Abstract
Osteoporosis, a condition that is described by a decrease in bone mass, is further defined by the WHO as a bone mineral density (BMD) that is 2.5 standard deviations less than that of a young and healthy group of people. This is typically measured using a dual energy X-ray absorptiometry or (DXA) and is expressed as a T-score wherein a score of less than −2.5 is defined as osteoporosis and a score between −1 and −2.5 is defined as osteopenia. The T-score is a measure of standard deviation compared to young, healthy sex-matched controls. A Z-score, on the other hand, is a standard deviation measurement with age- and sex-matched controls as a point of comparison. Osteoporosis can further be diagnosed clinically in the presence of an osteoporotic fracture. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease has been widely studied as a risk factor for the development of osteoporosis in both males and females and several mechanisms that address them have been suggested and investigated. Awareness of this relationship should prompt osteoporosis-screening initiatives for COPD patients and lead to early recognition and treatment.
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Diez-Morales, L.F., Cunanan, V. (2012). Osteoporosis. In: Nici, L., ZuWallack, R. (eds) Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Respiratory Medicine. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-673-3_5
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