Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Inhalation Injury

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
A Clinical Guide to Occupational and Environmental Lung Diseases

Part of the book series: Respiratory Medicine ((RM))

  • 1445 Accesses

Abstract

Chemicals with potential toxicity are regularly used and produced in a variety of industrial processes. Individuals may suffer inhalation exposures to potentially toxic gases in the workplace, the general environment, including the home or as smoke inhalation during a fire, or as weapons of mass destruction. In this chapter we review the basic determinants of inhalation exposure as well as the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of inhalation lung injury caused by chemical asphyxiants and irritant toxic gases.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Bronstein AC, Spyker DA, Cantilena Jr LR, et al. 2006 Annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers’ National Poison Data System (NPDS). Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2007;45:815.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Worker health chartbook, Chapter 2, Poisonings. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; 2004. www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2004-146/ch2/ch2-9.asp.htm Accessed 6 September 2010.

  3. Pruitt Jr BA, Cioffi WG. Diagnosis and treatment of smoke inhalation. J Intensive Care Med. 1995;10:117.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Baxter PJ, Kapila M, Mfonfu D. Lake Nyos disaster, Cameroon, 1986: the medical effects of large scale emission of carbon dioxide? BMJ. 1989;298(6685):1437.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Nelson L. Carbon dioxide poisoning. Emerg Med. 2000;32:36.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Weaver LK. Clinical practice, carbon monoxide poisoning. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:1217.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Zawacki BE, Azen SP, Imbus SH, et al. Multifactorial probit analysis of mortality in burned patients. Ann Surg. 1979;189:1.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Henry CR, Satran D, Lindgren B, et al. Myocardial injury and long term mortality following moderate to severe carbon monoxide poisoning. JAMA. 2006;295:398.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Jaffe FA. Pathogenicity of carbon monoxide. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 1997;18:406.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Douglas CG, Haldane JS, Haldane JBS. The laws of combination of hemoglobin with carbon monoxide and oxygen. J Physiol. 1912;44:275.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Zhang J, Piantadosi CA. Mitochondrial oxidative stress after carbon monoxide hypoxia in the rat brain. J Clin Invest. 1992;90:1193.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Thom SR, Bhopale VM, Fisher D, et al. Delayed neuropathy after carbon monoxide poisoning is immune-mediated. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101:13660.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Weaver LK, Valentine KJ, Hopkins RO. Carbon monoxide poisoning: risk factors for cognitive sequelae and the role of hyperbaric oxygen. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;176:491.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Satron D, Henry CR, Adkinson C, et al. Cardiovascular manifestations of moderate to severe carbon monoxide poisoning. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;45:1513.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Kao HK, Lien TC, Kou YR, et al. Assessment of myocardial injury in the emergency department independently predicts the short-term poor outcome in patients with severe carbon monoxide poisoning receiving mechanical ventilation and hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 2009;22:473.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Kao LW, Nangas KA. Carbon monoxide poisoning. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2004;22:985.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Hill EP, Hill JR, Power GG, et al. Carbon monoxide exchanges between the human fetus and mother: a mathematical model. Am J Physiol. 1977;232:H311.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Koren G, Sharav T, Pastuszak A, et al. A multicenter, prospective study of fetal outcome following accidental carbon monoxide poisoning in pregnancy. Reprod Toxcol. 1991;5:397.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Yildiz H, Aldemir E, Altuncu E, et al. A rare cause of perinatal asphyxia: maternal carbon monoxide poisoning. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2010;281:251–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Thom SR, Taber RL, Mendiguren II, et al. Delayed neuropsychiatric sequelae after carbon monoxide poisoning: prevention by treatment with hyperbaric oxygen. Ann Emerg Med. 1995;25:474.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Suner S, Partridge R, Sucov A, et al. Non-invasive pulse co-oximetry screening in the emergency department identifies occult carbon monoxide toxicity. J Emerg Med. 2008;34:44.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Touger M, Birnbaum A, Wang J, et al. Performance of the RAD-57 pulse CO-oximeter compared with standard laboratory carboxyhemoglobin measurement. Ann Emerg Med. 2010; 56(4):382–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Ben-Eli D, Peruggia J, McFarland J, et al. Detecting CO, Fire Department of New York (FDNY) studies prehospital assessment of COHb. JEMS. 2007;32:S36.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. DeBias DA, Banerjee CM, Birkhead WC, et al. Effects of carbon monoxide inhalation on ventricular fibrillation. Arch Environ Health. 1976;31:42.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Pace N, Stajman E, Walker EL. Acceleration of carbon monoxide elimination in man by high pressure oxygen. Science. 1950;111:652.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Juurlink D, Buckley N, Stanbrook M, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen for carbon monoxide poisoning. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;CD002041.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Weaver LK, Hopkins RO, Chen KJ, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen for acute carbon monoxide poisoning. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:1057.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Scheinkestal CD, Bailey M, Myles PS, et al. Hyperbaric or normobaric oxygen for acute carbon monoxide poisoning: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Med J Aust. 1999;170:203.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Piantodosi CA. Carbon monoxide poisoning. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:1054.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Isbister GK, McGettigan P, Harris I. Hyperbaric oxygen for acute carbon monoxide poisoning. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:557.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Takeuchi A, Vesely A, Rucker J, et al. A simple “new” method to accelerate clearance of carbon monoxide. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;161:1816.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Baud FJ, Barriot P, Toffis V, et al. Elevated blood cyanide concentrations in victims of smoke inhalation. N Engl J Med. 1991;325:1801.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Wetherell HR. The occurrence of cyanide in the blood of fire victims. J Forensic Sci. 1996;11:167.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Eckstein M, Maniscalco P. Focus on smoke inhalation—the most common cause of acute cyanide poisoning. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2006;21:49.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Baskin SI, Brewer TG. Cyanide poisoning. In: Zajtchuk R, Bellamy RF, editors. Medical aspects of chemical and biological warfare., Textbook of military medicine, Part I. Warfare. Washington DC: United States Department of the Army, Office of the Surgeon General and Borden Institute; 1997. p. 271.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Lazarus AA, Devereaux A. Potential agents of chemical warfare: worst case scenario and decontamination methods. Postgrad Med. 2002;112:133.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Johnson RP, Mellors JW. Arteriolarization of venous blood gasses: a clue to the diagnosis of cyanide poisoning. J Emerg Med. 1988;6:401.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Barillo DJ. Diagnosis and treatment of cyanide toxicity. J Burn Care Res. 2009;30:148.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Fortin JL, Giocanti JP, Ruttimann M, et al. Prehospital administration of hydroxycobalamin for smoke inhalation-associated cyanide poisoning: 8 years of experience in the Paris Fire Brigade. Clin Toxicol. 2006;44:37.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Borron SW, Baud FJ, Imbert M, et al. Prospective study of hydroxocobalamin for acute cyanide poisoning in smoke inhalation. Ann Emerg Med. 2007;49:794.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Hall AH, Dart R, Bogdan G. Sodium thiosulfate or hydroxycobalamin for the empiric treatment of cyanide poisoning. Ann Emerg Med. 2007;49:806.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Beckerman N, Leikin SM, Aitchinson R, Yen M, Wills BK. Laboratory interferences with the newer cyanide antidote: hydroxycobalamin. Semin Diagn Pathol. 2009;26:49.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Lee J, Mukal D, Kreuter K, et al. Potential interference of hydroxycobalamin on coximetry hemoglobin measurements during cyanide and smoke inhalation treatments. Ann Emerg Med. 2007;49:802.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Lavon O, Bentur Y. Does amyl nitrite have a role in the management of pre-hospital mass casualty cyanide poisoning? Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2010;48(6):477–84.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Ballerino-Regan D, Longmire AW. Hydrogen sulfide exposure as a cause of sudden occupational death. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2010;134:1105.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Poli D, Solarino B, Di Vella G, et al. Occupational asphyxiation by unknown compound(s): environmental and toxicological approach. Forensic Sci Int. 2010;197:19.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Yalamanchili C, Smith MD. Acute hydrogen sulfide toxicity due to sewer gas exposure. Am J Emerg Med. 2008;26:518.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Byungkuk N, Hyokyung K, Younghee C, et al. Neurological sequelae of hydrogen sulfide poisoning. Ind Health. 2004;42:83.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Amino M, Yoshioka K, Suzuki Y, et al. Improvement in a patient suffering from cardiac injury due to severe hydrogen sulfide poisoning: a long-term examination of the process of recovery of heart failure by performing nuclear medicine study. Intern Med. 2009;48:1745.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Lee EC, Kwan J, Leem JH, Park SG, et al. Hydrogen sulfide intoxication with dilated cardiomyopathy. J Occup Health. 2009;51:522.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Ago M, Ago K, Ogata M. Two fatalities by hydrogen sulfide poisoning: variation of pathological and toxicological findings. Leg Med (Tokyo). 2008;10:148.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Ravizza AG, Carugo D, Cerchiari EC. The treatment of hydrogen sulfide intoxication, oxygen vs. nitrites. Vet Hum Toxicol. 1982;24:241.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Gunn B, Wong R. Noxious gas exposure in the outback: two cases of hydrogen sulfide toxicity. Emerg Med (Fremantle). 2001;13:240.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Buie SE, Pratt DS, May JJ. Diffuse pulmonary injury following paint remover exposure. Am J Med. 1986;81:702.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Rahman MH, Bråtveit M, Moen BE. Exposure to ammonia and acute respiratory effects in a urea fertilizer factory. Int J Occup Environ Health. 2007;13:153.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Fedoruk MJ, Bronstein R, Kerger BD. Ammonia exposure and hazard assessment for selected household cleaning product uses. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol. 2005;15:534.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Bloom GR, Suhail F, Hopkins-Price P, et al. Acute anhydrous ammonia injury from accidents during illicit methamphetamine productions. Burns. 2008;34:713.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Leduc D, Gris P, Lheureux P, et al. Acute and long-term respiratory damage following inhalation of ammonia. Thorax. 1992;47:755.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Tonelli AR, Pham A. Bronchiectasis, a long-term sequela of ammonia inhalation: a case report and review of the literature. Burns. 2009;35:451.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Becker M, Forrester M. Pattern of chlorine gas exposures reported to Texas poison control centers, 2000 through 2005. Tex Med. 2008;104:52.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. LoVecchio F, Blackwell S, Stevens D. Outcomes of chlorine exposure: a 5-year poison center experience in 598 patients. Eur J Emerg Med. 2005;12:109.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Babu RV, Cardenas V, Sharma G. Acute respiratory distress syndrome from chlorine inhalation during a swimming pool accident: a case report and review of the literature. J Intensive Care Med. 2008;23:275.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Schwartz DA, Smith DD, Lakshminarayan S. The pulmonary sequelae associated with accidental inhalation of chlorine gas. Chest. 1990;97:820.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Pariman T, Kanne JP, Pierson DJ. Acute inhalational injury with evidence of diffuse bronchiolitis following chlorine gas exposure. Respir Care. 2004;49:291.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Antonini JM, Lewis AB, Roberts JR, et al. Pulmonary effects of welding fumes: review of worker and experimental animal studies. Am J Ind Med. 2003;43:350.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Sciuto AM, Hurt HH. Therapeutic treatments of phosgene-induced lung injury. Inhal Toxicol. 2004;16:565.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Douglas WM, Hyzser NG, Colley TV. Silo-filler’s disease. Mayo Clin Proc. 1989;64:291.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Schlesinger RB. Nitrogen Oxides. In: Rom WM, Markowitz SB, editors. Environmental and occupational medicine. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2007. p. 1466–79.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Frampton MW, Utell MJ. Sulfur Dioxide. In: Rom WM, Markowitz SB, editors. Environmental and Occupational Medicine. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2007. p. 1480–6.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Charan NB, Myers CG, Lakshminarayan S, et al. Pulmonary injuries associated with acute sulfur dioxide inhalation. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1979;119:555.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Haponik EF, Crapo RO, Herndon DN, et al. Smoke inhalation. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1988;138:1060.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Thompson PB, Herndon DN, Traper DL, et al. Effect on mortality of inhalation injury. J Trauma. 1986;26:163.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Saffle JR, Davis B, Williams P, et al. Recent outcomes in the treatment of burn injury in the United States: a report from the American Burn Association Patient Registry. J Burn Care Rehabil. 1995;16:219.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Haponik EF, Summer WR. Respiratory complications in burned patients: pathogenesis and spectrum of injury. J Crit Care. 1987;2:49.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Haponik EF, Munster AM, Wise RA, et al. Upper airway function in burn patients: correlation of flow volume curves and nasopharyngoscopy. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1984;129:251.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Shirini KZ, Moylan JA, Pritt BA. Diagnosis and treatment of inhalation injury in burn patients. In: Loke J, editor. Pathophysiology and Treatment of Inhalation Injury. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1988. p. 239.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Silverman SH, Purdue GF, Hunt JL, et al. Cyanide toxicity in burned patients. J Trauma. 1988;28:171.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Cochran A. Inhalation injury and endotracheal intubation. J Burn Care Res. 2009;30:190.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Agee RN, Long JM, Hunt JL, et al. Use of Xenon133 in early diagnosis of inhalation injury. J Trauma. 1976;16:218.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Hsu HH, Tzao C, Chang WC, et al. Zinc chloride (smoke bomb) inhalation lung injury: clinical presentations, high-resolution CT findings, and pulmonary function test results. Chest. 2007;127:2064.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Masaki Y, Sugiyama K, Tanaka H, et al. Effectiveness of CT for clinical stratification of occupational lung edema. Ind Health. 2007;45:78.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Sherman CB, Barnhart S, Miller MF, Segal MR, Aitken M, Schoene R, et al. Firefighting acutely increases airway responsiveness. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1989;140:185.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Chia KS, Jeyaratnam J, Chan TB, Lim TK. Airway responsiveness of firefighters after smoke exposure. Br J Ind Med. 1990;47:524.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Kinsella J, Carter R, Reid W, Campbell D, Clark C. Increased airways reactivity after smoke inhalation. Lancet. 1991;337:595.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Banauch GI, Alleyne D, Sanchez R, et al. Persistent bronchial hyperreactivity in New York City firefighters and rescue workers following collapse of World Trade Center. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003;168:54.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Mlcak RP, Suman OE, Herndon DN. Respiratory management of inhalation injury. Burns. 2007;33:2.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Gunnarsson M, Walther SM, Seidel T, et al. Effects of inhalation of corticosteroids immediately after experimental chlorine gas lung injury. J Trauma. 2004;48:101.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Wang J, Winskog E, Walther SM. Inhaled and intravenous corticosteroids both attenuate chlorine gas-induced lung injury in pigs. Acta Anesthesiol Scand. 2005;49:183.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Peck MD, Harrington D, Mlcak RP, et al. Potential studies of mode of ventilation in inhalation injury. J Burn Care Res. 2009;30:181.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Dries DJ. Key questions in ventilator management of the burn-injured patient (first of two parts). J Burn Care Res. 2009;30:128.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Dries DJ. Key questions in ventilator management of the burn-injured patient (second of two parts). J Burn Care Res. 2009;30:21.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Greenhalgh DG. Steroids in the treatment of smoke inhalation injury. J Burn Care Res. 2009;30:165.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Smith DD. Acute inhalation injury. Clin Pulm Med. 1999;6:224.

