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Current and Future Developments in Cancer Therapy Research: miRNAs as New Promising Targets or Tools

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Biotargets of Cancer in Current Clinical Practice

Part of the book series: Current Clinical Pathology ((CCPATH))

Abstract

Recently, a new class of small (19–25 nucleotides) noncoding RNAs, microRNAs (miRs or miRNAs), has been linked to several human diseases, including cancer. MicroRNAs are involved in temporal and tissue-specific eukaryotic gene regulation, either by translational inhibition or exonucleolytic mRNA decay, targeting through imperfect complementarity, the 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR) of the mRNA. Since their ability to potentially target any human mRNA, it is likely that microRNAs are involved in almost every biological process, including cell cycle regulation, cell growth, apoptosis, cell differentiation, and stress response.

The involvement of microRNAs in the biology of human cancer is supported by an increasing body of experimental evidence, which has gradually switched from profiling studies, describing an aberrant microRNA expression in different tumor types, to biological demonstrations of the causal role of these small molecules in the tumorigenic process, and the possible implications as biomarkers or therapeutic tools. These more recent studies have widely demonstrated that microRNAs can modulate oncogenic or tumor suppressor pathways, and that, at the same time, their expression can be regulated by oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes.

The possibility to modulate microRNA expression either in vitro and in vivo, by developing synthetic pre-microRNA molecules or antisense oligonucleotides, has at the same time provided a powerful tool to a deeper comprehension of the molecular mechanisms regulated by these molecules, and suggested the intriguing and promising perspective of a possible use in therapy. Here, we review our current knowledge about the involvement of microRNAs in cancer and their potential role as diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic tools.

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Abbreviations

3′-UTR:

3′-Untranslated region

AML:

Acute lymphocytic leukemia

CLL:

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia

EMT:

Epithelial–mesenchymal transition

HCC:

Hepatocellular carcinoma

MM:

Multiple myeloma

Pol II:

Polymerase II

Pre-miR:

Precursor miRNA molecule

Pre-mRNA:

Precursor mRNA molecule

Pri-miR:

Primary miRNA transcript

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Acknowledgments

This work was partially supported by Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro (AIRC).

Marilena V. Iorio is supported by a Start Up AIRC Grant.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Experimental Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, AmadeoLab, via Amadeo 42, Milan, 20133, Italy

    Marilena V. Iorio Ph.D., Patrizia Casalini Ph.D., Claudia Piovan Ph.D., Luca Braccioli Ph.D. & Elda Tagliabue Ph.D.

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  1. Marilena V. Iorio Ph.D.
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  2. Patrizia Casalini Ph.D.
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  3. Claudia Piovan Ph.D.
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  4. Luca Braccioli Ph.D.
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Correspondence to Elda Tagliabue Ph.D. .

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  1. Chair of General Pathology, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L’Aquila, Via Vetoio, Coppito-2, L'Aquila, 67100, Italy

    Mauro Bologna

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Iorio, M.V., Casalini, P., Piovan, C., Braccioli, L., Tagliabue, E. (2012). Current and Future Developments in Cancer Therapy Research: miRNAs as New Promising Targets or Tools. In: Bologna, M. (eds) Biotargets of Cancer in Current Clinical Practice. Current Clinical Pathology. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-615-9_19

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