Skip to main content

Investigations of Relapsing Fever at Home and Abroad

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH

Part of the book series: Infectious Disease ((ID))

  • 713 Accesses

Abstract

Relapsing fever is an ancient disease of humans first described by Hippocrates long before the development of the germ theory and achromatic microscopes that lay the foundation for the discovery of the causative agents. Two epidemiological forms of the disease exist; these include epidemic relapsing fever that is associated with only humans and the human body louse Pediculus humanus and endemic relapsing fever that is associated with enzootic cycles involving many species of wild animals and soft-bodied ticks in the family Argasidae [21].

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Banerjee S N, Banerjee M, Fernando K & et al (1998). Tick-borne relapsing fever in British Columbia, Canada: first isolation of Borrelia hermsii, J Clin Microbiol, 36, 3503–3508

    Google Scholar 

  2. Battisti J M, Raffel S J & Schwan T G (2008). A system for site-specific genetic manipulation of the relapsing fever spirochete Borrelia hermsii. In: Methods in Molecular Biology Bacterial Pathogenesis. Methods and Protocols (Ed F. DeLeo & M. Otto) Humana Press, New Jersey (pp 69–84)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  3. Birkhaug K (1942) Otto H.F. Obermeier. In: A symposium of relapsing fever in the Americas (Ed: FR Moulton) Am Assoc Adv Sci No. 18, Washington D.C. (pp 7–14)

    Google Scholar 

  4. Burgdorfer W (1976). The diagnosis of relapsing fevers. In: The Biology of Parasitic Spirochetes (Ed R. C. Johnson) Academic Press, Inc, New York (pps 225–234)

    Google Scholar 

  5. Burgdorfer W, Barbour A G, Hayes S F & et al (1982). Lyme disease-a tick-borne spirochetosis? Science, 216, 1317–1319

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Canale-Parola E (1984). Order 1. Spirochaetales Buchanan 1917, 163AL. In: Bergey(s Manual of Sytematic Bacteriology(vol I) (Ed: N. Krieg) Williams & Williams, Baltimore (pps 38–9)

    Google Scholar 

  7. Centers for Disease Control (2007). Acute respiratory distress syndrome in persons with tickborne relapsing fever - three states, 2004–2005, Morb Mortal Wkl Rep, 56, 1073–1076

    Google Scholar 

  8. Cook A R (1904). Relapsing fever in Uganda, J Trop Med Hyg, 7, 24–26

    Google Scholar 

  9. Cooley R A & Kohls G M (1944). The Argasidae of North America, Central America and Cuba, American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 1, 1–152

    Google Scholar 

  10. Cutler S J (2006). Possibilities for relapsing fever reemergence, Emerg Infect Dis, 12, 369–374

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Davis G E (1941). Ornithodoros turicata and relapsing fever spirochetes in New Mexico, Pub Health Rep, 56, 2258–2261

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Davis G E (1936). Ornithodoros turicata: the possible vector of relapsing fever in southwestern Kansas, Pub Health Rep, 51, 1719

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Davis G E (1943). Relapsing fever: the tick Ornithodoros turicata as a spirochetal reservoir, Pub Health Rep, 58, 839–842

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Davis G E (1942). Species unity or plurality of the relapsing fever spirochetes. In: A symposium of Relapsing Fever in the Americas (Ed: F R Moulton) Am Assoc Adv Sci, Washington, D.C (pps 41–47)

    Google Scholar 

  15. Davis G E (1942). Tick vectors and life cycles of ticks. In: A symposium of relapsing fever in the Americas (Ed: F R Moulton). Am Assoc Adv Sci No. 18, Washington D.C. (pp 67–76)

    Google Scholar 

  16. Davis G E (1940). Ticks and relapsing fever in the United States, Pub Health Rep, 55, 2347–2351

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Dutton J E & Todd J L (1905). The nature of human tick-fever in the eastern part of the Congo Free State with notes on the distribution and bionomics of the tick, Liverpool School Trop Med Mem, 17, 1–18

    Google Scholar 

  18. Dworkin M S, Anderson D E Jr, Schwan T G & et al (1998). Tick-borne relapsing fever in the northwestern United States and southwestern Canada, Clin Infect Dis, 26, 122–131

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Dworkin M S, Schwan T G & Anderson D E (2002). Tick-borne relapsing fever in North America Med Clin North Am, 86, 417–433

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Dworkin M S, Schwan T G, Anderson D E & et al (2008). Tick-borne relapsing fever, Infect Dis Clin North Am, 22, 449–468

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Felsenfeld O (1971). Borrelia. Strains, Vectors, Human and Animal Borreliosis, Warren H. Green, Inc., St. Louis

    Google Scholar 

  22. Fritz C L, Bronson L R, Smith C R & et al (2004). (2004). Isolation and characterization of Borrelia hermsii associated with two foci of tick-borne relapsing fever in California, J Clin Microbiol, 42, 1123–1128

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Gill J S, Ullmann A J, Loftis A D & et al (2008). Novel relapsing fever spirochete in bat tick, Emerg Inf Dis, 14, 522–523

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Hinnebusch B J, Barbour A G, Restrepo B I & et al (1998). Population structure of the relapsing fever spirochete Borrelia hermsii as indicated by polymorphism of two multigene families that encode immunogenic outer surface lipoproteins, Infect Immun, 66, 432–440

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Kelly R (1971). Cultivation of Borrelia hermsi, Science, 173, 443–444

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Koch R (1906). Ueber afrikanischen Recurrens, Berliner Klinische Wochenschrift, 43, 185–194

    Google Scholar 

  27. Koch R (1905). Vorlaufige Mitteilungen uber die Ergebnisse einer Forchungreise nach Ostafrika, Deutsche Medizinishce Wochenschrift, 31, 1865–1869

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Mackie S P (1907). The part played by Pediculus corporis in the transmission of relapsing fever, Br Med J, 2, 1706–1709

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Magnarelli L A, Anderson J F & Johnson R C (1987). Cross reactivity in serological tests for Lyme disease and other spirochetal infections, J Infect Dis, 156:183–187

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Meader C N (1915). Five cases of relapsing fever originating in Colorado, with positive blood findings in two, Colorado Med, 12, 365–369

    Google Scholar 

  31. Nordstrand A, Bunikis I, Larsson C & et al (2007). Tickborne relapsing fever diagnosis obscured by malaria, Togo, Emerg Inf Dis, 13, 117–123

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Obermeier O (1873). Vorkommen feinster eine Eigenbewegung zeigender Faden im Blute von Recurrenskranken, Centralblatt medicinischen Wissenschaften, 11, 145–147

    Google Scholar 

  33. Pettersson J, Schrumpf M E, Raffel S J & et al (2007). Purine salvage pathways among Borrelia species, Infect Immun, 75, 3877–3884

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Pickett J & Kelly R (1974). Lipid catabolism of relapsing fever borreliae, Infect. Immun. 9, 279–285

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Porcella S F, Raffel S J, Anderson D E & et al (2005). Variable tick protein in two genomic groups of the relapsing fever spirochete Borrelia hermsii in western North America, Infect Immun, 73, 6647–6658

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Porcella S F, Raffel S J, Schrumpf M E & et al (2000). Serodiagnosis of louse-borne relapsing fever with glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase [GlpQ] from Borrelia recurrentis, J Clin Microbiol, 38, 3561–3571

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Ross P H, & Milne T G (1904). Tick fever, Br Med J, 2, 1453–1454

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Schwan T G., Battisti J M, Porcella S F & et al (2003). Glycerol-3-phosphate acquisition in spirochetes: distribution and biological activity of glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase [GlpQ] among Borrelia spirochetes, J Bacteriol, 185, 1346–1356

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Schwan T G, Gage K L & Hinnebusch B J (1995). Analysis of relapsing fever spirochetes from the western United States, J Spirochetal Tick-Borne Dis, 2, 3–8

    Google Scholar 

  40. Schwan T G & Hinnebusch B J (1998). Bloodstream- versus tick-associated variants of a relapsing fever bacterium, Science, 280, 1938–1940

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Schwan T G, Policastro P F, Miller Z & et al (2003). Tick-borne relapsing fever caused by Borrelia hermsii, Montana, Emerg Infect Dis, 9, 1151–1154

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Schwan T G, Raffel S J, Schrumpf M E & et al (2009). Characterization of novel relapsing fever spirochete in the midgut, coxal fluid and salivary glands of the bat tick Carios kelleyi, Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis, 9, 643–647

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Schwan T G, Raffel S J, Schrumpf M E & et al (2005). Phylogenetic analysis of the spirochetes Borrelia parkeri and Borrelia turicatae and the potential for tick-borne relasping fever in Florida, J Clin Microbiol, 43, 3851–3859

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Schwan T G, Raffel S J, Schrumpf M E & et al (2007). Diversity and distribution of Borrelia hermsii, Emerg Infect Dis, 13, 436–442

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Schwan T G, Schrumpf M E, Hinnebusch B J & et al (1996). GlpQ: an antigen for serological discrimination between relapsing fever and Lyme borreliosis, J Clin Microbiol, 34, 2483–2492

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Thompson R S, Burgdorfer W, Russell R & et al (1969). Outbreak of tick-borne relapsing fever in Spokane County, Washington, JAMA, 210, 1045–1050

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Trape JF, Duplantier J M, Bouganali H & et al (1991). Tick-borne borreliosis in West Africa, Lancet, 337, 473–475

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Trape JF, Godeluck B, Diatta G & et al (1996). The spread of tick-borne borreliosis in West Africa and its relationship to sub-saharan drought, Am J Trop Med Hyg, 54, 289–293

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Uhlmann E J, Seed J M, Schwan T G & et al (2007). Polymerase chaing reaction of tick-borne relapsing fever caused by Borrelia hermsii, Pediatr Infect Dis J, 26, 267–269

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Vial L, Diatta G, Tall A & et al (2006). Incidence of tick-borne relapsing fever in West Africa: longitudinal study, Lancet, 368, 37–43

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Wheeler C M(1935). A new species of tick which is a vector of relapsing fever in California, Am J Trop Med, 15, 435–438

    Google Scholar 

  52. Wheeler C M, Herms W B & Meyer K F (1935). A new tick vector of relapsing fever in California, Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 32, 1290–1292

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Whitney M S, Schwan T G, Sultemeier K B & et al (2007). Spirochetemia caused by Borrelia turicatae infection in 3 dogs in Texas, Vet Clin Pathol, 36, 212–216

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

I thank James Battisti, Cyril Guyard, Jonas Pettersson, Sandra Stewart, Merry Schrumpf, Paul Policastro, Stephen Porcella, Robert Fischer, Job Lopez and Jennifer Anderson for their help and devotion to the study of relapsing fever discussed herein.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Schwan, T.G. (2010). Investigations of Relapsing Fever at Home and Abroad. In: Georgiev, V. (eds) National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH. Infectious Disease. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-512-5_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-512-5_11

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-60761-511-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-60761-512-5

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics