Abstract
Electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy (ECG-LVH) was for a long time one of the primary cardiographic epidemiological diagnostic tools, and it was also clinically important for LVH classification in patients with hypertension, acquired valvular heart disease and congenital valvular defects. The clinical significance of ECG-LVH has diminished with advances in cardiac imaging technology. The epidemiological significance of ECG-LVH is primarily in the realm of risk evaluation.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Wilson PW, D’Agostino RB, Levy D et al. Prediction of coronary heart disease using risk factor categories. Circulation 1998;97:1837–47.
Ashley EA, Raxwal VK, Froelicher VF. The prevalence and prognostic significance of electrocardiographic abnormalities. Current Problems in Cardiology 2000;25:5–70.
Milliken JA, MacFarlane PW, Lawrie TDV. Enlargement and hypertrophy. In: MacFarlane PW, Lawrie TDV (eds). Comprehensive Electrocardiology. New York: Pergamon Books Ltd, 1988, pp 631–70.
Rautaharju PM. Electrocardiogram in epidemiology and clinical trials. In: MacFarlane PW, Lawrie TDV (eds). Comprehensive Electrocardiology. New York: Pergamon Books Ltd, 1988, pp1219–66.
Vakili BA, Okin PM, Devereux RB. Prognostic implications of left ventricular hypertrophy. Am Heart J 2001;141:334–41.
Lewis T. Observations upon ventricular hypertrophy, with especial reference to preponderance of one or the other chamber. Heart 1914;5:367–403.
Hermann GR, Wilson FN. Ventricular hypertrophy. Comparison of electrocardiographic and postmortem observations. Heart 1922;9:91–147.
Sokolow M, Lyon TP. The ventricular complex in left ventricular hypertrophy as obtained by unipolar precordial and limb leads. Am Heart J 1949;37:161–86.
Blackburn H, Keys A, Simonson E et al. The electrocardiogram in population studies. A classification system. Circulation 1960;21:1160–75.
Casale PN, Devereux RB, Kligfield P et al. Electrocardiographic detection of left ventricular hypertrophy: development and prospective validation of improved criteria. J Am Coll Cardiol 1985;6:572–80.
Molloy TJ, Okin PM, Devereux RB, Kligfield P. Electrocardiographic detection of left ventricular hypertrophy by the simple QRS voltage-duration product. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992;20:1180–6.
Romhilt DW, Estes EH Jr. A point-score system for the ECG diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy. Am Heart J 1968;75:252–8.
Schillaci G, Verdecchia P, Borgioni C et al. Improved electrocardiographic diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy. Am J Cardiol 1994;74:714–9.
Norman JE, Levy D, Cambell G, Bailey JJ. Improved detection of echocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy using a new electrocardiographic algorithm. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993;21:1680–6.
Wolf HK, Burggraf GW, Cuddy E, Milliken JA et al. Prediction of left ventricular mass from the electrocardiogram. J Electrocardiol 1991;24:121–7.
Rautaharju PM, LaCroix AZ, Savage DD et al. Electrocardiographic estimate of left ventricular mass vs. radiographic cardiac size and the risk of cardiovascular disease mortality in the epidemiologic follow-up study of the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am J Cardiol 1988;62:59–66.
Casale PN, Devereux RB, Alonso DR et al. Improved sex-specific criteria of left ventricular hypertrophy for clinical and computer interpretation of electrocardiograms: validation with autopsy findings. Circulation 1987;75:565–72.
Rautaharju PM, Manolio TA, Siscovick D et al. Utility of new electrocardiographic models for left ventricular mass in older adults. Hypertension 1996;28:8–15.
Kannel WB, Gordon T, Offutt D. Left ventricular hypertrophy by electrocardiogram. Prevalence, incidence, and mortality in the Framingham study. Ann Int Med 1969;71:89–105.
Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Research Group. Baseline rest electrocardiographic abnormalities, antihypertensive treatment and mortality in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Am J Cardiol 1985;55:1–15.
Keys A, Aravanis C, Blackburn H et al. Epidemiological studies related to coronary heart disease: characteristics of men aged 40–59 in seven countries. Acta Med Scand 1966;460(Suppl):1–392.
Karvonen MJ, Blomqvist G, Kallio V et al. Epidemiological studies related to coronary heart disease: characteristics of men aged 40–59 in seven countries. C4. Men in rural east and west Finland. Acta Med Scand 1966;460(Suppl):169–90.
Karvonen MJ, Rautaharju PM, Orma E et al. Cardiovascular studies on lumberjacks. J Occupational Med 1961;3:46–53.
Rautaharju PM, Karvonen MJ, Keys A. The frequency of arteriosclerotic and hypertensive heart disease among ostensibly healthy working populations in Finland. An electrocardiographic and clinical study. J Chronic Dis 1961;13:426–38.
Verdecchia P, Schillaci G, Borgioni C et al. Prognostic significance of serial changes in left ventricular mass in essential hypertension. Circulation 1998;97:48–54.
Rautaharju PM, Neaton JD for the MRFIT Research Group. Electrocardiographic abnormalities and coronary heart disease mortality among hypertensive men in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Clin Invest Med 1987;10:606–15.
Wolf HK, MacInnis PJ, Stock S. The Dalhousie Program. A comprehensive analysis program for rest and exercise electrocardiograms. In: Zywiets C, Schneider B (eds). Computer Application on ECG and VCG analysis. Amsterdam, London: North Holland Publishing Co., 1973, pp 231–40.
Rautaharju PM, MacInnis PJ, Warren JW et al. Methodology of ECG interpretation in the Dalhousie program; NOVACODE ECG classification procedures for clinical trials and population health surveys. Methods Inf med 1990;29:362–74.
Östör E, Schnohr, Jensen G, Nyboe J, Tybjærg Hansen A. Electrocardiographic findings and their association with mortality in the Copenhagen City Heart Study. Eur Heart J 1981;2:317–28.
Beaglehole R, Tyroler HA, Cassel JC, Deubner DC. An epidemiological study of left ventricular hypertrophy in the biracial population of Evans County, Georgia. J Chron Dis 1975;28:549–59.
Strogatz DS, Tyroler HA, Watkins LO, Hames CG. Electrocardiographic abnormalities and mortality among middle-aged black men and white men of Evans County, Georgia. J Chron Dis 1987;40:149–55.
Arnett DK, Strogatz DS, Ephross SA et al. Greater incidence of electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy in black men than in white men in Evans County, Georgia. Ethn Dis 1992;2:10–17.
Sorlie PD, Garcia-Palmitieri MR, Costas R. Left ventricular hypertrophy among dark and light skinned Puerto Rican men: the Puerto Rico Heart Health Program. Am Heart J 1988;116:777–83.
Xie X, Liu K, Stamler J, Stamler R. Ethnic differences in electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy in young and middle-aged employed American men. Am J Cardiol 1994;73:564–7.
Arnett DK, Rautaharju P, Sutherland S et al. Validity of electrocardiographic estimates of left ventricular hypertrophy and mass in African Americans (The Charlston Heart Study). Am J Cardiol 1997;79:1289–92.
Huston SL, Bunker CH, Ukoli FAM. Electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy by five criteria among civil servants in Benin City, Nigeria: prevalence and correlates. Int J Cardiol 1999;70:1–14.
Rautaharju PM, Zhou SH, Calhoun HP. Ethnic differences in electrocardiographic amplitudes in North American white, black and Hispanic men and women: effect of obesity and age. J Electrocardiol 1994;27(Suppl):20–30.
Lee DK, Marantz PR, Devereux RB et al. Left ventricular hypertrophy in black and white hypertensives. Standard electrocardiographic criteria overestimate racial differences in prevalence. JAMA 1992;267:3294–9.
Gottdiener JS, Reda DJ, Materson BJ et al. Importance of obesity, race and age to the cardiac structural and functional effects of hypertension. The Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group on Antihypertensive Agents. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994;24:1492–8.
Liebson PR, Grandits G, Prineas R et al. Echocardiographic correlates of left ventricular structure among 844 mildly hypertensive men and women in the Treatment of Mild Hypertension Study (TOMHS). Circulation 1993;87:476–86.
Rautaharju PM, Park LP, Gottdiener JS et al. Raceand sex-specific ECG models for left ventricular mass in older populations. Factors influencing overestimation of left ventricular hypertrophy prevalence by ECG criteria in African-Americans. J Electrocardiol 2000;33:205–18.
Gardin JM, Wagenknecht LE, Anton-Culver H et al. Relationship of cardiovascular risk factors to echocardiographic left ventricular mass in healthy young black and white men and women. The CARDIA Study. Circulation 1995;92:380–7.
Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program Cooperative Group. Five-year findings of the Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program. Prevention and reversal of left ventricular hypertrophy with antihypertensive drug therapy. Hypertension 1985;7:105–12.
Mosterd A, D’Agostino RB, Silbershatz H et al. Trends in the prevalence of hypertension, antihypertensive therapy, and left ventricular hypertrophy from 1950 to 1989. N Engl J Med 1999;340:1221–7.
Okin PM, Jern S, Devereux RB et al. Effect of obesity on electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertensive patients: the Losartan Intervention for Endpoint (LIFE) reduction in hypertension study. Hypertens 2000;35:13–18.
Rautaharju PM, Park L, Rautaharju FS, Crow R. A standardized procedure for locating and documenting ECG chest electrode positions. Consideration of the effect of breast tissue on ECG amplitudes in women. J Electrocardiol 1998;31:17–29.
Gardin JM, Arnold A, Gottdiener JS et al. Left ventricular mass in the elderly. The Cardiovascular Health Study. Hypertension 1997;29:1095–103.
Levy D, Anderson KM, Savage DD, Kannel WB et al. Echocardiographically detected left ventricular hypertrophy: prevalence and risk factors. The Framingham Study. Ann Intern Med 1988;108:7–13.
De Simone GM, Devereux RB, Roman MJ et al. Relation of obesity and gender to left ventricular hypertrophy in normotensive and hypertensive adults. Hypertension 1994;23:600–6.
Okin P, Roman MJ, Devereux RB, Kligfield P. Gender differences and the electrocardiogram in left ventricular hypertrophy. Hypertension 1995; 25:242–9.
Rautaharju PM, Manolio TA, Siscovick D et al. The CHS Collaborative Research Group. Classification accuracy of electrocardiographic criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy in older adults. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 1996;1:121–32
Schunkert H, Brockel U, Hengstenberg C et al. Familial predisposition of left ventricular hypertrophy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;33:1685–91.
Mayosi BM, Keavney B, Kardos S et al. Electrocardiographic measures of left ventricular hypertrophy show greater heritability than echocardiographic left ventricular mass. Eur Heart J 2002;23:1963–71.
Post WS, Larson MD, Mayers RH et al. Heritability of left ventricular mass: the Framingham Heart Study. Hypertension 1997;30:1025–8.
Levy D, Labib SB, Anderson KM et al. Determinants of sensitivity and specificity of electrocardiographic criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy. Circulation 1990;81:815–20.
Larsen CT, Dahlin J, Blackburn H et al. Prevalence and prognosis of electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy, ST segment depression and negative T-wave. Eur Heart J 2002;23:315–24.
Levy D, Salomon M, D’Agostino RB et al. Prognostic implications of baseline electrocardiographic features and their serial changes in subjects with left ventricular hypertrophy. Circulation 1994;90:1786–93.
D’Agostino RB, Lee ML, Belanger AJ et al. Relation of pooled logistic regression to time-dependent Cox regression analysis: the Framingham Heart Study. Stat Med 1990;9:1501–15.
De Bacquer D, De Backer G, Kornitzer M, Blackburn H. Prognostic value of ECG findings for total, cardiovascular disease, and coronary heart disease death in men and women. Heart 1998;80:570–7.
Menotti A, Seccaraccia F, and the RIFLE Research Group. Electrocardiographic Minnesota Code findings predicting short-term mortality in asymptomatic subjects. The Italian RIFLE Pooling Project (Risk Factors and Life Expectancy). G Ital Cardiol 1997;27:40–9.
Tervahauta M, Pekkanen J, Punsar S, Nissinen A. Resting electrocardiographic abnormalities as predictors of coronary events and total mortality among elderly men. Am J Med 1996;100:641–5.
Kahn S, Frishman WH, Weissman S et al. Left ventricular hypertrophy on electrocardiogram: prognostic implications from a 10-year cohort study of older subjects: a report from the Bronx Longitudinal Aging Study. J Am Geriatr Soc 1996;44:524–9.
Kannel WB, Abbott RD. A prognostic comparison of asymptomatic left ventricular hypertrophy and unrecognized myocardial infarction: the Framingham study. Am Heart J 1986;111:391–7.
Dunn FG, McLenachan J, Isles CG et al. Left ventricular hypertrophy and mortality in hypertension: an analysis of data from the Glasgow Blood Pressure Clinic. J Hypertens 1990;8:775–82.
Verdecchia P, Schillaci G, Borgioni C et al. Prognostic value of new electrocardiographic method for diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy in essential hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;31:383–90.
Sullivan JM, vander Zwaag R, El-Zeky F et al. Left ventricular hypertrophy: effect on survival. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993;22:508–13.
Sundström J, Lind L, Ärnlö J et al. Echocardiographic and electrocardiographic diagnoses of left ventricular hypertrophy predict mortality independently of each other in a population of elderly men. Circulation 2001;103:2346–51.
Wilson PW, D’Agostino RB, Levy D et al. Prediction of coronary heart disease using risk factor categories. Circulation 1998;97:1837–47.
Koren MJ, Devereux RB, Casale PN et al. Relation of left ventricular mass and geometry to morbidity and mortality in uncomplicated essential hypertension. Ann Intern Med 1991;114:345–52.
Levy D, Garrison RJ, Savage DD et al. Prognostic implications of echocardiographically determined left ventricular mass in the Framingham Heart Study. N Engl J Med 1990;322:1561–6.
Liao Y, Cooper RS, Mensah GA, McGee DL. Left ventricular hypertrophy has a greater impact on survival in women than in men. Circulation 1995;92:805–10.
Levy D, Garrison RJ, Savage DD et al. Left ventricular mass and incidence of coronary heart disease in an elderly cohort: the Framingham Heart Study. Ann Intern Med 1989;110:101–7.
Prineas RJ, Rautaharju PM, Grandits G, Crow R, for the MRFIT Research Group. Independent risk for cardiovascular disease predicted by modified continuous score electrocardiographic criteria for 6-year incidence and regression of left ventricular hypertrophy among clinically disease free men: 16 year follow-up for the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. J Electrocardiol 2001;34:91–101.
Zhou SH, Rautaharju PM, Prineas RJ et al. Improved ECG models for estimation of left ventricular hypertrophy progression and regression incidence by redefinition of the criteria for a significant change in left ventricular hypertrophy. J Electrocardiol 1994;26(Suppl):108–13.
Mathew J, Sleight P, Lonn E et al. Reduction of cardiovascular risk by regression of electrocardiographic markers of left ventricular hypertrophy by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor ramipril. Circulation 2001;104:1615–21.
Gardin JM, Brunner D, Schreiner PJ et al. Demographics and correlates of five-year change in echocardiographic left ventricular mass in young black and white adult men and women: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;40:529–35.
Messerly FH, Grossman E, Goldbourt U. Are â-blockers efficacious as first-line therapy for hypertension in the elderly? A systematic review. JAMA 1998;279:1903–7.
Agabiti-Rosei E, Ambrosioni E, Dal Palu C et al. ACE inhibitor ramipril is more effective than betablocker atenolol in reducing left ventricular mass in hypertension. Results of the RACE (ramipril cardioprotective evaluation) study on behalf of the RACE group. J Hypertens 1995;13:1325–34.
Schmieder RE, Martus P, Klingbell A. Reversal of left ventricular hypertrophy in essential hypertension. A meta-analysis of randomized double-blind studies. JAMA 1996;275:1507–13.
Lindholm LH, Ibsen H, Dahlõf B et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): a randomised trial against atenolol. Lancet 2002;359:1004–10.
Devereux RB, Gerdts E et al. Regression of hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy by angiotensin receptor blockade versus beta-blockade: the LIFE trial (abstract). Am J Hypertens 2002;15:15A.
Okin PM, Devereux RB, Jern S et al. Regression of electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy during antihypertensive treatment and the prediction of major cardiovascular events. JAMA 2004;292:2343–9.
Okin PM, Devereux RB, Liu JE et al. Regression of electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy predicts regression of echocardiographic left ventricular mass: the LIFE study. J Hum Hypertens 2004;18:403–9.
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2007 Springer-Verlag London Limited
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
(2007). Left Ventricular Hypertrophy. In: Investigative Electrocardiography in Epidemiological Studies and Clinical Trials. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84628-481-6_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84628-481-6_9
Publisher Name: Springer, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-84628-465-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-84628-481-6
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)