Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Essential Neurovascular Anatomy

  • Chapter
Handbook of Cerebrovascular Disease and Neurointerventional Technique

Part of the book series: Contemporary Medical Imaging ((CMI))

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Osborn AG. Diagnostic Cerebral Angiography. 2nd ed. Phliadelphia, PA: Lippincott; 1999

    Google Scholar 

  2. Tsutsumi M, Ueno Y, Kazekawa K, Tanaka A, Nomoto Y. Aberrant right subclavian artery — three case reports. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2002;42(9):396–8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. La Barbera G, La Marca G, Martino A, et al. Kinking, coiling, and tortuosity of extracranial internal carotid artery: Is it the effect of a metaplasia? Surg Radiol Anat 2006;28(6):573–80

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Pickhardt PJ, Siegel MJ, Gutierrez FR. Vascular rings in symptomatic children: Frequency of chest radiographic findings. Radiology 1997;203(2):423–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Morris P. Practical Neuroangiography. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins; 1997

    Google Scholar 

  6. Standring S. Gray's Anatomy. 39th ed. New York, NY: Elsevier; 2005

    Google Scholar 

  7. Trigaux JP, Delchambre F, Van Beers B. Anatomical variations of the carotid bifurcation: Implications for digitalsubtraction angiography and ultrasonography. Br J Radiol 1990;63(747):181–5

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Handa J, Matsuda M, Handa H. Lateral position of the external carotid artery. Report of a case. Radiology 1972;102(2):361–2

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Teal JS, Rumbaugh CL, Bergeron RT, Segall HD. Lateral position of the external carotid artery: A rare anomaly? Radiology 1973;108(1):77–81

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Dahn MS, Kaurich JD, Brown FR. Independent origins of the internal and external carotid arteries — a case report. Angiology 1999;50(9):755–60

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Aggarwal NR, Krishnamoorthy T, Devasia B, Menon G, Chandrasekhar K. Variant origin of superior thyroid artery, occipital artery and ascending pharyngeal artery from a common trunk from the cervical segment of internal carotid artery. Surg Radiol Anat 2006;28(6):650–3

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Kaneko K, Akita M, Murata E, Imai M, Sowa K. Unilateral anomalous left common carotid artery; A case report. Ann Anat 1996;178(5):477–80

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Zumre O, Salbacak A, Cicekcibasi AE, Tuncer I, Seker M. Investigation of the bifurcation level of the common carotid artery and variations of the branches of the external carotid artery in human fetuses. Ann Anat 2005;187(4):361–9

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Silbergleit R, Quint DJ, Mehta BA, Patel SC, Metes JJ, Noujaim SE. The persistent stapedial artery. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2000;21(3):572–7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Rodesch G, Choi IS, Lasjaunias P. Complete persistence of the hyoido-stapedial artery in man. Case report. Intra-petrous origin of the maxillary artery from ICA. Surg Radiol Anat 1991;13(1):63–5

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Moreano EH, Paparella MM, Zelterman D, Goycoolea MV. Prevalence of facial canal dehiscence and of persistent stapedial artery in the human middle ear: A report of 1000 temporal bones. Laryngoscope 1994;104(3 Pt 1):309–20

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Lasjaunias P, Moret J. Normal and non-pathological variations in the angiographic aspects of the arteries of the middle ear. Neuroradiology 1978;15(4):213–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Lasjaunias P, Santoyo-Vazquez A. Segmental agenesis of the internal carotid artery: Angiographic aspects with embryological discussion. Anat Clin 1984;6(2):133–41

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Lasjaunias P BA. Functional Anatomy of Craniofacial Arteries. New York, NY: Springer; 1987

    Google Scholar 

  20. Monfared A, Kim D, Jaikumar S, Gorti G, Kam A. Microsurgical anatomy of the superior and recurrent laryn-geal nerves. Neurosurgery 2001;49(4):925–32; discussion 32–3

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Liu JL, Liang CY, Xiang T, et al. Aberrant branch of the superior laryngeal artery passing through the thyroid foramen. Clin Anat 2007;20(3):256–9

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Delattre JF, Flament JB, Palot JP, Pluot M. Variations in the parathyroid glands. Number, situation and arterial vascularization. Anatomical study and surgical application. J Chir (Paris) 1982;119(11):633–41

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Lo A, Oehley M, Bartlett A, Adams D, Blyth P, Al-Ali S. Anatomical variations of the common carotid artery bifurcation. ANZ J Surg 2006;76(11):970–2

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Hacein-Bey L, Daniels DL, Ulmer JL, et al. The ascending pharyngeal artery: Branches, anastomoses, and clinical significance. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2002;23(7):1246–56

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Haffajee MR. A contribution by the ascending pharyngeal artery to the arterial supply of the odontoid process of the axis vertebra. Clin Anat 1997;10(1):14–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Mercer NS, MacCarthy P. The arterial supply of the palate: Implications for closure of cleft palates. Plast Reconstr Surg 1995;96(5):1038–44

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Huang MH, Lee ST, Rajendran K. Clinical implications of the velopharyngeal blood supply: A fresh cadaveric study. Plast Reconstr Surg 1998;102(3):655–67

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Lasjaunias P, Berenstein A, Doyon D. Normal functional anatomy of the facial artery. Radiology 1979;133(3 Pt 1):631–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Djindjian R MJ. Superselective Arteriography of the External Carotid Artery. New York, NY: Springer; 1978

    Book  Google Scholar 

  30. Niranjan NS. An anatomical study of the facial artery. Ann Plast Surg 1988;21(1):14–22

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Moreau S, Bourdon N, Salame E, et al. Facial nerve: Vascular-related anatomy at the stylomastoid foramen. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2000;109(9):849–52

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Tubbs RS, Salter G, Oakes WJ. Continuation of the ascending cervical artery as the occipital artery in man. Anat Sci Int 2004;79(1):43–5

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Lasjaunias P, Berenstein A, ter Brugge KG. Surgical Neuroangiography, Volume 1: Clinical Vascular Anatomy and Variations. Berlin: Springer; 2001

    Book  Google Scholar 

  34. McKinnon BJ, Wall M P, Karakla DW. The vascular anatomy and angiosome of the posterior auricular artery. A cadaver study. Arch Facial Plast Surg 1999;1(2):101–4

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Pinar YA, Ikiz ZA, Bilge O. Arterial anatomy of the auricle: Its importance for reconstructive surgery. Surg Radiol Anat 2003;25(3–4):175–9

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Imanishi N, Nakajima H, Aiso S. Arterial anatomy of the ear. Okajimas Folia Anat Jpn 1997;73(6):313–23

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Burggasser G, Happak W, Gruber H, Freilinger G. The temporalis: Blood supply and innervation. Plast Reconstr Surg 2002;109(6):1862–9

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Wasicky R, Pretterklieber ML. The human anterior tympanic artery. A nutrient artery of the middle ear with highly variable origin. Cells Tissues Organs 2000;166(4):388–94

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Diamond MK. Homologies of the meningeal—orbital arteries of humans: A reappraisal. J Anat 1991;178:223–41

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Erturk M, Kayalioglu G, Govsa F, Varol T, Ozgur T. The cranio-orbital foramen, the groove on the lateral wall of the human orbit, and the orbital branch of the middle menin-geal artery. Clin Anat 2005;18(1):10–4

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Yoshioka N, Rhoton AL, Jr., Abe H. Scalp to meningeal arterial anastomosis in the parietal foramen. Neurosurgery 2006;58(1 Suppl):ONS123–6; discussion ONS-6

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Tolosa E. Collateral circulation in occlusive vascular lesions of the brain. The role of the middle meningeal artery in the collateral circulation in compensating for occlusions of the internal carotid artery or its branches. Prog Brain Res 1968;30:247–54

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Dilenge D, Ascherl GF, Jr. Variations of the ophthalmic and middle meningeal arteries: Relation to the embryonic sta-pedial artery. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1980;1(1):45–54

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Gabriele OF, Bell D. Ophthalmic origin of the middle meningeal artery. Radiology 1967;89(5):841–4

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. McLennan JE, Rosenbaum AE, Haughton VM. Internal carotid origins of the middle meningeal artery. The ophthalmic-middle meningeal and stapedial-middle meningeal arteries. Neuroradiology 1974;7(5):265–75

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Kawai K, Yoshinaga K, Koizumi M, Honma S, Tokiyoshi A, Kodama K. A middle meningeal artery which arises from the internal carotid artery in which the first branchial artery participates. Ann Anat 2006;188(1):33–8

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Brucher J. Origin of the ophthalmic artery from the middle meningeal artery. Radiology 1969;93(1):51–2

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Hiura A. An anomalous ophthalmic artery arising from the middle meningeal artery. Anat Anz 1980;147(5):473–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Watanabe A, Hirano K, Ishii R. Dural caroticocavernous fistula with both ophthalmic arteries arising from middle meningeal arteries. Neuroradiology 1996;38(8):806–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Liu Q, Rhoton AL, Jr. Middle meningeal origin of the ophthalmic artery. Neurosurgery 2001;49(2):401–6; discussion 6–7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Anderson RJ. A Palatine Branch from the Middle Meningeal Artery. J Anat Physiol 1880;15(Pt 1):136–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Kresimir Lukic I, Gluncic V, Marusic A. Extracranial branches of the middle meningeal artery. Clin Anat 2001;14(4):292–4

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Silvela J, Zamarron MA. Tentorial arteries arising from the external carotid artery. Neuroradiology 1978;14(5):267–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Seeger JF, Hemmer JF. Persistent basilar/middle meningeal artery anastomosis. Radiology 1976;118(2):367–70

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Lasjaunias P, Moret J, Manelfe C, Theron J, Hasso T, Seeger J. Arterial anomalies at the base of the skull. Neuroradiology 1977;13(5):267–72

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Waga S, Okada M, Yamamoto Y. Basilar-middle menin-geal arterial anastomosis. Case report. J Neurosurg 1978;49(3):450–2

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Hofmeijer J, Klijn CJ, Kappelle LJ, Van Huffelen AC, Van Gijn J. Collateral circulation via the ophthalmic artery or leptomeningeal vessels is associated with impaired cerebral vasoreactivity in patients with symptomatic carotid artery occlusion. Cerebrovasc Dis 2002;14(1):22–6

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Baumel JJ, Beard DY. The accessory meningeal artery of man. J Anat 1961;95:386–402

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Vitek JJ. Accessory meningeal artery: An anatomic misnomer. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1989;10(3):569–73

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Duncan IC, Dos Santos C. Accessory meningeal arterial supply to the posterior nasal cavity: Another reason for failed endovascular treatment of epistaxis. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2003;26(5):488–91

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Lasjaunias P, Theron J. Radiographic anatomy of the accessory meningeal artery. Radiology 1976;121(1):99–104

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Komiyama M, Kitano S, Sakamoto H, Shiomi M. An additional variant of the persistent primitive trigeminal artery: Accessory meningeal artery — antero-superior cerebellar artery anastomosis associated with moyamoya disease. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1998;140(10):1037–42

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Weinstein M, Stein R, Pollock J, Stucker TB, Newton TH. Meningeal branch of the posterior cerebral artery. Neuroradiology 1974;7(3):129–31

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Khaki AA, Tubbs RS, Shoja MM, Shokouhi G, Farahani RM. A rare variation of the inferior alveolar artery with potential clinical consequences. Folia Morphol (Warsz) 2005;64(4):345–6

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Lauber H. Ueber einige Varietaeten im Verlaufe der Arteria maxillaris interna. Anat Anz 1901;19:444–8

    Google Scholar 

  66. Lurje A. On the topographical anatomy of the internal maxillary artery. Acta Anat 1947;2:219–31

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Chien HF, Wu CH, Wen CY, Shieh J Y. Cadaveric study of blood supply to the lower intraorbital fat: Etiologic relevance to the complication of anaerobic cellulitis in orbital floor fracture. J Formos Med Assoc 2001;100(3):192–7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Traxler H, Windisch A, Geyerhofer U, Surd R, Solar P, Firbas W. Arterial blood supply of the maxillary sinus. Clin Anat 1999;12(6):417–21

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Markham JW. Sudden loss of vision following alcohol block of the infraorbital nerve. Case report. J Neurosurg 1973;38(5):655–7

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Amin N, Ohashi Y, Chiba J, Yoshida S, Takano Y. Alterations in vascular pattern of the developing palate in normal and spontaneous cleft palate mouse embryos. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 1994;31(5):332–44

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Lee H Y, Kim HU, Kim SS, et al. Surgical anatomy of the sphenopalatine artery in lateral nasal wall. Laryngoscope 2002;112(10):1813–8

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Pretterklieber ML, Krammer EB, Mayr R. A bilateral maxillofacial trunk in man: An extraordinary anomaly of the carotid system of arteries. Acta Anat (Basel) 1991;141(3):206–11

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Krisht A, Barnett DW, Barrow DL, Bonner G. The blood supply of the intracavernous cranial nerves: An anatomic study. Neurosurgery 1994;34(2):275–9;discussion 9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Moret J, Lasjaunias P, Doyon D, Vignaud J. Angiographic study of facial paralyses (author's transl). Neuroradiology 1978;16:308–10

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Lee H, Sohn SI, Jung DK, et al. Sudden deafness and anterior inferior cerebellar artery infarction. Stroke 2002;33(12):2807–12

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Fernando DA, Lord RS, Ozmen J. The blood supply of the hypoglossal nerve and its relevance to carotid endarterec-tomy. Cardiovasc Surg 1999;7(3):287–91

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Gibo H, Lenkey C, Rhoton AL, Jr. Microsurgical anatomy of the supraclinoid portion of the internal carotid artery. J Neurosurg 1981;55(4):560–74

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Bouthillier A, van Loveren HR, Keller JT. Segments of the internal carotid artery: A new classification. Neurosurgery 1996;38(3):425–32; discussion 32–3

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Fischer E. Die Lageabweichungen der vorderen Hirnarterie im Gefässbild. Zentralbl Neurochir 1938;3:300–13

    Google Scholar 

  80. Kerber CW, Know K, Hecht ST, Buxton RB. Flow dynamics in the human carotid bulb. International Journal of Neuroradiology 1996;2:422–9

    Google Scholar 

  81. Morimoto T, Nitta K, Kazekawa K, Hashizume K. The anomaly of a non-bifurcating cervical carotid artery. Case report. J Neurosurg 1990;72(1):130–2

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Pascual-Castroviejo I, Viano J, Pascual-Pascual SI, Martinez V. Facial haemangioma, agenesis of the internal carotid artery and dysplasia of cerebral cortex: Case report. Neuroradiology 1995;37(8):692–5

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Lee JH, Oh CW, Lee SH, Han DH. Aplasia of the internal carotid artery. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2003;145(2):117–25; discussion 25

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. Chen CJ, Chen ST, Hsieh FY, Wang LJ, Wong YC. Hypoplasia of the internal carotid artery with intercavern-ous anastomosis. Neuroradiology 1998;40(4):252–4

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Quint DJ, Boulos RS, Spera TD. Congenital absence of the cervical and petrous internal carotid artery with intercavernous anastomosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1989;10(2):435–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Tasar M, Yetiser S, Tasar A, Ugurel S, Gonul E, Saglam M. Congenital absence or hypoplasia of the carotid artery: Radioclinical issues. Am J Otolaryngol 2004;25(5):339–49

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Cali RL, Berg R, Rama K. Bilateral internal carotid artery agenesis: A case study and review of the literature. Surgery 1993;113(2):227–33

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Teal JS, Rumbaugh CL, Segall HD, Bergeron RT. Anomalous branches of the internal cartoid artery. Radiology 1973;106(3):567–73

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Glasscock ME, 3rd, Seshul M, Seshul MB, Sr. Bilateral aberrant internal carotid artery case presentation. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1993;119(3):335–9

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Chess MA, Barsotti JB, Chang JK, Ketonen LM, Westesson PL. Duplication of the extracranial internal carotid artery. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1995;16(7):1545–7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Pedroza A, Dujovny M, Artero JC, et al. Microanatomy of the posterior communicating artery. Neurosurgery 1987;20(2):228–35

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Saltzman GF. Patent primitive trigeminal artery studied by cerebral angiography. Acta Radiol 1959;51(5):329–36

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. McKenzie JD, Dean BL, Flom RA. Trigeminal-cavernous fistula: Saltzman anatomy revisited. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1996;17(2):280–2

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Richardson DN, Elster AD, Ball MR. Intrasellar trigeminal artery. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1989;10(1):205

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Lie AA. Congenital Anomolies of the Carotid Arteries. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica Foundation; 1968

    Google Scholar 

  96. Patel AB, Gandhi CD, Bederson JB. Angiographic documentation of a persistent otic artery. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2003;24(1):124–6

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. De Caro R, Parenti A, Munari PF. The persistent primitive hypoglossal artery: A rare anatomic variation with frequent clinical implications. Ann Anat 1995;177(2):193–8

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Brismar J. Persistent hypoglossal artery, diagnostic criteria. Report of a case. Acta Radiol Diagn (Stockh) 1976;17(2):160–6

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Kanai H, Nagai H, Wakabayashi S, Hashimoto N. A large aneurysm of the persistent primitive hypoglossal artery. Neurosurgery 1992;30(5):794–7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Kolbinger R, Heindel W, Pawlik G, Erasmi-Korber H. Right proatlantal artery type I, right internal carotid occlusion, and left internal carotid stenosis: Case report and review of the literature. J Neurol Sci 1993;117(1–2):232–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Suzuki S, Nobechi T, Itoh I, Yakura M, Iwashita K. Persistent proatlantal intersegmental artery and occipital artery originating from internal carotid artery. Neuroradiology 1979;17(2):105–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. De Ridder D, De Ridder L, Nowe V, Thierens H, Va n de Heyning P, Moller A. Pulsatile tinnitus and the intrameatal vascular loop: Why do we not hear our carotids? Neurosurgery 2005;57(6):1213–7

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Paullus WS, Pait TG, Rhoton AI, Jr. Microsurgical exposure of the petrous portion of the carotid artery. J Neurosurg 1977;47(5):713–26

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Quisling RG, Rhoton AL, Jr. Intrapetrous carotid artery branches: Radioanatomic analysis. Radiology 1979;131(1):133–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Windfuhr JP. Aberrant internal carotid artery in the middle ear. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol Suppl 2004;192:1–16

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Pahor AL, Hussain SS. Persistent stapedial artery. J Laryngol Otol 1992;106(3):254–7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Tauber M, van Loveren HR, Jallo G, Romano A, Keller JT. The enigmatic foramen lacerum. Neurosurgery 1999: 44(2):386–91.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Ziyal IM, Salas E, Wright DC, Sekhar LN. The petro-lingual ligament: The anatomy and surgical exposure of the posterolateral landmark of the cavernous sinus. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1998;140(3):201–4; discussion 4–5

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Ziyal IM, Ozgen T, Sekhar LN, Ozcan OE, Cekirge S. Proposed classification of segments of the internal carotid artery: Anatomical study with angiographical interpretation. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2005;45(4):184–90; discussion 90–1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  110. Marshman LA, Connor S, Polkey CE. Internal carotid-inferior petrosal sinus fistula complicating foramen ovale telemetry: Successful treatment with detachable coils: Case report and review. Neurosurgery 2002;50(1):209–12

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Resnick DK, Subach BR, Marion DW. The significance of carotid canal involvement in basilar cranial fracture. Neurosurgery 1997;40(6):1177–81

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Rhoton AL, Jr. The sellar region. Neurosurgery 2002;51(4 Suppl):S335–74

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Inoue T, Rhoton AL, Jr., Theele D, Barry ME. Surgical approaches to the cavernous sinus: A microsurgical study. Neurosurgery 1990;26(6):903–32

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Tran-Dinh H. Cavernous branches of the internal carotid artery: Anatomy and nomenclature. Neurosurgery 1987;20(2):205–10

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Rhoton AL, Jr. The cavernous sinus, the cavernous venous plexus, and the carotid collar. Neurosurgery 2002;51(4 Suppl):S375–410

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Bernasconi V, Cassinari V. Angiographical characteristics of meningiomas of tentorium. Radiol Med (Torino) 1957;43(10):1015–26

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Parkinson D. Collateral Circulation of Cavernous Carotid Artery: Anatomy. Can J Surg 1964;7:251–68

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Hayreh SS. Orbital vascular anatomy. Eye 2006;20(10):1130–44

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Renn WH, Rhoton AL, Jr. Microsurgical anatomy of the sellar region. J Neurosurg 1975;43(3):288–98

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Sacher M, Som PM, Shugar JM, Leeds NE. Kissing intra-sellar carotid arteries in acromegaly: CT demonstration. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1986;10(6):1033–5

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Midkiff RB, Boykin MW, McFarland DR, Bauman JA. Agenesis of the internal carotid artery with intercavernous anastomosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1995;16(6):1356–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Gottfried ON, Soleau SW, Couldwell WT. Suprasellar displacement of intracavernous internal carotid artery: Case report. Neurosurgery 2003;53(6):1433–4; discussion 4–5

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Kobayashi S, Kyoshima K, Gibo H, Hegde SA, Takemae T, Sugita K. Carotid cave aneurysms of the internal carotid artery. J Neurosurg 1989;70(2):216–21

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Gonzalez LF, Walker MT, Zabramski JM, Partovi S, Wallace RC, Spetzler RF. Distinction between paraclinoid and cavernous sinus aneurysms with computed tomo-graphic angiography. Neurosurgery 2003;52(5):1131–7; discussion 8–9

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Tsutsumi S, Rhoton AL, Jr. Microsurgical anatomy of the central retinal artery. Neurosurgery 2006;59(4):870–8; discussion 8–9

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Hayreh SS. Arteries of the Orbit in the Human Being. Br J Surg 1963;50:938–53

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Lang J, Kageyama I. The ophthalmic artery and its branches, measurements and clinical importance. Surg Radiol Anat 1990;12(2):83–90

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Krisht AF, Barrow DL, Barnett DW, Bonner GD, Shengalaia G. The microsurgical anatomy of the superior hypophyseal artery. Neurosurgery 1994;35(5):899–903; discussion

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Fujimura M, Seki H, Sugawara T, Tomichi N, Oku T, Higuchi H. Anomalous internal carotid artery—anterior cerebral artery anastomosis associated with fenestra-tion and cerebral aneurysm. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 1996;36(4):229–33

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Hayreh SS, Dass R. The ophthalmic artery. II. Origin and intracranial and intra-canalicular course. Br J Ophthalmol 1962;46:165–85

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Alvarez H, Rodesch G, Garcia-Monaco R, Lasjaunias P. Embolisation of the ophthalmic artery branches distal to its visual supply. Surg Radiol Anat 1990;12(4):293–7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Saeki N, Rhoton AL, Jr. Microsurgical anatomy of the upper basilar artery and the posterior circle of Willis. J Neurosurg 1977;46(5):563–78

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Alpers BJ, Berry RG, Paddison RM. Anatomical studies of the circle of Willis in normal brain. AMA Arch Neurol Psychiatry 1959;81(4):409–18

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Tripathi M, Goel V, Padma M V, et al. Fenestration of the posterior communicating artery. Neurol India 2003;51(1):75–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Rhoton AL, Jr., Fujii K, Fradd B. Microsurgical anatomy of the anterior choroidal artery. Surg Neurol 1979;12(2):171–87

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Morandi X, Brassier G, Darnault P, Mercier P, Scarabin JM, Duval JM. Microsurgical anatomy of the anterior choroidal artery. Surg Radiol Anat 1996;18(4):275–80

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Paroni Sterbini GL, Agatiello LM, Stocchi A, Solivetti FM. CT of ischemic infarctions in the territory of the anterior choroidal artery: A review of 28 cases. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1987;8(2):229–32

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Das K, Benzil DL, Rovit RL, Murali R, Couldwell WT. Irving S. Cooper (1922–1985): A pioneer in functional neurosurgery. J Neurosurg 1998;89(5):865–73

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Cooper IS. Surgical occlusion of the anterior choroi-dal artery in Parkinsonism. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1954;92(2):207–19

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Moyer DJ, Flamm ES. Anomalous arrangement of the origins of the anterior choroidal and posterior communicating arteries. Case report. J Neurosurg 1992;76(6):1017–8

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Takahashi S, Suga T, Kawata Y, Sakamoto K. Anterior choroidal artery: Angiographic analysis of variations and anomalies. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1990;11(4):719–29

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Taveras JM, Wood EH. Diagnostic Neuroradiology. In. 2nd ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins; 1976:584–7

    Google Scholar 

  143. Waga S, Morikawa A. Aneurysm developing on the infundibular widening of the posterior communicating artery. Surg Neurol 1979;11(2):125–7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Ohyama T, Ohara S, Momma F. Fatal subarachnoid hemorrhage due to ruptured infundibular widening of the posterior communicating artery — case report. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 1994;34(3):172–5

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Saltzman GF. Infundibular widening of the posterior communicating artery studied by carotid angiography. Acta Radiol 1959;51(6):415–21

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Wollschlaeger G, Wollschlaeger PB, Lucas F V, Lopez VF. Experience and result with postmortem cerebral angiogra-phy performed as routine procedure of the autopsy. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med 1967;101(1):68–87

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Willis T. Cerebri anatome; cui accessit nervorum descriptio et usus. London: J. Flesher; 1664

    Google Scholar 

  148. Wolpert SM. The circle of Willis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1997;18(6):1033–4

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Krabbe-Hartkamp MJ, van der Grond J, de Leeuw FE, et al. Circle of Willis: Morphologic variation on three-dimensional time-of-flight MR angiograms. Radiology 1998;207(1):103–11

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Hendrikse J, van Raamt AF, van der Graaf Y, Mali WPTM, van der Grond J. Distribution of cerebral blood flow in the circle of Willis. Radiology 2005;235(1):184–9

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Alpers BJ, Berry RG. Circle of Willis in cerebral vascular disorders. The anatomical structure. Arch Neurol 1963;8:398–402

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Hoksbergen AW, Legemate DA, Csiba L, Csati G, Siro P, Fulesdi B. Absent collateral function of the circle of Willis as risk factor for ischemic stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 2003;16(3):191–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Perlmutter D, Rhoton AL, Jr. Microsurgical anatomy of the anterior cerebral-anterior communicating-recurrent artery complex. J Neurosurg 1976;45(3):259–72

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Rhoton AL, Jr., Saeki N, Perlmutter D, Zeal A. Microsurgical anatomy of common aneurysm sites. Clin Neurosurg 1979;26:248–306

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  155. Serizawa T, Saeki N, Yamaura A. Microsurgical anatomy and clinical significance of the anterior communicating artery and its perforating branches. Neurosurgery 1997;40(6):1211–6; discussion 6–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Dunker RO, Harris AB. Surgical anatomy of the proximal anterior cerebral artery. J Neurosurg 1976;44(3):359–67

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Gomes FB, Dujovny M, Umansky F, et al. Microanatomy of the anterior cerebral artery. Surg Neurol 1986;26(2):129–41

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Marinkovic S, Milisavljevic M, Kovacevic M. Anatomical bases for surgical approach to the initial segment of the anterior cerebral artery. Microanatomy of Heubner's artery and perforating branches of the anterior cerebral artery. Surg Radiol Anat 1986;8(1):7–18

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Moffat DB. A case of peristence of the primitive olfactory artery. Anat Anz 1967;121(5):477–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Nozaki K, Taki W, Kawakami O, Hashimoto N. Cerebral aneurysm associated with persistent primitive olfactory artery aneurysm. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1998;140(4):397–401; discussion 2

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Bollar A, Martinez R, Gelabert M, Garcia A. Anomalous origin of the anterior cerebral artery associated with aneurysm — embryological considerations. Neuroradiology 1988;30(1):86

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Maurer J, Maurer E, Perneczky A. Surgically verified variations in the A1 segment of the anterior cerebral artery. Report of two cases. J Neurosurg 1991;75(6):950–3

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Given CA, 2nd, Morris PP. Recognition and importance of an infraoptic anterior cerebral artery: Case report. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2002;23(3):452–4

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  164. Minakawa T, Kawamata M, Hayano M, Kawakami K. Aneurysms associated with fenestrated anterior cerebral arteries. Report of four cases and review of the literature. Surg Neurol 1985;24(3):284–8

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Suzuki M, Onuma T, Sakurai Y, Mizoi K, Ogawa A, Yoshimoto T. Aneurysms arising from the proximal (A1) segment of the anterior cerebral artery. A study of 38 cases. J Neurosurg 1992;76(3):455–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. Choudhari KA. Fenestrated anterior cerebral artery. Br J Neurosurg 2002;16(5):525–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Ladzinski P, Maliszewski M, Majchrzak H. The accessory anterior cerebral artery: Case report and anatomic analysis of vascular anomaly. Surg Neurol 1997;48(2):171–4

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Singer RJ, Abe T, Taylor WH, Marks MP, Norbash AM. Intracavernous anterior cerebral artery origin with associated arteriovenous malformations: A developmental analysis: Case report. Neurosurgery 1997;40(4):829–31; discussion 31

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. Spinnato S, Pasqualin A, Chioffi F, Da Pian R. Infraoptic course of the anterior cerebral artery associated with an anterior communicating artery aneurysm: Anatomic case report and embryological considerations. Neurosurgery 1999;44(6):1315–9

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  170. Burbank NS, Morris PP. Unique Anomalous Origin of the Left Anterior Cerebral Artery. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2005;26(10):2533–5

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  171. Busse O. Aneurysmen und Bildungsfehler der A. Communicans Anterior. Virchows Arch Pathol Anat 1927;229:178–89

    Article  Google Scholar 

  172. Marinkovic S, Milisavljevic M, Marinkovic Z. Branches of the anterior communicating artery. Microsurgical anatomy. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1990;106(1–2):78–85

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Perlmutter D, Rhoton AL, Jr. Microsurgical anatomy of the distal anterior cerebral artery. J Neurosurg 1978;49(2):204–28

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Ostrowski AZ, Webster JE, Gurdjian ES. The proximal anterior cerebral artery: An anatomic study. Arch Neurol 1960;3:661–4

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. Baptista AG. Studies on the Arteries of the Brain. Ii. the Anterior Cerebral Artery: Some Anatomic Features and Their Clinical Implications. Neurology 1963;13: 825–35

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. Huber P, Braun J, Hirschmann D, Agyeman JF. Incidence of berry aneurysms of the unpaired pericallosal artery: Angiographic study. Neuroradiology 1980;19(3):143–7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. Cinnamon J, Zito J, Chalif DJ, et al. Aneurysm of the azy-gos pericallosal artery: Diagnosis by MR imaging and MR angiography. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1992;13(1):280–2

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. Osaka K, Matsumoto S. Holoprosencephaly in neurosurgi-cal practice. J Neurosurg 1978;48(5):787–803

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  179. Yasargil MG, Carter LP. Saccular aneurysms of the distal anterior cerebral artery. J Neurosurg 1974;40(2):218–23

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  180. Gloger S, Gloger A, Vogt H, Kretschmann HJ. Computerassisted 3D reconstruction of the terminal branches of the cerebral arteries. I. Anterior cerebral artery. Neuroradiology 1994;36(3):173–80

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. Gibo H, Carver CC, Rhoton AL, Jr., Lenkey C, Mitchell RJ. Microsurgical anatomy of the middle cerebral artery. J Neurosurg 1981;54(2):151–69

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. Umansky F, Gomes FB, Dujovny M, et al. The perforating branches of the middle cerebral artery. A microanatomical study. J Neurosurg 1985;62(2):261–8

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. Grand W. Microsurgical anatomy of the proximal middle cerebral artery and the internal carotid artery bifurcation. Neurosurgery 1980;7(3):215–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. Komiyama M, Nakajima H, Nishikawa M, Yasui T. Middle cerebral artery variations: Duplicated and accessory arteries. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1998;19(1):45–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  185. Umansky F, Dujovny M, Ausman JI, Diaz FG, Mirchandani HG. Anomalies and variations of the middle cerebral artery: A microanatomical study. Neurosurgery 1988;22(6 Pt 1):1023–7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  186. Uchino M, Kitajima S, Sakata Y, Honda M, Shibata I. Ruptured aneurysm at a duplicated middle cerebral artery with accessory middle cerebral artery. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2004;146(12):1373–4; discussion 5

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. Takahashi T, Suzuki S, Ohkuma H, Iwabuchi T. Aneurysm at a duplication of the middle cerebral artery. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1994;15(6):1166–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  188. Jain KK. Some Observations on the Anatomy of the Middle Cerebral Artery. Can J Surg 1964;7:134–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. Abanou A, Lasjaunias P, Manelfe C, Lopez-Ibor L. The accessory middle cerebral artery (AMCA). Diagnostic and therapeutic consequences. Anat Clin 1984;6(4):305–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  190. Morioka M, Fujioka S, Itoyama Y, Ushio Y. Ruptured distal accessory anterior cerebral artery aneurysm: Case report. Neurosurgery 1997;40(2):399–401; discussion 2

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  191. Takahashi S, Hoshino F, Uemura K, Takahashi A, Sakamoto K. Accessory middle cerebral artery: Is it a variant form of the recurrent artery of Heubner? AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1989;10(3):563–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  192. Han DH, Gwak HS, Chung CK. Aneurysm at the origin of accessory middle cerebral artery associated with middle cerebral artery aplasia: Case report. Surg Neurol 1994;42(5):388–91

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  193. Michotey P, Moscow NP, Salamon G. Anatomy of the cortical branches of the middle cerebral artery. In: Newton TH, Potts DG, eds. Radiology of the Skull and Brain. St. Louis, MO: Mosby; 1974:1471–8

    Google Scholar 

  194. Zeal AA, Rhoton AL, Jr. Microsurgical anatomy of the posterior cerebral artery. J Neurosurg 1978;48(4):534–59

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  195. Margolis MT, Newton TH, Hoyt WF. Gross and roentgeno-logic anatomy of the posterior cerebral artery. In: Newton TH, Potts PC, eds. Radiology of the Skull and Brain. St. Louis, MO: Mosby; 1974:1551–76

    Google Scholar 

  196. Margolis MT, Newton TH, Hoyt WF. Cortical branches of the posterior cerebral artery. Anatomic—radiologic correlation. Neuroradiology 1971;2(3):127–35

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  197. Caruso G, Vincentelli F, Rabehanta P, Giudicelli G, Grisoli F. Anomalies of the P1 segment of the posterior cerebral artery: Early bifurcation or duplication, fenestration, common trunk with the superior cerebellar artery. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1991;109(1–2):66–71

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  198. Percheron G. Arteries of the human thalamus. II. Arteries and paramedian thalamic territory of the communicating basilar artery. Rev Neurol (Paris) 1976;132(5):309–24

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  199. Raphaeli G, Liberman A, Gomori JM, Steiner I. Acute bilateral paramedian thalamic infarcts after occlusion of the artery of Percheron. Neurology 2006;66(1):E7

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  200. Matheus MG, Castillo M. Imaging of acute bilateral para-median thalamic and mesencephalic infarcts. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2003;24(10):2005–8

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  201. Milisavljevic MM, Marinkovic SV, Gibo H, Puskas LF. The thalamogeniculate perforators of the posterior cerebral artery: The microsurgical anatomy. Neurosurgery 1991;28(4):523–9; discussion 9–30

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  202. Berland LL, Haughton VM. Anomalous origin of posterior choroidal artery from basilar artery. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1979;132(4):674–5

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  203. Fujii K, Lenkey C, Rhoton AL, Jr. Microsurgical anatomy of the choroidal arteries: Lateral and third ventricles. J Neurosurg 1980;52(2):165–88

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  204. Galloway JR, Greitz T. The medial and lateral choroid arteries. An anatomic and roentgenographic study. Acta radiol 1960;53:353–66

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  205. Wollschlaeger PB, Wollschlaeger G. An infratentorial meningeal artery. Radiologe 1965;5(11):451–2

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  206. Ono M, Ono M, Rhoton AL, Jr., Barry M. Microsurgical anatomy of the region of the tentorial incisura. J Neurosurg 1984;60(2):365–99

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  207. Bojanowski WM, Rigamonti D, Spetzler RF, Flom R. Angiographic demonstration of the meningeal branch of the posterior cerebral artery. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1988;9(4):808

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  208. Furuno M, Yamakawa N, Okada M, Waga S. Anomalous origin of the calcarine artery. Neuroradiology 1995;37(8):658

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  209. Abrahams JM, Hurst RW, Bagley LJ, Zager EL. Anterior choroidal artery supply to the posterior cerebral artery distribution: Embryological basis and clinical implications. Neurosurgery 1999;44(6):1308–14

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  210. Tubbs RS, Salter G, Wellons JC, 3rd, Oakes WJ. Blood supply of the human cervical sympathetic chain and ganglia. Eur J Morphol 2002;40(5):283–8

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  211. Lemke AJ, Benndorf G, Liebig T, Felix R. Anomalous origin of the right vertebral artery: Review of the literature and case report of right vertebral artery origin distal to the left subclavian artery. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1999;20(7):1318–21

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  212. Goray VB, Joshi AR, Garg A, Merchant S, Yadav B, Maheshwari P. Aortic arch variation: A unique case with anomalous origin of both vertebral arteries as additional branches of the aortic arch distal to left subclavian artery. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2005;26(1):93–5

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  213. Palmer FJ. Origin of the right vertebral artery from the right common carotid artery: Angiographic demonstration of three cases. Br J Radiol 1977;50(591):185–7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  214. Goddard AJ, Annesley-Williams D, Guthrie JA, Weston M. Duplication of the vertebral artery: Report of two cases and review of the literature. Neuroradiology 2001;43(6):477–80

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  215. Tubbs RS, Loukas M, Remy AC, Shoja MM, Salter EG, Oakes WJ. The vertebral nerve revisited. Clin Anat 2007;20(6):644–7

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  216. Brink B. Approaches to the second segment of the vertebral artery. In: Berguer R, Bauer R, eds. Vertebrobasilar Arterial Occlusive Disease. New York, NY: Raven; 1984:257–64

    Google Scholar 

  217. Diaz FG, Ausman JI, Shrontz C, et al. Surgical correction of lesions affecting the second portion of the vertebral artery. Neurosurgery 1986;19(1):93–100

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  218. Fine AD, Cardoso A, Rhoton AL, Jr. Microsurgical anatomy of the extracranial-extradural origin of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery. J Neurosurg 1999;91(4):645–52

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  219. de Oliveira E, Rhoton AL, Jr., Peace D. Microsurgical anatomy of the region of the foramen magnum. Surg Neurol 1985;24(3):293–352

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  220. Akar ZC, Dujovny M, Slavin KV, Gomez-Tortosa E, Ausman JI. Microsurgical anatomy of the intracranial part of the vertebral artery. Neurol Res 1994;16(3):171–80

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  221. Lister JR, Rhoton AL, Jr., Matsushima T, Peace DA. Microsurgical anatomy of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery. Neurosurgery 1982;10(2):170–99

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  222. Ahuja A, Graves VB, Crosby DL, Strother CM. Anomalous origin of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery from the internal carotid artery. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1992;13(6):1625–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  223. Ogawa T, Fujita H, Inugami A, Shishido F, Higano S, Uemura K. Anomalous origin of the posterior inferior cer-ebellar artery from the posterior meningeal artery. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1991;12(1):186

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  224. Margolis MT, Newton TH. The posterior inferior cerebellar artery. In: Newton TH, Potts DG, eds. Radiology of the Skull and Brain. St. Louis, MO: Mosby; 1974:1710

    Google Scholar 

  225. Salamon G, Huang YP. Radiologic Anatomy of the Brain. 1976:305–6

    Google Scholar 

  226. Lasjaunias P, Vallee B, Person H, Ter Brugge K, Chiu M. The lateral spinal artery of the upper cervical spinal cord. Anatomy, normal variations, and angiographic aspects. J Neurosurg 1985;63(2):235–41

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  227. Barr JD, Lemley TJ. Endovascular arterial occlusion accomplished using microcoils deployed with and without proximal flow arrest: Results in 19 patients. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1999;20(8):1452–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  228. Lewis SB, Chang DJ, Peace DA, Lafrentz PJ, Day AL. Distal posterior inferior cerebellar artery aneu-rysms: Clinical features and management. J Neurosurg 2002;97(4):756–66

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  229. Smoker WR, Price MJ, Keyes WD, Corbett JJ, Gentry LR. High-resolution computed tomography of the basi-lar artery: 1. Normal size and position. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1986;7(1):55–60

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  230. Torche M, Mahmood A, Araujo R, Dujovny M, Dragovic L, Ausman JI. Microsurgical anatomy of the lower basilar artery. Neurol Res 1992;14(3):259–62

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  231. Shrontz C, Dujovny M, Ausman JI, et al. Surgical anatomy of the arteries of the posterior fossa. J Neurosurg 1986;65(4):540–4

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  232. Amarenco P, Rosengart A, DeWitt LD, Pessin MS, Caplan LR. Anterior inferior cerebellar artery territory infarcts. Mechanisms and clinical features. Arch Neurol 1993;50(2):154–61

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  233. Naidich TP, Kricheff, II, George AE, Lin JP. The normal anterior inferior cerebellar artery. Anatomic—radiographic correlation with emphasis on the lateral projection. Radiology 1976;119(2):355–73

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  234. Atkinson WJ. The anterior inferior cerebellar artery: It's variation, pontine distribution and significance in surgery of cerebello-pontine angle tumors. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1949;12:137–51

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  235. Rhoton AL, Jr. Microsurgery of the internal acoustic mea-tus. Surg Neurol 1974;2(5):311–8

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  236. Brunsteins DB, Ferreri AJ. Microsurgical anatomy of VII and VIII cranial nerves and related arteries in the cerebel-lopontine angle. Surg Radiol Anat 1990;12(4):259–65

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  237. Martin RG, Grant JL, Peace D, Theiss C, Rhoton AL, Jr. Microsurgical relationships of the anterior inferior cerebel-lar artery and the facial-vestibulocochlear nerve complex. Neurosurgery 1980;6(5):483–507

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  238. Ito J, Takeda N, Suzuki Y, Tekeuchi S, Osugi S, Yoshida Y. Anomalous origin of the anterior inferior cerebellar arteries from the internal carotid artery. Neuroradiology 1980;19(2):105–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  239. Caruso G, Vincentelli F, Giudicelli G, Grisoli F, Xu T, Gouaze A. Perforating branches of the basilar bifurcation. J Neurosurg 1990;73(2):259–65

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  240. Pedroza A, Dujovny M, Ausman JI, et al. Microvascular anatomy of the interpeduncular fossa. J Neurosurg 1986;64(3):484–93

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  241. Hardy DG, Rhoton AL, Jr. Microsurgical relationships of the superior cerebellar artery and the trigeminal nerve. J Neurosurg 1978;49(5):669–78

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  242. Hardy DG, Peace DA, Rhoton AL, Jr. Microsurgical anatomy of the superior cerebellar artery. Neurosurgery 1980;6(1):10–28

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  243. Stopford JSB. The arteries of the pons and medulla oblon-gata. J Anat 1916;50:131–64

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  244. Newton TH, Mani RL. The vertebral artery. In: Newton TH, Potts DG, eds. Radiology of the Skull and Brain: Angiography. St. Louis, MO: Mosby; 1974:1659–709

    Google Scholar 

  245. Ng PP, Steinfort B, Stoodley MA. Internal carotid artery fenestration with dual aneurysms. Case illustration. J Neurosurg 2006;104(6):979

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  246. Kachhara R, Nair S, Gupta AK. Fenestration of the proximal anterior cerebral artery (A1) with aneurysm manifesting as subarachnoid hemorrhage — case report. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 1998;38(7):409–12

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  247. Ihara S, Uemura K, Tsukada A, Yanaka K, Nose T. Aneurysm and fenestration of the azygos anterior cerebral artery — case report. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2003;43(5):246–9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  248. Rieger P, Huber G. Fenestration and duplicate origin of the left vertebral artery in angiography. Report of three cases. Neuroradiology 1983;25(1):45–50

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  249. Tran-Dinh HD, Soo YS, Jayasinghe LS. Duplication of the vertebro-basilar system. Australas Radiol 1991;35(3):220–4

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  250. De Caro R, Serafini MT, Galli S, Parenti A, Guidolin D, Munari PF. Anatomy of segmental duplication in the human basilar artery. Possible site of aneurysm formation. Clin Neuropathol 1995;14(6):303–9

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  251. Sanders W P, Sorek PA, Mehta BA. Fenestration of intracranial arteries with special attention to associated aneurysms and other anomalies. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1993;14(3):675–80

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  252. Huber P. Cerebral Angiography. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Thieme; 1982

    Google Scholar 

  253. Osborn AG. Craniofacial venous plexuses: Angiographic study. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1981;136(1):139–43

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  254. Braun JP, Tournade A. Venous drainage in the craniocervi-cal region. Neuroradiology 1977;13(3):155–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  255. Gray H. Gray's Anatomy. 1901 Edition ed. Philadelphia, PA: Running Press; 1901

    Google Scholar 

  256. Andrews BT, Dujovny M, Mirchandani HG, Ausman JI. Microsurgical anatomy of the venous drainage into the superior sagittal sinus. Neurosurgery 1989;24(4):514–20

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  257. Curé JK, Van Tassel P, Smith MT. Normal and variant anatomy of the dural venous sinuses. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 1994;15(6):499–519

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  258. Jaeger R. Observations on resection of the superior longitudinal sinus at and posterior to the rolandic venous inflow. J Neurosurg 1951;8(1):103–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  259. Hasegawa M, Yamashita J, Yamashima T. Anatomical variations of the straight sinus on magnetic resonance imaging in the infratentorial supracerebellar approach to pineal region tumors. Surg Neurol 1991;36(5):354–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  260. Browder J, Kaplan HA, Krieger AJ. Anatomical features of the straight sinus and its tributaries. J Neurosurg 1976;44(1):55–61

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  261. Das AC, Hasan M. The occipital sinus. J Neurosurg 1970;33(3):307–11

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  262. Zouaoui A, Hidden G. Cerebral venous sinuses: Anatomical variants or thrombosis? Acta Anat (Basel) 1988;133(4):318–24

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  263. Acar F, Naderi S, Guvencer M, Ture U, Arda MN. Herophilus of Chalcedon: A pioneer in neuroscience. Neurosurgery 2005;56(4):861–7; discussion 7

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  264. Tubbs RS. Herophilus of Chalcedon: A pioneer in neuroscience. Neurosurgery 2006;58(3):E590; discussion E

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  265. Gebarski SS, Gebarski KS. Inferior petrosal sinus: Imaging-anatomic correlation. Radiology 1995;194(1):239–47

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  266. Hacker H. Superficial supratentorial veins and dural sinues. In: Newton TH, Potts DG, eds. Radiology of the Skull and Brain: Veins. St. Louis, MO: Mosby; 1974:1851–902

    Google Scholar 

  267. Galligioni F, Bernardi R, Pellone M, Iraci G. The superficial sylvian vein in normal and pathologic cerebral angiography. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med 1969;107(3):565–78

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  268. Sener RN. The occipitotemporal vein: A cadaver, MRI and CT study. Neuroradiology 1994;36(2):117–20

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  269. Di Chiro G. Angiographic patterns of cerebral convexity veins and superficial dural sinuses. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med 1962;87:308–21

    Google Scholar 

  270. Ture U, Yasargil MG, Al-Mefty O. The transcallosal— transforaminal approach to the third ventricle with regard to the venous variations in this region. J Neurosurg 1997;87(5):706–15

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  271. Ono M, Rhoton AL, Jr., Peace D, Rodriguez RJ. Microsurgical anatomy of the deep venous system of the brain. Neurosurgery 1984;15(5):621–57

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  272. Garner TB, Del Curling O, Jr., Kelly DL, Jr., Laster DW. The natural history of intracranial venous angiomas. J Neurosurg 1991;75(5):715–22

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  273. Wilms G, Bleus E, Demaerel P, et al. Simultaneous occurrence of developmental venous anomalies and cavernous angiomas. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1994;15(7):1247–54; discussion 55–7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  274. Abe T, Singer RJ, Marks MP, Norbash AM, Crowley RS, Steinberg GK. Coexistence of occult vascular malformations and developmental venous anomalies in the central nervous system: MR evaluation. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1998;19(1):51–7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  275. Mullan S, Mojtahedi S, Johnson DL, Macdonald RL. Embryological basis of some aspects of cerebral vascular fistulas and malformations. J Neurosurg 1996;85(1):1–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  276. Raybaud CA, Strother CM, Hald JK. Aneurysms of the vein of Galen: Embryonic considerations and anatomical features relating to the pathogenesis of the malformation. Neuroradiology 1989;31(2):109–28

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  277. Gailloud P, O'Riordan D P, Burger I, Lehmann CU. Confirmation of communication between deep venous drainage and the vein of galen after treatment of a vein of Galen aneurysmal malformation in an infant presenting with severe pulmonary hypertension. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2006;27(2):317–20

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  278. Siclari F, Burger IM, Fasel JH, Gailloud P. Developmental anatomy of the distal vertebral artery in relationship to variants of the posterior and lateral spinal arterial systems. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2007;28(6):1185–90

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  279. Chakravorty BG. Arterial supply of the cervical spinal cord (with special reference to the radicular arteries). Anat Rec 1971;170(3):311–29

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  280. Schalow G. Feeder arteries, longitudinal arterial trunks and arterial anastomoses of the lower human spinal cord. Zentralbl Neurochir 1990;51(4):181–4

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  281. Tveten L. Spinal cord vascularity. III. The spinal cord arteries in man. Acta Radiol Diagn (Stockh) 1976;17(3):257–73

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  282. Lasjaunias PL BA. Surgical Neuroangiography: Functional Vascular Anatomy of Brain, Spinal Cord and Spine. New York, NY: Springer; 1991

    Google Scholar 

  283. Rodriguez-Baeza A, Muset-Lara A, Rodriguez-Pazos M, Domenech-Mateu JM. The arterial supply of the human spinal cord: A new approach to the arteria radicu-laris magna of Adamkiewicz. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1991;109(1–2):57–62

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  284. Biglioli P, Roberto M, Cannata A, et al. Upper and lower spinal cord blood supply: The continuity of the anterior spinal artery and the relevance of the lumbar arteries. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2004;127(4):1188–92

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  285. Lo D, Vallee JN, Spelle L, et al. Unusual origin of the artery of Adamkiewicz from the fourth lumbar artery. Neuroradiology 2002;44(2):153–7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  286. Adamkiewicz A. Die Blutgefasse desmenschlichen Ruckenmarkes. I. Theil. Die Gefasse der Ruckenmarks-substanz. Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Classe 1881;84:469–502

    Google Scholar 

  287. Adamkiewicz A. Die Blutgefasse des menschlichen Ruckenmarkes. II. Theil. Die Gefasse der Ruckenmarks-Oberflache. Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Classe 1882;85:101–30

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery and Department of Radiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, USA

    Mark R. Harrigan (M.D.)

  2. Department of Imaging Sciences and Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester, Rochester, USA

    John P. Deveikis (M.D.)

Authors
  1. Mark R. Harrigan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. John P. Deveikis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2009 Humana Press, a part of Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Harrigan, M.R., Deveikis, J.P. (2009). Essential Neurovascular Anatomy. In: Handbook of Cerebrovascular Disease and Neurointerventional Technique. Contemporary Medical Imaging. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-125-7_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-125-7_1

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-58829-755-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-60327-125-7

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation