Abstract
The patient with newly diagnosed hepatic tumor faces the unique dilemma of having more cytoreductive treatment options available to them than any other type of solid organ cancer. As a simple example, a patient with well-compensated cirrhosis and a small tumor may be a candidate for any one of the options of hepatic resection, chemical or thermal ablation, or hepatic arterial therapy. Add to this the choice of an open versus laparoscopic versus percutaneous procedure, and the wide array of devices and hepatic artery infusates available, and the patient may have ten or more viable treatment options. Making sense of these options and in turn selecting the most appropriate treatment for an individual patient require a working knowledge of liver anatomy and function and require the practitioner to recognize the constraints of each modality. In this chapter, we will focus on liver anatomy and function as it pertains to decision-making in the treatment of hepatic tumors. We will focus first on how anatomy and function pertain to hepatic resection and later expand this to be applicable to decision-making regarding local and regional therapies.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Couinaud CLeFoie. Etudes anatomiques et chirugicales. Paris: Masson & Cie; 1957.
Healey Jr JE, Schroy PC. Anatomy of the biliary ducts within the human liver; Analysis of the prevailing pattern of branchings and the major variations of the biliary ducts. Arch Surg. 1953;66:599–616.
Terminology Committee of the IHPBA. Terminology of liver anatomy and resections. HPB Surg. 2000;2:333–9.
Strasberg SM. Nomenclature of hepatic anatomy and resections: a review of the Brisbane 2000 system. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg. 2005;12:351–5.
Vauthey JN, Abdalla EK, Doherty DA, et al. Body surface area and body weight predict total liver volume in western adults. Liver Transplant. 2002;8(3):233–40.
Urata K, Kawasaki S, Matsunami H, et al. Calculation of child and adult standard liver volume for liver transplantation. Hepatology. 1995;21:1317–21.
Truant S, Oberlin O, Sergent G, et al. Remnant liver volume to body weight ration >0.5%: a new cut-off to estimate postoperative risks after extended resection in noncirrhotic liver. J Am Coll Surg. 2007;204(1):22–33.
Shoup M, Gonen M, D’Angelica M, et al. Volumetric analysis predicts hepatic dysfunction in patients undergoing major liver resection. J Gastrointest Surg. 2003;7:325–30.
Yigitler C, Farges O, Kianmanesh R, et al. The small remnant liver after major liver resection: how common and how relevant? Liver Transplant. 2003;9:S18–25.
Vauthey JN, Chaoui A, Do KA, et al. Standardized measurement of the future liver remnant prior to extended liver resection: methodology and clinical associations. Surgery. 2000;127: 512–9.
Kiuchi T, Kasharah M, Uryhuhara K, et al. Impact of graft size mismatching on graft prognosis in liver transplantation from living donors. Transplantation. 1999;67:321–7.
Malinchoc M, Kamath PS, Gordon FD, Peine CJ, Rank J, ter Borg PC. A model to predict poor survival in patients undergoing transjugular protosystemic shunts. Hepatology. 2000;31: 864–71.
Kamath PS, Wesner RH, Malinchoc M, et al. A model to predict survival in patients with end-stage liver disease. Hepatology. 2001;33:464–70.
Forman LM, Lucey MR. Predicting the prognosis of chronic liver disease: An evolution from the CHILD to MELD. Mayo end-stage liver disease. Hepatology. 2001;33:473–5.
Friedman LS. Surgery in the patient with liver disease. Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc. 2010;121:192–205.
O’Leary JG, Friedman LS. Predicting surgical risk in patients with cirrhosis: from art to science. Gastroenterology. 2007;132(4):1609–11.
Schroeder RA, Marroquin CE, Bute BP, Khuri S, Henderson WG, Kuo PC. Predictive indices of morbidity and mortality after liver resection. Ann Surg. 2006;243:373–9.
Jarnagin W, et al. Surgical treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: expert consensus statement. HPB. 2010;12:302–10.
Teh SH, Sheppard BC, Schwartz J, Orloff S. Model for end-stage liver disease score fails to predict perioperative outcome after hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients without cirrhosis. Am J Surg. 2008;195:697–701.
Teh SH, Nagorney DM, Stevens SR, et al. Risk factors for mortality after surgery in patients with cirrhosis. Gastroenterology. 2007;132:1261–9.
Northup PG, Wanamaker RC, Lee VD, Adams RB, Berg CL. Model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) predicts nontransplant surgical mortality in patients with cirrhosis. Ann Surg. 2005;242:244–51.
Mullin EJ, Metcalfe MS, Maddern GJ. How much liver resection is too much? Am J Surg. 2005;190:87–97.
Teh SH, Christein J, Donohue J, et al. Hepatic resection of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis: model of end-stage disease (MELD) score predicts perioperative mortality. J Gastrointest Surg. 2005;9(9):1207–15.
Cucchetti A, Ercolani G, Vivarelli M, et al. Impact of model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score on prognosis after hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma on cirrhosis. Liver Transplant. 2006;12:966–71.
Tu R, Xia LP, Yu AL, Wu L. Assessment of hepatic functional reserve by cirrhosis grading and liver volume measurement using CT. World J Gastroenterol. 2007;13(29):3956–61.
Vauthey JN, Dixon E, Abdalla EK, et al. Pretreatment assessment of hepatocellular carcinoma: expert consensus statement. HPB (Oxford). 2010;12(5):289–99.
Torzilli G, et al. Hepatectomy for stage B and stage C hepatocellular carcinoma in the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer classification. Arch Surg. 2008;143(11):1082–90.
Schneider PD. Preoperative assessment of liver function. Surg Clin North Am. 2004;84: 355–73.
Tarantino G. Could quantitative liver function tests gain wide acceptance among hepatologists? World J Gastroenterol. 2009;15(28):3457–61.
Stadalnik RC, Vera DR. The evolution of (99m)Tc-NGA as a clinically useful receptor-binding radiopharmaceutical. Nucl Med Biol. 2001;28(5):499–503.
Hwang EH, Taki J, Shuke N, et al. Preoperative assessment of residual hepatic functional reserve using 99mTc-DTPA-galactosyl-human serum albumin dynamic SPECT. J Nucl Med. 1999;40(10):1644–51.
Kubo S, Shiomi S, Tanaka H, et al. Evaluation of the effect of portal vein embolization on liver function by (99m)tc-galactosyl human serum albumin scintigraphy. J Surg Res. 2001;107(1): 113–8.
Kokudo N, Vera DR, Koizumi M, et al. Recovery of hepatic asialoglycoprotein receptors after major hepatic resection. J Nucl Med. 1999;40(1):137–41.
Stockmann M, Lock JF, Malinowski M, Niehues SM, Seehofer D, Neuhaus P. The LiMAx test: a new liver function test for predicting postoperative outcome in liver surgery. HPB (Oxford). 2010;12(2):139–46.
Rahbari NN, Garden OJ, Padbury R, et al. Posthepatectomy liver failure: a definition and grading by the International Study Group of Liver Surgery (ISGLS). Surgery. 2011;149(5): 713–24.
Balzan S, Belghiti J, Farges O, et al. The “50–50 criteria” on postoperative day 5: an accurate predictor of liver failure and death after hepatectomy. Ann Surg. 2005;242(6):824–8.
Shah A, Goffette P, Hubert C, et al. Comparison of different methods to quantify future liver remnants after preoperative portal vein embolization to predict postoperative liver failure. Hepatogastroenterology. 2011;58(105):109–14.
Wakabayashi H, Ishimura K, Okano K, et al. Application of preoperative portal vein embolization before major hepatic resection in patients with normal or abnormal liver parenchyma. Surgery. 2002;131(1):26–33.
de Graaf W, van Lienden KP, van den Esschert JW, Bennink RJ, van Gulik TM. Increase in future remnant liver function after preoperative portal vein embolization. Br J Surg. 2011;98: 825–34.
Livraghi T, Meloni F, Di Stasi M, et al. Sustained complete response and complications rates after radiofrequency ablation of very early hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis: Is resection still the treatment of choice? Hepatology. 2008;47(1):82–9.
Chen MS, Li JQ, Zheng Y, et al. A prospective randomized trial comparing percutaneous local ablative therapy and partial hepatectomy for small hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Surg. 2006;243(3):321–8.
Huang J, Yan L, Cheng Z, et al. A randomized trial comparing radiofrequency ablation and surgical resection for HCC conforming to the Milan criteria. Ann Surg. 2010;252(6):903–12.
Hsin IF, Hsu CY, Huang HC, et al. Liver failure after transarterial chemoembolization for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and ascites: incidence, risk factors, and prognostic prediction. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2011;45(6):556–62.
Lau WY, Kennedy AS, Kim YH, et al. Patient selection and activity planning guide for selective internal radiotherapy with yttrium-90 resin microspheres. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2010;80(4):1280.
Coldwell D, Sangro B, Wasan H, Salem R, Kennedy A. General selection criteria of patients for radioembolization of liver tumors: an international working group report. Am J Clin Oncol. 2011;34(3):337–41.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Nissen, N.N., Annamalai, A. (2012). Liver Anatomy and Function in the Planning of Hepatic Interventions. In: Reau, N., Poordad, F. (eds) Primary Liver Cancer. Clinical Gastroenterology. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-863-4_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-863-4_9
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ
Print ISBN: 978-1-61779-862-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-61779-863-4
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)