Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Congestive Heart Failure

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Cardiology in Family Practice

Part of the book series: Current Clinical Practice ((CCP,volume 1))

Abstract

Congestive heart failure (CHF) can be defined as the inability of the heart to provide an adequate cardiac output without invoking maladaptive compensatory mechanisms. CHF affects more than 5.7 million patients in the US – 2.5% of the adult population [1]. Five million and fifty thousand patients develop heart failure for the first time every year, and CHF results in 280,000 cardiovascular deaths and 1,100,000 hospital admissions per year in the US [1]. CHF is now the most common reason for hospitalization in the elderly, and annual costs are estimated at more than $39 billion [1]. The incidence of heart failure has been increasing, not only due to the aging of the population but also because improved treatment of hypertension and coronary disease is allowing patients to avoid early mortality only to develop heart failure later.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Lloyd-Jones D, Adams RJ, Brown TM, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics – 2010 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2010;121:e46–215.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Zile MR, Brutsaert DL. New concepts in diastolic dysfunction and diastolic heart failure: Part I: diagnosis, prognosis, and measurements of diastolic function. Part II: causal mechanisms and treatment. Circulation. 2002;105(1387–93):503–8.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Sutton MG, Sharpe N. Left ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction: pathophysiology and therapy. Circulation. 2000;101:2981–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Maisel AS, Krishnaswamy P, Nowak RM, et al. Rapid measurement of B-type natriuretic peptide in the emergency diagnosis of heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:161–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Logeart D, Saudubray C, Beyne P, et al. Comparative value of Doppler echocardiography and B-type natriuretic peptide assay in the etiologic diagnosis of acute dyspnea. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;40:1794–800.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Karamitsos TD, Francis JM, Myerson S, Selvanayagam JB, Neubauer S. The role of cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging in heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54:1407–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Hunt SA, Abraham WT, Chin MH, et al. ACC/AHA 2005 guideline update for the diagnosis and management of chronic heart failure in the adult-summary article. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46:1116–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. CASS Principal Investigators. A randomized trial of coronary artery bypass surgery. Survival of patients with a low ejection fraction. N Engl J Med. 1985;312:1665–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Dormans TP, van Meyel JJ, Gerlag PG, Tan Y, Russel FG, Smits P. Diuretic efficacy of high dose furosemide in severe heart failure: bolus injection versus continuous infusion. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996;28:376–82.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Felker GM, Lee KL, Bull DA, et al. Diuretic strategies in patients with acute decompensated heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:797–805.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Cohn PF, Gorlin R. Physiologic and clinical actions of nitroglycerin. Med Clin North Am. 1974;58:407–15.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Elkayam U, Bitar F, Akhter MW, Khan S, Patrus S, Derakhshani M. Intravenous nitroglycerin in the treatment of decompensated heart failure: potential benefits and limitations. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther. 2004;9:227–41.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Elkayam U, Akhter MW, Singh H, Khan S, Usman A. Comparison of effects on left ventricular filling pressure of intravenous nesiritide and high-dose nitroglycerin in patients with decompensated heart failure. Am J Cardiol. 2004;93:237–40.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Cohn JN, Archibald DG, Ziesche S, et al. Effect of vasodilator therapy on mortality in chronic congestive heart failure. Results of a Veterans Administration cooperative study. N Engl J Med. 1986;314:1547–52.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Taylor AL, Ziesche S, Yancy C, et al. Combination of isosorbide dinitrate and hydralazine in blacks with heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:2049–57.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Dzau VJ, Bernstein K, Celermajer D, et al. The relevance of tissue angiotensin-converting enzyme: manifestations in mechanistic and endpoint data. Am J Cardiol. 2001;88:1L–20.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. CONSENSUS Trial Study Group. Effects of enalapril on mortality in severe congestive heart failure. Results of the Cooperative North Scandanavian Enalapril Survival Study (CONSENSUS). N Engl J Med. 1987;316:1429–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Investigators SOLVD. Effect of enalapril on survival in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions and congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med. 1991;325:293–302.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Investigators SOLVD. Effect of enalapril on mortality and the development of heart failure in asymptomatic patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions. N Engl J Med. 1992;327:685–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Pfeffer MA, Braunwald E, Moye LA, et al. Effect of captopril on mortality and morbidity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Results of the Survival and Ventricular Enlargement Trial. N Engl J Med. 1992;327:669–77.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Acute Infarction Ramipril Efficacy (AIRE) Study Investigators. Effect of ramipril on mortality and morbidity of survivors of acute myocardial infarction with clinical evidence of heart failure. Lancet. 1993;342:821–8.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Cohn JN, Tognoni G. A randomized trial of the angiotensin-receptor blocker valsartan in chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:1667–75.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Pfeffer MA, McMurray JJ, Velazquez EJ, et al. Valsartan, captopril, or both in myocardial infarction complicated by heart failure, left ventricular dysfunction, or both. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:1893–906.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Pfeffer MA, Swedberg K, Granger CB, et al. Effects of candesartan on mortality and morbidity in patients with chronic heart failure: the CHARM-Overall programme. Lancet. 2003;362:759–66.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Pitt B, Poole-Wilson PA, Segal R, et al. Effect of losartan compared with captopril on mortality in patients with symptomatic heart failure: randomised trial – the Losartan Heart Failure Survival Study ELITE II. Lancet. 2000;355:1582–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. McMurray JJ, Ostergren J, Swedberg K, et al. Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and reduced left-ventricular systolic function taking angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors: the CHARM-Added trial. Lancet. 2003;362:767–71.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Yusuf S, Teo KK, Pogue J, et al. Telmisartan, ramipril, or both in patients at high risk for vascular events. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:1547–59.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Pitt B, Zannad F, Remme WJ, et al. The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:709–17.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Pitt B, Remme W, Zannad F, et al. Eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:1309–21.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Zannad F, McMurray JJ, Krum H, et al. Eplerenone in patients with systolic heart failure and mild symptoms. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:11–21.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Cohn JN, Levine TB, Olivari MT, et al. Plasma norepinephrine as a guide to prognosis in patients with chronic congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med. 1984;311:819–23.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Lohse MJ, Engelhardt S, Eschenhagen T. What is the role of beta-adrenergic signaling in heart failure? Circ Res. 2003;93:896–906.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Metoprolol CR/XL Randomised Intervention Trial in Congestive Heart Failure Investigators. Effect of metoprolol CR/XL in chronic heart failure: Metoprolol CR/XL Randomised Intervention Trial in Congestive Heart Failure (MERIT-HF). Lancet. 1999;353:2001–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Investigators CIBIS-II. The Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study II (CIBIS-II): a randomised trial. Lancet. 1999;353:9–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Packer M, Coats AJ, Fowler MB, et al. Effect of carvedilol on survival in severe chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:1651–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Krum H, Roecker EB, Mohacsi P, et al. Effects of initiating carvedilol in patients with severe chronic heart failure: results from the COPERNICUS Study. JAMA. 2003;289:712–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Cohn JN, Johnson G, Ziesche S, et al. A comparison of enalapril with hydralazine-isosorbide dinitrate in the treatment of chronic congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med. 1991;325:303–10.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Investigators VMAC. Intravenous nesiritide vs nitroglycerin for treatment of decompensated congestive heart failure: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2002;287:1531–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. ASCEND Trial Investigators. Acute study of clinical effectiveness of nesiritide in decompensated heart failure. in press 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Digitalis Investigation Group. The effect of digoxin on mortality and morbidity in patients with heart failure. N Engl J Med. 1997;336:525–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Cuffe MS, Califf RM, Adams Jr KF, et al. Short-term intravenous milrinone for acute exacerbation of chronic heart failure: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2002;287:1541–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Felker GM, Benza RL, Chandler AB, et al. Heart failure etiology and response to milrinone in decompensated heart failure: results from the OPTIME-CHF study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41:997–1003.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. O’Connor CM, Gattis WA, Uretsky BF, et al. Continuous intravenous dobutamine is associated with an increased risk of death in patients with advanced heart failure: insights from the Flolan International Randomized Survival Trial (FIRST). Am Heart J. 1999;138:78–86.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Antiarrhythmics Versus Implantable Defibrillators (AVID) Investigators. A comparison of antiarrhythmic-drug therapy with implantable defibrillators in patients resuscitated from near-fatal ventricular arrhythmias. The Antiarrhythmics versus Implantable Defibrillators (AVID) Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:1576–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Bardy GH, Lee KL, Mark DB, et al. Amiodarone or an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator for congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:225–37.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Buxton AE, Lee KL, Fisher JD, Josephson ME, Prystowsky EN, Hafley G. A randomized study of the prevention of sudden death in patients with coronary artery disease. Multicenter Unsustained Tachycardia Trial Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:1882–90.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Moss AJ, Zareba W, Hall WJ, et al. Prophylactic implantation of a defibrillator in patients with myocardial infarction and reduced ejection fraction. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:877–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Moss AJ, Hall WJ, Cannom DS, et al. Improved survival with an implanted defibrillator in patients with coronary disease at high risk for ventricular arrhythmia. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:1933–40.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Abraham WT, Fisher WG, Smith AL, et al. Cardiac resynchronization in chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:1845–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Bristow MR, Saxon LA, Boehmer J, et al. Cardiac-resynchronization therapy with or without an implantable defibrillator in advanced chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:2140–50.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Cleland JG, Daubert JC, Erdmann E, et al. The effect of cardiac resynchronization on morbidity and mortality in heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:1539–49.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Moss AJ, Hall WJ, Cannom DS, et al. Cardiac-resynchronization therapy for the prevention of heart-failure events. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:1329–38.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Tang AS, Wells GA, Talajic M, et al. Cardiac-resynchronization therapy for mild-to-moderate heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:2385–95.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Zile MR, Baicu CF, Gaasch WH. Diastolic heart failure – abnormalities in active relaxation and passive stiffness of the left ventricle. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:1953–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Kasner M, Westermann D, Steendijk P, et al. Utility of Doppler echocardiography and tissue Doppler imaging in the estimation of diastolic function in heart failure with normal ejection fraction: a comparative Doppler-conductance catheterization study. Circulation. 2007;116:637–47.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Yusuf S, Pfeffer MA, Swedberg K, et al. Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and preserved left-ventricular ejection fraction: the CHARM-Preserved Trial. Lancet. 2003;362:777–81.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Massie BM, Carson PE, McMurray JJ, et al. Irbesartan in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:2456–67.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Andrew P. Diastolic heart failure demystified. Chest. 2003;124:744–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Cooper University Hospital, Camden, NJ, USA

    Steven Hollenberg

  2. Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of Section of Cardiology Cooper University Hospital, Camden, NJ, USA

    Stephen Heitner

Authors
  1. Steven Hollenberg
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Stephen Heitner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Steven Hollenberg .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Hollenberg, S., Heitner, S. (2012). Congestive Heart Failure. In: Cardiology in Family Practice. Current Clinical Practice, vol 1. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-385-1_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-385-1_5

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-61779-384-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-61779-385-1

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation