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Pathogenic Mediators of Vessel Sclerosis: Regulation of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation by Growth Factors, the Extracellular Matrix, and the Endothelium

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Vascular Complications in Human Disease

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Abstract

Arterial sclerosis is by definition an expansion of its connective tissue component. Normal arterial connective tissue comprises multiple layers of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), each surrounded by a basement membrane (BM) composed of type IV collagen, laminin, and heparan sulfate proteoglycans (Figure 7-1A). An interstitial extracellular matrix (ECM), consisting of fibrillar types I and III collagen, glycoproteins such as fibronectin, and dermatan sulfate proteoglycans such as versican, further surrounds the VSMCs.1 Separated from the media by the internal elastic lamina is the intima, often a simple monolayer of endothelial cells and their basement membrane. During atherosclerosis (Figure 7-1B) VSMCs and newly formed ECM thicken the intima together with inflammatory cells and sometimes microvascular endothelial cells (not shown). VSMCs predominate in the intimal thickenings in pulmonary hypertension,2 in veins used as arteriovenous fistulas,3 in coronary or peripheral vein grafts 4,5 and after balloon angioplasty with or without stent implantation.6,7 Although adventitial fibroblasts8 and various types of progenitor cells9 could contribute, most intimal VSMCs probably originate from the media. In the rat carotid artery after balloon injury, VSMCs can be observed crossing the internal elastic lamina.10,11 Furthermore, wasting of the media is often observed at the base of spontaneous human and experimental animal atherosclerotic plaques, consistent with the idea that fibrous cap VSMCs derive ultimately from medial cells.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Bristol Heart Institute, Bristol Royal Infirmary, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK

    Mark Bond BSc, PhD, Graciela Sala-Newby BSc, MSc, PhD & Andrew C. Newby MA, PhD

  2. Cardiovascular Division and Institute of Traditional Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital and National Ying-Mang University, Taipei, Taiwan

    Yih-Jer Wu MD, PhD

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  1. Mark Bond BSc, PhD
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  2. Yih-Jer Wu MD, PhD
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  3. Graciela Sala-Newby BSc, MSc, PhD
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  4. Andrew C. Newby MA, PhD
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Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, UK

    David Abraham PhD (Professor of Cellular and Molecular Biology) (Professor of Cellular and Molecular Biology)

  2. Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Free and University College Hospital Medical School, London, UK

    Michael Dashwood PhD (Principal Research Fellow) (Principal Research Fellow)

  3. The National Pulmonary Hypertension Unit, Royal Free Hospital, London

    Clive Handler BSc, MD, MRCP, FACC, FESC (Consultant in Pulmonary Hypertension and Honorary Senior Lecturer) (Consultant in Pulmonary Hypertension and Honorary Senior Lecturer)

  4. Department of Medicine, Royal Free and University College Hospital Medical School, London, UK

    Clive Handler BSc, MD, MRCP, FACC, FESC (Consultant in Pulmonary Hypertension and Honorary Senior Lecturer) (Consultant in Pulmonary Hypertension and Honorary Senior Lecturer)

  5. Royal Free Hospital, London, UK

    Gerry Coghlan MD, FRCP (Consultant Cardiologist) (Consultant Cardiologist)

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Bond, M., Wu, YJ., Sala-Newby, G., Newby, A.C. (2008). Pathogenic Mediators of Vessel Sclerosis: Regulation of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation by Growth Factors, the Extracellular Matrix, and the Endothelium. In: Abraham, D., Dashwood, M., Handler, C., Coghlan, G. (eds) Vascular Complications in Human Disease. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84628-919-4_7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84628-919-4_7

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