    Google Scholar 

  94. Sterner JB, Zanders TB, Morrise MJ, et al. Inflammatory mediators in smoke inhalation injury. Inflamm Allergy Drug Targets. 2009;8:63.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Toon MH, Maybauer MO, Greenwood JE, et al. Management of acute smoke inhalation injury. Crit Care Resusc. 2010;12:53.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Edelman DA, Khan N, Kempf K, et al. Pneumonia after inhalation injury. J Burn Care Res. 2007;28:241.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Friedman S, Cone J, Eros-Sarnyai M, et al. Clinical guidelines for adults exposed to the World Trade Center Disaster. City Health Information. 2006;25:47.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Prezant DJ, Weiden M, Banauch GI, et al. Cough and bronchial responsiveness in firefighters at the World Trade Center site. N Eng J Med. 2002;347:806.

    Google Scholar 

  99. Brooks SM, Weiss MA, Bernstein IL. Reactive airways dysfunction syndrome. Chest. 1985;88:376.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Banauch GI, Izbicki G, Christodoulou V, et al. Trial of prophylactic inhaled steroids to prevent or reduce pulmonary function decline, pulmonary symptoms and airway hyperreactivity in firefighters at the World Trade Center Site. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2008;2:33.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Aldrich TK, Gustave J, Hall CB, et al. Long-term follow up of lung function in FDNY firefighters and EMS workers exposed to World Trade Center dust. N Eng J Med. 2010;362:1263.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Weiden MD, Ferrier N, Nolan A, et al. Obstructive airways disease with air-trapping among firefighters exposed to World Trade Center dust. Chest. 2010;137:566.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Poletti V, Chilosi M, Zompatori M. Bronchiolitis. In: Gibson JG, Geddes DM, Costabel U, et al., editors. Respiratory Medicine. 3rd ed. Saunders, Elsevier Science Ltd: Edinburgh; 2003. p. 1526.

    Google Scholar 

  104. Pirjavec A, Kovic I, Lulic I, et al. Massive anhydrous injury leading to lung transplantation. J Trauma. 2009;67:E93.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Beheshti J, Mark EJ, Akbaei HM, et al. Mustard lung secrets: long-term cllinicopathological study following mustard gas exposure. Pathol Res Pract. 2006;202:739.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Ainslie G. Inhalational injuries produced by smoke and nitrogen dioxide. Resp Med. 1993;87:169.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. New York City Fire Department, Rm 8 N7, 9 Metrotech Center, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA

    David J. Prezant

  2. Division of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA

    Dorsett D. Smith

  3. Department of Medicine, Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Environmental Biosciences Program, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA

    Lawrence C. Mohr Jr.

Authors
  1. David J. Prezant
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Dorsett D. Smith
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Lawrence C. Mohr Jr.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to David J. Prezant .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and, Critical Care Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, 330 Trent Drive, Hanes House, Rm 105-B, Durham, 27705, North Carolina, USA

    Yuh-Chin T. Huang

  2. , Human Studies Facility, Environmental Public Health Division, 104 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, 27711, North Carolina, USA

    Andrew J. Ghio

  3. Department of Medicine, Division of Environmental and, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson, Denver, 80206, Colorado, USA

    Lisa A. Maier

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Prezant, D.J., Smith, D.D., Mohr, L.C. (2012). Inhalation Injury. In: Huang, YC., Ghio, A., Maier, L. (eds) A Clinical Guide to Occupational and Environmental Lung Diseases. Respiratory Medicine. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-149-3_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-149-3_10

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-62703-148-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-62703-149-3

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation