Skip to main content

Bidirectional Associations Between Oral and Systemic Health

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Nutrition and Oral Medicine

Part of the book series: Nutrition and Health ((NH))

  • 2306 Accesses

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    R. Brody @ 2011

References

  1. US Department of Health and Human Services. US Public Health Service. Oral health in America: a report of the surgeon general. Rockville: National Institutes of Health; 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Miller WD. The human mouth as a focus of infection. Dental Cosmos. 1891;33:689–713.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Rosenow EC. Studies on elective localization: focal infection with special reference to oral sepsis. J Dent Res. 1919;1:205–249.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Linden GJ, Lyons A, Scannapieco FA. Periodontal systemic associations: review of the evidence. J Clin Periodontol. 2013;40(Suppl. 14):S8–S19.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Azarpazhooh A, Tenenbaum HC. Perodontitis: a systemic condition. J Can Dent Assoc. 2012;78:c27.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Petersen PE. The World Oral Health Report 2003: continuous improvement of oral health in the 21st century—the approach of the WHO Global Oral Health Programme. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2003;31(Suppl 1):3–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Baehni P, Tonetti MS. Group 1 of the European workshop on periodontology. Conclusions and consensus statements on periodontal health, policy and education in Europe: a call for action–consensus view 1. Consensus report of the 1st European workshop on periodontal Education. Eur J Dent Educ. 2010;14 Suppl 1:2–3.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Pihlstrom BL, Michalowicz BS, Johnson NW. Periodontal diseases. Lancet. 2005;366:1809–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Hugoson A, Sjödin B, Norderyd O. Trends over 30 years, 1973–2003, in the prevalence and severity of periodontal disease. J Clin Periodontol. 2008;35(5):405–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Amar S, Chung KM. Influence of hormonal variation on the periodontium in women. Periodontol 2000. 1994;6:79–87.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Sutcliffe P. A longitudinal study of gingivitis and puberty. J Periodontal Res. 1972;7(1):52–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Mombelli A, Gusberti FA, van Oosten MA, Lang NP. Gingival health and gingivitis development during puberty: a 4-year longitudinal study. J Clin Periodontol. 1989;16(7):451–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Miyagi M, Aoyama H, Morishita M, Iwamoto Y. Effects of sex hormones on chemotaxis of human peripheral polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocytes. J Periodontol. 1992;63(1):28–32.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Lindhe J, Attström R. Gingival exudation during the menstrual cycle. J Periodontal Res. 1967;2(3):194–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Shourie V, Dwarakanath CD, Prashanth GV, Alampalli RV, Padmanabhan S, Bali S. The effect of menstrual cycle on periodontal health—a clinical and microbiological study. Oral Health Prev Dent. 2012;10(2):185–92.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Preshaw PM. Oral contraceptives and the periodontium. Periodontol 2000. 2013;61(1):125–159.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Pavlatou A, Tsami A, Vlahos N, Mantzavinos T, Vrotsos I. The effect of in vitro fertilization on gingival inflammation according to women’s periodontal status: clinical data. J Int Acad Periodontol. 2013;15(2):36–42.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Loe H, Silness J. Periondontal disease in pregnancy I. Prevalence and severity. Acta Odontol Scand. 1963;21:533–51.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Hugoson A. Gingival inflammation and female sex hormones: a clinical investigation of pregnant women and experimental studies in dogs. J Periodontal Res. 1970;(Suppl 5):1–18.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Raber-Durlacher JE, van Steenbergen TJ, Van der Velden U, de Graaff J, Abraham-Inpijn L. Experimental gingivitis during pregnancy and post-partum: clinical, endocrinological, and microbiological aspects. J Clin Periodontol. 1994;21(8):549–58.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Silness J, Loe H. Periodontal disease in pregnancy. II Correlation between oral hygiene and periodontal condition. Acta Odontol Scand. 1964;22:121–35.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Kornman KS, Loesche WJ. The subgingival microbial flora during pregnancy. J Periodontal Res. 1980;15(2):111–22.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Carrillo-de-Albornoz A, Figuero E, Herrera D, Bascones-Martínez A. Gingival changes during pregnancy: II. Influence of hormonal variations on the subgingival biofilm. J Clin Periodontol. 2010;37(3):230–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Raber-Durlacher JE, Zeijlemaker WP, Meinesz AA, Abraham-Inpijn L. CD4 to CD8 ratio and in vitro lymphoproliferative responses during experimental gingivitis in pregnancy and post-partum. J Periodontol. 1991;62(11):663–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Raber-Durlacher JE, Leene W, Palmer-Bouva CC, Raber J, Abraham-Inpijn L. Experimental gingivitis during pregnancy and post-partum: immunohistochemical aspects. J Periodontol. 1993;64(3):211–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Kanas RJ, Kanas SJ. Localized aggressive multiparous periodontitis: a newly documented entity. Gen Dent. 2011;59(4):292–301.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Ide M, Papapanou P. Epidemiology of association between maternal periodontal disease & adverse pregnancy outcomes–systematic review. J Clin Periodontol. 2013;40(Suppl 14):181–94.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Madianos PN, Lieff S, Murtha AP, Boggess KA, Auten RL Jr, Beck JD, Offenbacher S. Maternal periodontitis and prematurity. Part II: maternal infection and fetal exposure. Ann Periodontol. 2001;6:175–82.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Madianos PN, Bobetsis YA, Offenbacher S. Adverse pregnancy outcomes (APOs) and periodontal disease: pathogenic mechanisms. J Periodontol. 2013;84(4 Suppl):S170–80. doi:10.1902/jop.2013.1340015.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Sanz M, Kornman K, and on behalf of working group 3 of the joint EFP/AAP workshop. Periodontitis and adverse pregnancy outcomes: consensus report of the joint EFP/AAP workshop on periodontitis and systemic diseases. J Clin Periodontol. 2013;40(Suppl 14):S164–S169. doi:10.1111/jcpe.12083.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Michalowicz BS, Gustafsson A, Thumbigere-Math V, Buhlin K. The effects of periodontal treatment on pregnancy outcomes. J Clin Periodontol. 2013;40(Suppl 14):S195–208. doi:10.1111/jcpe.12081.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Libby P, Ridker PM, Maseri A. Inflammation and atherosclerosis. Circulation. 2002;105(9):1135–43.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Go AS, Mozaffarian D, Roger VL, Benjamin EJ, Berry JD, Borden WB, et al. Executive summary: heart disease and stroke statistics—2013 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2013;127:143–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Lockhart P, Bolger AF, Papapanou PN, Osinbowale O, Trevisan M, Levison ME. Periodontal disease and atherosclerotic vascular disease: does thee evidence support an independent association? A scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2012;125:2520–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Mattila KJ, Nieminen MS, Valtonen VV, et al. Association between dental health and acute myocardial infarction. BMJ. 1989;298(6676):779–81.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Friedewald VE, Kornman KS, Beck JD et al. The American journal of cardiology and journal of periodontology editors’ consensus: periodontitis and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Am J Cardiol. 2009;104(1):59–68.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Bahekar AA, Singh S, Saha S, Molnar J, Arora R. The prevalence and incidence of coronary heart disease is significantly increased in periodontitis: a meta-analysis. Am Heart J. 2007;154(5):830–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Hujoel PP, Drangsholt M, Spiekerman C, DeRouen TA. Periodontal disease and coronary heart disease risk. JAMA. 2000;284(11):1406–10.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Persson GR, Persson RE. Cardiovascular disease and periodontitis: an update on the associations and risk. J Clin Periodontol 2008;35(8 Suppl):362–379.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Tonetti MS, Van Dyke TE and on behalf of working group 1 of the joint EFP/AAP workshop. Periodontitis and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: consensus report of the joint EFP/AAP workshop on periodontitis and systemic diseases. J Clin Periodontol. 2013;40(Suppl. 14):S24–S29.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Loos BG. Systemic markers of inflammation in periodontitis. J Periodontol. 2005;76(11 Suppl):2106–15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Libby P, Lichtman AH, Hansson GK. Immune effector mechanisms implicated in atherosclerosis: from mice to humans. Immunity. 2013;38(6):1092–104.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Papapanagiotou D, Nicu EA, Bizzarro S, et al. Periodontitis is associated with platelet activation. Atherosclerosis. 2009;202(2):605–11.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Lockhart PB, Brennan MT, Sasser HC, Fox PC, Paster BJ, Bahrani-Mougeot FK. Bacteremia associated with toothbrushing and dental extraction. Circulation. 2008;117(24):3118–25.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Roth GA, Moser B, Roth-Walter F, et al. Infection with a periodontal pathogen increases mononuclear cell adhesion to human aortic endothelial cells. Atherosclerosis. 2007;190(2):271–81.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Schenkein HA, Loos BG. Inflammatory mechanisms linking periodontal diseases to cardiovascular diseases. J Periodontol. 2013;84(4 Suppl):S51–69.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. D’Aiuto F, Orlandi M, Gunsolley JC. Evidence that periodontal treatment improves biomarkers and ACVD outcomes. J Clin Periodontol. 2013;40(Suppl 14):85–105.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Joshipura K, Ritchie C, Douglass C. Strength of evidence linking oral conditions and systemic disease. Compend Contin Educ Dent. 2000;21(Suppl 30):12–23.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Ettinger RL. Epidemiology of dental caries. Dent Clin N Amer. 1999;43(4):679–94.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. U.S. DHHS. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Trends in Oral Health Status: United States, 1988-1994 and 1999-2004. Series 11, No 248, April 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Featherstone JDB. Dental caries: a dynamic disease process. Aust Dent J. 2008;53(3):286–91.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Featherstone JDB, Deomejean-Orliaguet S, Jenson L, Wolff M, Young DA. Caries risk assessment in practice for age 6 through adult. J Cal Dent Assoc. 2007;35(10):703–11.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Steele JG, Sheiham A, Marcenas W, Fay N, Walls AW. Clinical and behavioral risk indicators for root caries in older people. Gerodontolgy. 2001;18(2):95–101.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Ship JA, Pillemer SR, Baum BJ. Xerostomia and the geriatric patient. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2002;50(3):535–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. NIH Consensus Statement. Diagnosis and management of dental caries throughout life. 2001. http://consensus.nih.gov/2001/2001DentalCaries115Program.pdf. Accessed 3 June 2011

  56. Guggenheimer J, Moore PA. Xerostomia: etiology, recognition, and treatment. J Am Dent Assoc. 2003;134:61–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Tenovuo J. Salivary parameters of relevance for assessing caries activity in individuals and populations. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1997;25(1):82–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Narhi TO, Meurman JH, Ainamo A. Xerostomia and hyposalivation: causes, consequences and treatment in the elderly. Drugs Aging. 1999;15:103–16.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. D’Hondt E, Eisbruch A, Ship J. The influence of pre-radiation salivary flow rates and radiation dose on parotid salivary gland dysfunction in patients receiving radiotherapy for head and neck cancer. Spec Care Dentist. 1998;18:102–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Happonen RP. Bergenholz. In: Bergenholtz G, Hørsted-Bindslev P, Reit C, editors. Textbook of endodontology. Oxford: Blackwell; 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Wu MK, Wesselink PR. Lokale en eventuele systemische gevolgen van endodontische infecties. Ned Tijdschr Tandheelkd. 2005;112:416–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Skaug N. Systemic complications of endodontic infections. In: Bergenholtz G, Hørsted-Bindslev P, Reit C, editors. Textbook of endodontology. Oxford: Blackwell; 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Wilson W, Taubert KA, Gewitz M, Lockhart PB, BaddourLM, Levison M, Bolger A, Cabell CH, Takahashi M, Baltimore RS, Newburger JW, Strom BL, Tani LY, Gerber M, Bonow RO, Pallasch T, Shulman ST, Rowley AH, Burns JC, Ferrieri P, Gardner T, Goff D, Durack DT. Prevention of infective endocarditis: guidelines from the American Heart Association: a guideline from the American Heart Association Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease Committee, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group. Circulation. 2007;116:1736–1754.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Caplan DJ, Chasen JB, Krall EA, Cai J, Kang S, Garcia RI, Offenbacher S, Beck JD. Lesions of endodontic origin and risk of coronary heart disease. J Dent Res. 2006;85(11):996–1000.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Council on Clinical Affairs. American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. Guidelines on caries risk assessment and management for infants, children and adolescents. http://www.aapd.org/media/Policies_Guidelines/G_CariesRiskAssessment.pdf.

  66. Milgrom P, Zero DT, Tanzer JM. An examination of the advances in science and technology of prevention of tooth decay in young children since the Surgeon General’s Report on Oral Health. Acad Pediatr. 2009;9(6):404–9.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Soderling E, Hirvonen A, Karjalainen S, Fontana M, Catt D, Seppa L. The effect of xylitol on the composition of the oral flora: a pilot study. Eur J Dent. 2011;5(1):24–31.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Sonis ST, Elting LS, Keefe D, Peterson DE, Schubert M, Hauer-Jensen M, et al. Perspectives on cancer therapy-induced mucosal injury: pathogenesis, measurement, epidemiology, and consequences for patients. Cancer. 2004;100(Suppl 9):1995–2025.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Stiff P, Erder H, Bensinger WI, Emmanouilides C, Gentile T, Isitt J, et al. Reliability and validity of a patient self-administered daily questionnaire to assess impact of oral mucositis (OM) on pain and daily functioning in patients undergoing autologous bone marrow transplantation (HSCT). Bone Marrow Transplant. 2006;37(4):393–401.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Epstein JB, Beaumont JL, Gwede CK, Murphy B, Garden AS, Meredith R, et al. Longitudinal evaluation of the oral mucositis weekly questionnaire-head and neck cancer, a patient-reported outcomes questionnaire. Cancer. 2007;109(9):1914–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Peterson DE, Keefe DM, Hutchins RD, Schubert MM. Alimentary tract mucositis in cancer patients: impact on terminology and assessment on research and clinical practice. Support Care Cancer. 2006;14(6):499–504.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Bellm LA, Epstein JB, Rose-Red A, Martin P, Fuchs HJ. Patient reports of complications of bone marrow transplantation. Support Care Cancer. 2000;8(1):33–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Al-Dasooqi N, Sonis ST, Bowen JM, Bateman E, Blijlevens N, Gibson RJ, Logan RM, Nair RG, Stringer AM, Yazbeck R, Elad S, Lalla RV. Emerging evidence on the pathobiology of mucositis. Mucositis study group of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer/International Society of Oral Oncology (MASCC/ISOO). Support Care Cancer. 2013;21(7):2075–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Sonis ST. Mucositis as a biological process: a new hypothesis for the development of chemotherapy-induced stomatotoxicity. Oral Oncol. 1998;34(1):39–43.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Watters AL, Epstein JB, Agulnik M. Oral complications of targeted cancer therapies: a narrative literature review. Oral Oncol. 2011;47(6):441–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Martins F, de Oliveira MA, Wang Q, Sonis S, Gallottini M, George S, Treister N. A review of oral toxicity associated with mTORi therapy in cancer patients. Oral Oncol. 2013;49(4):293–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Raber-Durlacher JE, Elad S, Barasch A. Oral mucositis. Oral Oncol. 2010;46:452–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Peterson DE, Ohrn K, Bowen J, Fliedner M, Lees J, Loprinzi C, Mori T, Osaguona A, Weikel DS, Elad S, Lalla RV. Mucositis study group of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer/International Society of Oral Oncology (MASCC/ISOO)Support Care Cancer. 2013;21(1):327–32.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Migliorati C, Hewson I, Lalla RV, Antunes HS, Estilo CL, Hodgson B, Lopes NN, Schubert MM, Bowen J, Elad S. Mucositis study group of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer/International Society of Oral Oncology (MASCC/ISOO). Systematic review of laser and other light therapy for the management of oral mucositis in cancer patients. Support Care Cancer. 2013;21(1):333–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Raber-Durlacher JE, von Bültzingslöwen I, Logan RM, Bowen J, Al-Azri AR, Everaus H, Gerber E, Gomez JG, Pettersson BG, Soga Y, Spijkervet FK, Tissing WJ, Epstein JB, Elad S, Lalla RV. Mucositis study group of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer/International Society of Oral Oncology (MASCC/ISOO). Systematic review of cytokines and growth factors for the management of oral mucositis in cancer patients. Support Care Cancer. 2013;21(1):343–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Ney DM, Weiss JM, King AJH, Robbins J. Senescent swallowing: impact, strategies, and interventions. Nutr Clin Pract. 2009;24:395.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Van der Molen L, Van Rossum MA, Burkhead LM, Smeele LE, Hilgers FJ. Functional outcomes and rehabilitation strategies in patients treated with chemoradiotherapy for advanced head and neck cancer: a systematic review. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2009;266:889–900.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Perry L, Love CP. Screening for dysphagia and aspiration in acute stroke: a systematic review. Dysphagia. 2001;16:7–18.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Logemann JA. Treatment of oral and pharyngeal dysphagia. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 1998;19(4):803–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  85. Ramsey D, Smithard D, Kalra L. Silent aspiration: what do we know? Dysphagia. 2005;20(3):218–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Altman KW, Yu GP, Schaefer SD. Consequences of dysphagia in the hospitalized patient. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2010;136(8):784–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Ganzer H, Touger-Decker R, Parrott JS, Murphy BA, Epstein JB, Huhmann ME. Symptom burden in head and neck cancer: impact upon oral energy and protein intake. Support Care Cancer. 2013;21:495–503. doi:10.1007/s00520-012-1542-4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Cooperstein E, Gilbert J, Epstein JB, Dietrich MS, Bond SM, Ridner SH, Wells N, Cmelak A, Murphy BA. Vanderbilt head and neck symptom survey version 2.0: report of the development and initial testing of a subscale for assessment of oral health. Head Neck. 2012;34(6):797–804.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Brody RA, Touger-Decker R, VonHagen S, O’Sullivan Maillet J. Role of registered dietitians in dysphagia screening. J Am Diet Assoc. 2000;100(9):1029–37.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Smithard DG, O’Neill PA, Park C, et al. Complications and outcome after acute stroke: does dysphagia matter? Stroke. 1996;27(7):1200–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Elmstahl S, Bulow M, Ekberg O, Petersson M, Tegner H. Treatment of dysphagia improves nutritional conditions in stroke patients. Dysphagia. 1999;14:61–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Odderson IR, Keaton JC, McKenna BS. Swallow management in patients on an acute stroke pathway: quality is cost effective. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1995;76:1130–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Raber-Durlacher J, Brennan MT, Verdonck-de Leeuw L et al. Swallowing dysfunction in cancer patients. Support Care Cancer. 2012;20:433–443.

    Google Scholar 

  94. Robbins J, Kays S, McCallum S. Team management of dysphagia in the institutional setting. J Nutr Elder. 2007;26(3–4):59–104.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Belafsky PC, Mouadeb DA, Rees CJ, Pryor JC, Postma GN, Allen J, Leonard RJ. Validity and reliability of the eating assessment tool (EAT-10). Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2008;171(12):919–924.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Hinds NP, Wiles CM. Assessment of swallowing and referral to speech and language therapists in acute stroke. QJM. 1998;919(12):829–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  97. National Dysphagia Diet Taskforce. National dysphagia diet: standardization for optimal care. Chicago: American Dietetic Association; 2002. p. 10–20.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Frenk J, Chen L, Bhutto Z, et al. Health professionals for a new century: transforming education to strengthen health systems in an interdependent world. Lancet. 2010;376(9756):5–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Joel B. Epstein .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Raber-Durlacher, J.E., Epstein, J.B., Touger-Decker, R., van der Molen, L. (2014). Bidirectional Associations Between Oral and Systemic Health. In: Touger-Decker, R., Mobley, C., Epstein, J. (eds) Nutrition and Oral Medicine. Nutrition and Health. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-490-6_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-490-6_5

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-60761-489-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-60761-490-6

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics