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Infective Endocarditis

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Clinical Echocardiography

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Abstract

In recent years, there has been a change in the epidemiological profile of infective endocarditis (IE), with an increase in valvular endocarditis in elderly patients, often as a result of health care–associated procedures, both in patients with native valve disease and patients with prosthetic valves [1–3]. In developed countries, the currently listed predisposing factors for endocarditis are degenerative valve sclerosis, valve prostheses, intravenous drug abuse, and frequent use of invasive procedures [4, 5]. In developing countries, however, where the prevalence of rheumatic fever remains high, rheumatic valvular heart disease represents the main risk factor for IE [6].

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Cardiology, Universita’ Di Siena, Siena, Italy

    Matteo Lisi M.D.

  2. Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Siena, Siena, Italy

    Sergio Mondillo M.D.

  3. Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Federico II University Hospital, Naples, Italy

    Maurizio Galderisi M.D.

Authors
  1. Matteo Lisi M.D.
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  2. Sergio Mondillo M.D.
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  3. Maurizio Galderisi M.D.
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Matteo Lisi M.D. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Thorney Crescent 27, Battersea, London, SW11 3TT, United Kingdom

    Michael Y. Henein

Electronic Supplementary material

Two-dimensional (2D) transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), apical three chambers view. Aortic valve vegetation (see arrow) in a 68-year-old woman (Enterococcus fecalis)

Video 1.AVI (1,391 KB)

2D TTE, parasternal long axis view. Aortic valve vegetation (see arrows) in a 68-year-old woman (Enterococcus fecalis)

Video 2.AVI (1,464 KB)

2D TTE, apical four-chamber view. Aortic valve vegetation in a 68-year-old woman (Enterococcus fecalis)

Video 3.AVI (1,418 KB)

76621_2_En_6_MOESM4_ESM.mpg

2D TTE, parasternal short axis view. Pseudoaneurysm of aortic biological prosthesis, during diastole (a), and during systole (b), see arrows

Video 4.MPG (154 KB)

76621_2_En_6_MOESM5_ESM.mpg

2D TTE, parasternal short axis view. Pseudoaneurysm of aortic biological prosthesis, during diastole (a), and during systole (b), see arrows

Video 5.MPG (202 KB)

76621_2_En_6_MOESM6_ESM.mpg

2D TTE, apical four-chamber view. Pseudoaneurysm of aortic mechanical prosthesis

Video 6.MPG (278 KB)

TEE. Post-infectious fistula on biological aortic prosthesis, clearly visible during diastole (a) and systole (yellow arrows). (b) The green arrow indicates the vegetation attached to the prosthesis. During systole (c and d), two communications between the two neighboring cavities (white arrows) represented by the aortic bulb and the newly formed para-prosthetic cavity

Video 7.MPG (3,178 KB)

TEE. Post-infectious fistula on biological aortic prosthesis, clearly visible during diastole (a) and systole (yellow arrows). (b) The green arrow indicates the vegetation attached to the prosthesis. During systole (c and d), two communications between the two neighboring cavities (white arrows) represented by the aortic bulb and the newly formed para-prosthetic cavity

Video 8.MPG (6,582 KB)

2D TTE, apical three-chamber view with and without color Doppler. Dehiscence and rocking of the aortic biological prosthesis causing para-prosthetic regurgitation

Video 9.wmv (1,378 KB)

2D TTE, apical three-chamber view with and without color Doppler. Dehiscence and rocking of the aortic biological prosthesis causing para-prosthetic regurgitation

Video 10.wmv (1,024 KB)

76621_2_En_6_MOESM11_ESM.mpg

2D TTE, apical two-chamber view. Mitral valvular vegetation (attached to the posterior mitral leaflet) in 42-year-old man with staphylococcal IE at the time of diagnosis (Video 6.11), and after 2 weeks of antibiotic therapy (Video 6.12)

Video 11.MPG (162 KB)

76621_2_En_6_MOESM12_ESM.mpg

Video 12.MPG (220 KB)

76621_2_En_6_MOESM13_ESM.mpg

[2D TTE e 3D TTE]. Mitral valve endocarditis [S. Epidermidis] in a 42 year old man with a large (21 mm) and mobile vegetation adherent to the posterior mitral leaflet; video 13 (3D TTE), Video 14,15 (3D TTE reconstruction from atrial view and ventricular view respectively)

Video 13.AVI (270 KB)

76621_2_En_6_MOESM14_ESM.mpg

Video 14 atrial view.AVI (221 KB)

76621_2_En_6_MOESM15_ESM.mpg

Video 15 Ventricular view.AVI (224 KB)

Video 6.4

2D TTE, parasternal short axis view. Pseudoaneurysm of aortic biological prosthesis, during diastole (a), and during systole (b), see arrows

Video 4.MPG (154 KB)

Video 6.5

2D TTE, parasternal short axis view. Pseudoaneurysm of aortic biological prosthesis, during diastole (a), and during systole (b), see arrows

Video 5.MPG (202 KB)

Video 6.6

2D TTE, apical four-chamber view. Pseudoaneurysm of aortic mechanical prosthesis

Video 6.MPG (278 KB)

Videos 6.11

2D TTE, apical two-chamber view. Mitral valvular vegetation (attached to the posterior mitral leaflet) in 42-year-old man with staphylococcal IE at the time of diagnosis (Video 6.11), and after 2 weeks of antibiotic therapy (Video 6.12)

Video 11.MPG (162 KB)

Videos 6.12

Video 12.MPG (220 KB)

Videos 6.13

[2D TTE e 3D TTE]. Mitral valve endocarditis [S. Epidermidis] in a 42 year old man with a large (21 mm) and mobile vegetation adherent to the posterior mitral leaflet; video 13 (3D TTE), Video 14,15 (3D TTE reconstruction from atrial view and ventricular view respectively)

Video 13.AVI (270 KB)

Videos 6.14

Video 14 atrial view.AVI (221 KB)

Videos 6.15

Video 15 Ventricular view.AVI (224 KB)

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© 2012 Springer-Verlag London Limited

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Lisi, M., Mondillo, S., Galderisi, M. (2012). Infective Endocarditis. In: Henein, M. (eds) Clinical Echocardiography. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84882-521-5_6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84882-521-5_6

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  • Print ISBN: 978-1-84882-520-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-84882-521-5

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