Abstract
Many patients with gallbladder and extrahepatic biliary duct lesions have either technically Âunresectable lesions or gross or microscopic residual disease after attempts at resection because of anatomic location and technical limitations [1–3]. Surgical removal of a malignant gallbladder lesion often necessitates blunt dissection from the liver with narrow or nonexistent margins unless a wedge of liver is removed.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Adson MA, Farnell MD. Hepatobiliary cancer – surgery considerations. Mayo Clin Proc. 1981;56:686–99.
Cameron JL, Pitt HA, Zinner MJ, et al. Management of proximal cholangiocarcinoma by surgical resection and radiotherapy. Am J Surg. 1990;159:91–7.
Kopelson G, Galdabini J, Warshaw A, Gunderson LL. Patterns of failure after curative surgery for extrahepatic biliary tract carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1981;7:413–7.
Hadjis NS, Blenkhart JI, Alexander N, Benjamin IS, Blumgart LH. Outcome of radical surgery in hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Surgery. 1990;107:597–604.
Lai ECS, Lo CM. Cholangiocarcinoma. GI Cancer. 1996;1:163–70.
Nagorney DM, Donohue JH, Farnell MB, Schleck CD, Ilstrup AM. Outcomes after curative resection of cholangiocarcinoma. Arch Surg. 1993;128:871–9.
Goldstein RM, Stone M, Tillery W, et al. Is liver transplantation indicated for cholangiocarcinoma. Am J Surg. 1993;166:768–72.
Starzl TE, Todo S, Tzakis A, et al. Abdominal organ cluster transplantation for the treatment of upper abdominal malignancies. Ann Surg. 1989;210:374–86.
Kopelson G, Harisiadis L, Tretter P, Chang CH. The role of radiation therapy in cancer of the extra-hepatic biliary system: an analysis of thirteen patients and a review of the literature of the effectiveness of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1977;2:883–94.
Willett C, Warshaw AL, Convery K, Compton CC. Pattern of failure after pancreatoduodenectomy for ampullary carcinoma. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1993;176:33–8.
Gunderson LL, Willett CG. Pancreas and hepatobiliary tract. In: Perez C, Brady L, editors. Principles and practice of radiation oncology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott; 1997. p. 1467–88.
Buskirk SJ, Gunderson LL, Schild SE, Bender CE, et al. Analysis of failure following curative irradiation of extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma. Ann Surg. 1992;215:125–31.
Fields JN, Emami B. Carcinoma of the extrahepatic biliary system: results of primary and adjuvant radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1987;13:331–8.
Hanna SS, Rider WD. Carcinoma of the gallbladder or extrahepatic bile ducts: the role of radiotherapy. Can Med Assoc J. 1978;118:59–61.
Robertson JM, Marsh L, Tenhaken RK, Lawrence TS. The clinical application of a non-axial treatment plan for pancreatic and biliary malignancies. Radiother Oncol. 1992;24:198–200.
Alden ME, Mohiudden M. The impact of radiation dose in combined external beam and intraluminal Ir-192 for bile duct cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1994;28:945–51.
Minsky BD, Wessan MF, Armstrong JG, et al. Combined modality therapy of extrahepatic biliary system cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1990;18:1157–63.
Weiss MC, Whittington R, Schultz D, Jardines L, et al. Extrahepatic biliary carcinoma: primary treatment and patterns of failure. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1992;24:213.
Gonzalez DG, Gerard JP, Maners AW, De La Lande-Guyauz B, et al. Results of radiation therapy in carcinoma of the proximal bile duct (Klatskin tumor). Semin Liver Dis. 1990;10:131–41.
Pitt HA, Nakeeb A, Abrams RA, et al. Perihilar cholangiocarcinoma: Postoperative radiotherapy does not improve survival. Ann Surg. 1995;221:788–98.
Hayes JK, Sapozink MD, Miller JF. Definitive radiation therapy in bile duct carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1988;15:735–44.
Johnson DW, Safai C, Goffinet DR. Malignant obstructive jaundice: treatment with external beam and intracavitary radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1985;11:411–6.
Foo M, Gunderson LL, Bender C, Busbirk S. External radiation therapy and transcatheter iridium in the treatment of extrahepatic bile duct cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1997;39:929–35.
Fritz P, Brambs HJ, Schraube P, et al. Combined external beam radiotherapy and intraluminal high dose brachytherapy on bile duct carcinomas. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1994;29:855–61.
Veeze-Kuypers B, Meerwaldt JH, Lameris JS, et al. The role of radiotherapy in the treatment of bile duct carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1990;18:63–7.
Urego M, Flickenger JC, Carr BJ. Radiotherapy and multimodality management of cholangiocarcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1999;44:121–6.
De Vreede I, Steers JL, Burch PA, et al. Prolonged disease-free survival after orthotopic liver transplantation plus adjuvant chemoirradiation for cholangiocarcinoma. Liver Transplant. 2000;6:309–16.
Rea DJ, Heimbach JK, Rosen CB, et al. Liver transplantation with neoadjuvant chemoradiation is more effective than resection for hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Ann Surg. 2005;242:451–62.
Li J, Kuehl H, Grabellus F, et al. Preoperative assessment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma by dual-modality PET/CT. J Surg Oncol. 2008;98:438–43.
Gunderson LL, Martenson JA, Smalley SR, Garton GR. Upper gastrointestinal cancers: rationale, results and techniques of treatment. In: Meyer J, Vaeth J, editors. Lymphatics and cancer: controversies in oncology management. Basel: Karger; 1994. Front Rad Ther Oncol;28:121–39.
Buskirk SJ, Gunderson LL, Adson MA, et al. Analysis of failure following curative irradiation of gallbladder and extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1984;10:2013–23.
Gunderson LL, Nagorney DM, Garton GR, et al. Pancreas and bile duct cancer results of IORT. In: Abe M, Takahashi M, editors. Intraoperative radiation therapy. New York: Pergamon Press, Inc.; 1991. p. 212–4.
Monson JRT, Donohue JH, Gunderson LL, et al. Intraoperative radiotherapy for unresectable cholangiocarcinoma: the Mayo Clinic experience. Surg Oncol. 1992;1:283–90.
Todoroki T, Kawamoto T, Otsuka M, et al. IORT combined with resection for stage IV gallbladder carcinoma. In: Vaeth JM, editor. Intraoperative radiation therapy in the treatment of cancer. Basel: Karger; 1997. Radiat Ther Oncol;31:165–72.
Todoroki T, Takahashi H, Koike N, et al. Outcomes of aggressive treatment of stage IV gallbladder cancer and predictors of survival. Hepatogastroenterology. 1999;46:2114–21.
Moon Y, Todoroki T, Ohno T, et al. Enhanced radiation killing by 5-fluorouracil of biliary tract cancer cell lines. Int J Oncol. 2000;16:987–94.
Deziel DJ, Kiel KD, Kramer TS, Doolas A, Roseman DL. Intraoperative radiation therapy in biliary tract cancer. Am Surg. 1988;54:402–7.
Busse PM, Stone MD, Sheldon TA, Chaffey JT. Intraoperative radiation therapy for biliary tract carcinoma: results of a five-year experience. Surgery. 1989;105:724–33.
Todoroki T, Iwasaki Y, Okamura T, et al. Intraoperative radiotherapy for advanced carcinoma of the biliary system. Cancer. 1980;46:2179–84.
Iwasaki Y, Todoroki T, Fukao K, et al. The role of intraoperative radiation therapy in the treatment of bile duct cancer. World J Surg. 1988;12:91–8.
Todoroki T, Ohara K, Kawamoto T, et al. Benefits of adjuvant radiotherapy after radical resection of locally advanced main hepatic duct carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2000;46:581–7.
Todoroki T, Kawamoto T, Koike N, et al. Radical resection of hilar bile duct carcinoma and predictors of survival. Br J Surg. 2000;87:306–13.
Todoroki T. Radiotherapy as a component of multidisciplinary treatment of bile duct cancer: a surgeon’s perspective. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg. 2001;8:130–6.
Todoroki T. IORT is the effective component in combination with radical surgery and PORT for locally advanced hilar bile duct carcinoma. Madrid: ISIORT; 2008, personal communication.
Willborn K, Sauerwein W, Erhard J, et al. IORT of carcinoma of the extrahepatic bile ducts. In: Vaeth JM, editor. Intraoperative radiation therapy in the treatment of cancer. Basel: Karger; 1997. Front Radiat Ther Oncol;31:173–6.
Kaiser GM, Oldhafer KJ, Zhang HW, et al. Treatment of nonresectable proximal bile duct carcinoma using intraoperative radiotherapy combined with hepatojejunostomy. J Surg Oncol. 2002;81:55–7.
Kaiser GM, Frühauf NR, Lang H, et al. Impact of intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) on survival of patients with unresectable hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Hepatogastroenterology. 2008;55:1951–5.
Lang H, Kaiser GM, Zöpf T, et al. Surgical treatment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Chirurg. 2006;77:325–34.
Kaiser GM, Frühauf NR, Oldhafer KJ, et al. Intraoperative radiotherapy in Germany. Zentralbl Chir. 2003;128:506–10.
Todoroki T. The late effects of single massive irradiation with electrons of the liver hilum of rabbits. Jpn J Gastroenterol Surg. 1978;11:169.
Sindelar WF, Tepper J, Travis EL. Tolerance of bile duct to inoperative irradiation. Surgery. 1982;92:533–40.
Kaiser GM, Mueller AB, Sauerwein W, et al. Biliodigestive anastomosis after intraoperative irradiation in swine. J Invest Surg. 2005;18:305–13.
Kinsella TJ, Sindelar WF. Normal tissue tolerance to intraoperative radiation therapy. Experimental and clinical studies. Front Radiat Ther Oncol. 1989;23:202–14.
Lygidakis NJ, Singh G, Bardaxoglou E, et al. Changing trends in the management of Klatskin tumor. Hepatogastroenterology. 2004;51:689–96.
Kurosaki H, Katsuyuki K, Kaiza T, et al. Intraoperative radiotherapy for resectable extrahepatic bile duct cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1999;45:635–8.
Willett CG, Del Castillo CF, Shih HA, et al. Long-term results of intraoperative electron beam irradiation (IOERT) for patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer. Ann Surg. 2005;241:295–9.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Todoroki, T., Kaiser, G.M., Sauerwein, W., Gunderson, L.L. (2011). Bile Duct and Gallbladder Cancer. In: Gunderson, L., Willett, C., Calvo, F., Harrison, L. (eds) Intraoperative Irradiation. Current Clinical Oncology. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-015-7_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-015-7_14
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press
Print ISBN: 978-1-61779-014-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-61779-015-7
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)