic imaging of children poses particular challenges. First it is vital to limit the radiation dose. The younger the child, the more radiosensitive the bone marrow and the greater the potential harm. In addition children have to be persuaded to cooperate to obtain adequate imaging studies and particular radiographic skills are essential [1].

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Cloth bound cover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Cook J, et al. Guidelines on Best Practice in the X-Ray Imaging of Children. 1999: RPC. London

    Google Scholar 

  2. Kyriou J, et al. Comparison of Doses and Techniques Between Specialist and Non-Specialist Centres in the Diagnostic X-Ray Imaging of Children. Br J Radiol 1996 69; 437–50

    Google Scholar 

  3. Wilson D. Paediatric Musculoskeletal Disease with an Emphasis on Ultrasound. 2005: Springer Verlag, Dordrecht.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  4. Kohler A, Zimmer E. Borderlands of the Normal and Early Pathology in Skeletal Roentgenology. 1961: Grune and Stratton, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Keats T, Anderson M. Atlas of Normal Roentgen Variants That May Simulate Disease, 8th ed. 2006: Mosby.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Greulich W, Pyle S. Radiographic Atlas of Skeletal Development of the Hand and Wrist, 2nd ed. 1959: Stanford University Press. Palo Alto

    Google Scholar 

  7. Tanner J, et al. Assessment of Skeletal Maturity and Prediction of Adult Height (TW2 Method), 2nd ed. 1983: Academic Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Petrikovsky B, Boris M. Fetal Disorders: Diagnosis and Management. 1998: John Wiley and Sons Ltd., New York

    Google Scholar 

  9. Hadi HA, Wade A. Prenatal diagnosis of unilateral proximal femoral focal deficiency in diabetic pregnancy: a case report. Am J Perinatol 1993; 10(4): 285––7.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Treadwell MC, Stanitski CL, King M. Prenatal sonographic diagnosis of clubfoot: implications for patient counseling. J Pediatr Orthop 1999; 19(1):8–10.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Pagnotta G, et al. Antenatal sonographic diagnosis of clubfoot: a six-year experience. J Foot Ankle Surg 1996; 35(1):67–71.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Burgan HE, Furness ME, Foster BK. Prenatal ultrasound diagnosis of clubfoot. J Pediatr Orthop 1999; 19(1):11–13.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Korsvik HE, Keller MS. Sonography of occult dysraphism in neonates and infants with MR imaging correlation. Radiographics 1992; 12(2):297–306; discussion 307–308.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Castelein RM, et al. Natural history of ultrasound hip abnormalities in clinically normal newborns. J Pediatr Orthop 1992; 12(4):423–427.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Berman L, Klenerman L. Ultrasound screening for hip abnormalities: preliminary findings in 1001 neonates. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1986; 293(6549):719–722.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Harcke HT, Grissom LE. Pediatric hip sonography. Diagnosis and differential diagnosis. Radiol Clin North Am 1999; 37(4):787–796.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Harcke HT. Imaging methods used for children with hip dysplasia. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2005(434):71–77.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Marks DS, Clegg J, al-Chalabi AN. Routine ultrasound screening for neonatal hip instability. Can it abolish late-presenting congenital dislocation of the hip? J Bone Joint Surg Br 1994; 76(4):534–538.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Shah SS. Abnormal gait in a child with fever: diagnosing septic arthritis of the hip. Pediatr Emerg Care 2005; 21(5):336–341.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Wilson DJ, Green DJ, MacLarnon JC. Arthrosonography of the painful hip. Clin Radiol 1984; 35(1):17–19.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Adam R, et al. Arthrosonography of the irritable hip in childhood: a review of 1 year’s experience. Br J Radiol 1986; 59(699):205–208.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Alexander JE, et al. High-resolution hip ultrasound in the limping child. J Clin Ultrasound 1989; 17(1):19–24.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Del Beccaro MA, et al. Septic arthritis versus transient synovitis of the hip: the value of screening laboratory tests. Ann Emerg Med 1992; 21(12):1418–1422.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Fink AM, et al. The irritable hip: immediate ultrasound guided aspiration and prevention of hospital admission. Arch Dis Child 1995; 72(2):110–113; discussion 113–114.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Berman L, et al. Technical note: identifying and aspirating hip effusions. Br J Radiol 1995; 68(807):306–310.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Terjesen T. Ultrasonography for diagnosis of slipped capital femoral epiphysis. Comparison with radiography in 9 cases. Acta Orthop Scand 1992; 63(6):653–657.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Wirth T, LeQuesne GW, Paterson DC. Ultrasonography in Legg-Calve-Perthes disease. Pediatr Radiol 1992; 22(7):498–504.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Terjesen T. Ultrasonography in the primary evaluation of patients with Perthes disease. J Pediatr Orthop 1993; 13(4):437–443.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Eggl H, et al. Ultrasonography in the diagnosis of transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calve-Perthes disease. J Pediatr Orthop B 1999; 8(3):177–180.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Ranner G, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging in children with acute hip pain. Pediatr Radiol 1989; 20(1–2):67–71.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Castriota-Scanderbeg A, Orsi E. Slipped capital femoral epiphysis: ultrasonographic findings. Skeletal Radiol 1993; 22(3):191–193.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Kallio PE, et al. Ultrasonography in slipped capital femoral epiphysis. Diagnosis and assessment of severity. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1991; 73(6):884–889.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Umans H, et al. Slipped capital femoral epiphysis: a physeal lesion diagnosed by MRI, with radiographic and CT correlation. Skeletal Radiol 1998; 27(3):139–144.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Tins B, Cassar-Pullicino V, McCall I. Slipped upper femoral epiphysis: imaging of complications after treatment. Clin Radiol 2008; 63(1):27–40.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Terjesen T, et al. Leg-length discrepancy measured by ultrasonography. Acta Orthop Scand 1991; 62(2):121–124.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Young JW, et al. Sonographic evaluation of bone production at the distraction site in Ilizarov limb-lengthening procedures. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1990; 154(1):125–128.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Derbyshire ND, Simpson AH. A role for ultrasound in limb lengthening. Br J Radiol 1992; 65(775):576–580.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Hedequist D, Emans J. Congenital scoliosis: a review and update. J Pediatr Orthop 2007; 27(1):106–116.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Oestreich AE, Young LW, Young Poussaint T. Scoliosis circa 2000: radiologic imaging perspective. I. Diagnosis and pretreatment evaluation. Skeletal Radiol 1998; 27(11):591–605.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Gupta P, Lenke LG, Bridwell KH. Incidence of neural axis abnormalities in infantile and juvenile patients with spinal deformity. Is a magnetic resonance image screening necessary? Spine 1998; 23(2):206–210.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Weiss I, et al. ISIS scanning: a useful assessment technique in the management of scoliosis. Spine 1988; 13(4):405–408.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Sundaram M, et al. Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis: an evolving clinical and radiological spectrum. Skeletal Radiol 1996; 25(4):333–336.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Dormans JP, Moroz L. Infection and tumors of the spine in children. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2007; 89 Suppl 1:79–97.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Pineda C, Vargas A, Rodriguez AV. Imaging of osteomyelitis: current concepts. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2006; 20(4):789–825.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Nath AK, Sethu AU. Use of ultrasound in osteomyelitis. Br J Radiol 1992; 65(776):649–652.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Larcos G, et al. How useful is ultrasonography in suspected acute osteomyelitis? J Ultrasound Med 1994; 13(9):707–709.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Jaramillo D, et al. Osteomyelitis and septic arthritis in children: appropriate use of imaging to guide treatment. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1995; 165(2):399–403.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Kaiser S, Jorulf H, Hirsch G. Clinical value of imaging techniques in childhood osteomyelitis. Acta Radiol 1998; 39(5):523–531.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Wakefield RJ, et al. The value of sonography in the detection of bone erosions in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a comparison with conventional radiography. Arthritis Rheum 2000; 43(12):2762–2770.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Johnson K. Imaging of juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Pediatr Radiol 2006; 36(8):743–758.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Lang P, et al. Advances in MR imaging of pediatric musculoskeletal neoplasms. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 1998; 6(3):579–604.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Stacy GS, Dixon LB. Pitfalls in MR image interpretation prompting referrals to an orthopedic oncology clinic. Radiographics 2007; 27(3):805–826; discussion 827–828.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Saifuddin A, Burnett SJ, Mitchell R. Pictorial review: ultrasonography of primary bone tumours. Clin Radiol 1998; 53(4):239–246.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Thornton A, Gyll C.Childrens fractures: A Radiological Guide to Safe Practice. 1999: Bailliere Tindall.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Beaty J, Kasser J. Rockwood and Wilkins Fractures in children, 6th ed. 2005: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Rao P, Carty H. Non-accidental injury: review of the radiology. Clin Radiol 1999; 54(1):11–24.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Carroll DM, Doria AS, Paul BS. Clinical-radiological features of fractures in premature infants – a review. J Perinat Med 2007; 35(5):366–375.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Kleinman P. Diagnostic Imaging in Child Abuse, 2nd ed. 1998: Mosby-Elsevier Science Health Sciences.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Auringer ST, Anthony EY. Common Pediatric Sports Injuries. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 1999; 3(3):247–256.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer-Verlag London Limited

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Wilson, D.J., Allen, G.M. (2010). Paediatric Imaging. In: Benson, M., Fixsen, J., Macnicol, M., Parsch, K. (eds) Children's Orthopaedics and Fractures. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84882-611-3_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84882-611-3_5

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-84882-610-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-84882-611-3

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics