Skip to main content

Fitness to Be Interviewed

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Clinical Forensic Medicine

Abstract

The custodial interrogation of suspects is an essential component of all systems of criminal investigation. The confessions and other incriminating statements that are obtained during these interrogations have always played an important role in prosecutions and continue to be relied on as evidence of guilt in a substantial number of trials.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Reference

  1. Baldwin J, McConville M (1980) Confessions in Crown Court Trials. Royal Commission on Criminal Procedure Research Study No. 5. Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, London

    Google Scholar 

  2. Wald M, Ayres R, Hess DW, Schantz M, Whitebread CH (1967) Interrogations in New Haven: the impact of Miranda. Yale Law J 76:1519–1614

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. R v Warickshall (1783) 1 Leach 263

    Google Scholar 

  4. Inbau FE, Reid JE (1967) Criminal interrogations and confessions, 2nd edn. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore

    Google Scholar 

  5. Royal RF, Schutt SR (1976) Gentle art of interviewing and interrogation: a professional manual and guide. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs

    Google Scholar 

  6. Walkley J (1987) Police interrogation. A handbook for investigators. Police Review Publication, London

    Google Scholar 

  7. Irving B (1980) Police Interrogation. A Case Study of Current Practice. Royal Commission on Criminal Procedure, Research Study No 2. Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, London

    Google Scholar 

  8. Irving BL, McKenzie IK (1989) Police interrogation: the effects of the police and criminal evidence act. The Police Foundation, London

    Google Scholar 

  9. Pearse J, Gudjonsson GH (2003) The identification and measurement of ‘oppressive’ police interviewing tactics in Britain, Chapter 4. In: Gudjonsson GH (ed) The psychology of interrogations and confessions, a handbook. Wiley, Chichester

    Google Scholar 

  10. Leiken LS (1970) Police interrogation in Colorado: the implementation of Miranda. Denver Law J 47:1–53

    Google Scholar 

  11. Kennedy L (1988) 10 Rillington place. Grafton, London

    Google Scholar 

  12. Thomas T (1987) The confait confessions. Policing 3:214–225

    Google Scholar 

  13. Kee R (1989) Trial and error. The true events surrounding the convictions and trials of the guildford four and the Maguire seven. Penguin, London

    Google Scholar 

  14. Brandon R, Davies C (1973) Wrongful imprisonment. George Allen & Unwin, London

    Google Scholar 

  15. Justice (1994) Unreliable evidence? Confessions and the safety of convictions. Justice, London

    Google Scholar 

  16. Kassin SM, Wrightsman LS (1985) The psychology of evidence and trial procedure. Sage Publications, London

    Google Scholar 

  17. Gudjonsson G (1992) The psychology of interrogations. Confessions and testimony. Wiley, Chichester

    Google Scholar 

  18. See Wolchover D, Heaton-Armstrong A (1996) On confession evidence. Sweet & Maxwell, London, p 99

    Google Scholar 

  19. Gudjonsson GH, Clark NK (1986) Suggestibility in police interrogation: a social psychological model. Soc Behav 1:83–104

    Google Scholar 

  20. Schooler JW, Loftus EF (1986) Individual differences and experimentation: complementary approaches to interrogative suggestibility. Soc Behav 1:105–112

    Google Scholar 

  21. Gudjonsson G (1997) Interrogative suggestibility – can it be recognised in custody? In: Norfolk GA (ed) Fit to be interviewed by the police. Association of Police Surgeons, Harrogate

    Google Scholar 

  22. Gudjonsson GH (1989) Compliance in an interrogation situation: a new scale. Pers Individ Differ 10:535–540

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Groves T (1991) Explaining false confessions. BMJ 303:1087–1088

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Miranda v Arizona 384 US 436 (1966)

    Google Scholar 

  25. Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (s.60 (1)(a), s.60A(1) and s.66 (1)) (2006) Codes of Practice A-G 2005 for England and Wales. Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, Norwich

    Google Scholar 

  26. R v Kenny (1994) Crim. L. R. 284

    Google Scholar 

  27. R v Cox (1991) Crim.L. R. 687

    Google Scholar 

  28. Norfolk GA (1996) Fitness to be interviewed and the appropriate adult scheme: a survey of police surgeons’ attitudes. J Clin Forensic Med 3:9–13

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Norfolk GA (1997) ‘Fitness to be interviewed’ – a proposed definition and scheme of examination. Med Sci Law 37:228–234

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Norfolk GA (1997) Fit to be interviewed – a police surgeon’s perspective. In: Norfolk GA (ed) Fit to be interviewed by the police. Association of Police Surgeons, Harrogate

    Google Scholar 

  31. Clarke MDB (1991) Fit for interview? Police Surg 40:15–18

    Google Scholar 

  32. Carpenter JA (1980) Effects of alcohol on some psychological processes. A critical review with special reference to automobile driving skill. Q J Stud Alcohol 23:274–314

    Google Scholar 

  33. Loftus EF (1980) “Did I really say that last night?” Alcohol, marijuana and memory. Psychol Today 92:42–56

    Google Scholar 

  34. Carpenter JA, Ross BM (1965) Effect of alcohol on short-term memory. Q J Stud Alcohol 26:561–579

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Yuille JC, Tollestrup PA (1990) Some effects of alcohol on eyewitness memory. J Appl Psychol 75:268–273

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Rogers DJ, Stark MM, Howitt JB (1995) The use of an alcometer in clinical forensic practice. J Clin Forensic Med 2:177–183

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Yesavage JA, Leirer VO (1986) Hangover effects on aircraft pilots 14 hours after alcohol ingestion: a preliminary report. Am J Psychiatry 143:1546–1550

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Gudjonsson G, Hannesdottir K, Petursson H, Bjornsson G (2002) The effects of alcohol withdrawal on mental state, interrogative suggestibility and compliance: an experimental study. J Forensic Psychol 13:53–67

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Faculty of Forensic and Legal Medicine and Royal College of Psychiatrists (2011) Substance misuse detainees in police custody. Guidelines for Clinical Management (Fourth edition) Report of a Medical Working Group. Royal College of Psychiatrist, London. Available http://www.fflm.ac.uk

  40. Sigurdsson JF, Gudjonsson GH (1994) Alcohol and drug intoxication during police interrogation and the reasons why suspects confess to the police. Addiction 89:985–997

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Davison SE, Forshaw DM (1993) Retracted confessions: through opiate withdrawal to a new conceptual framework. Med Sci Law 33:285–290

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Stark MM (1994) Management of drug misusers in police custody. J R Soc Med 87:584–587

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Zacny JP (1996) Should people taking opioids for medical reasons be allowed to work and drive? Addiction 91:1581–1584

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Ross DF, Read JD, Toglia MP (eds) (1994) Adult eyewitness testimony. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  45. Gudjonsson GH (1995) The vulnerabilities of mentally disordered witnesses. Med Sci Law 35:101–106

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Bluglass R, Bowden P (1990) Principles and practice of forensic psychiatry. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh

    Google Scholar 

  47. Rix KJB (1997) Fit to be interviewed by the police? Adv Psychiatr Treat 3:33–34

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Gudjonsson G (1995) “Fitness for interview” during police detention: a conceptual framework for forensic assessment. J Forensic Psychiatry 6:185–197

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Halstead S (1996) Forensic psychiatry for people with learning disability. Adv Psychiatr Treat 2:76–85

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Gudjonsson G, Clare I, Rutter S, Pearse J (1993) The Royal Commission on Criminal Justice. Persons at Risk During Interviews in Police Custody: The Identification of Vulnerabilities. Research Study No. 12. Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, London

    Google Scholar 

  51. Lyall I, Holland AJ, Styles P (1995) Incidence of persons with a learning disability detained in police custody. A needs assessment for service development. Med Sci Law 35:61–71

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Murphy G, Clare ICH (1998) People with learning disabilities as offenders or alleged offenders in the UK criminal justice system. J R Soc Med 91:178–182

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Mayou RA (1987) Emotional reactions to disorders. In: Weatherall DJ, Ledingham JGG, Warrell DA (eds) Oxford textbook of medicine, 2nd edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  54. Lishman WA (1987) Organic psychiatry. The psychological consequences of cerebral disorder, 2nd edn. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  55. Lishman WA (1996) Specific conditions giving rise to mental disorder. In: Weatherall DJ, Ledingham JGG, Warrell DA (eds) Oxford textbook of medicine, 3rd edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  56. Williams D (1963) The psychiatry of the epileptic. Proc R Soc Med 56:707–710

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Laidlaw J, Richens A, Chadwick D (eds) (1993) A textbook of epilepsy, 4th edn. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh

    Google Scholar 

  58. Teasdale GM (1996) Head injuries. In: Weatherall DJ, Ledingham JGG, Warrell DA (eds) Oxford textbook of medicine, 3rd edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  59. Whitty CWM, Zangwill OL (eds) (1977) Amnesia. Butterworths, London

    Google Scholar 

  60. Pearce JMS (1996) Headache. In: Weatherall DJ, Ledingham JGG, Warrell DA (eds) Oxford textbook of medicine, 3rd edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  61. Droba M, Whybrow PC (1989) Endocrine and metabolic disorders. In: Kaplan HI, Sadock BJ (eds) Comprehensive textbook of psychiatry, vol 2, 5th edn. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore

    Google Scholar 

  62. Deary IJ (1993) Effects of hypoglycaemia on cognitive function. In: Frier BM, Fisher BM (eds) Hypoglycaemia and diabetes: clinical and physiological aspects. Edward Arnold, London

    Google Scholar 

  63. Levy D (1996) Management of diabetes in clinical forensic practice. J Clin Forensic Med 3:31–36

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Hodges JR (1996) Dementia, introduction. In: Weatherall DJ, Ledingham JGG, Warrell DA (eds) Oxford textbook of medicine, 3rd edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  65. Pearce J (1984) Dementia. A clinical approach. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  66. Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR (1975) “Mini-mental state”: a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res 12:189–198

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Guy A. Norfolk .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Norfolk, G.A., Stark, M.M. (2011). Fitness to Be Interviewed. In: Stark, M. (eds) Clinical Forensic Medicine. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-258-8_11

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics