Summary
Identification of risk factors and anticipation of shoulder dystocia will help prevent fetal injury.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Calandra C, Abell D, Beischer N. 1981 Maternal obesity in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1981;57:8–14
Carpenter M, Coustan D. Criteria for screening tests for gestational diabetes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1982;144:768–772.
Edwards L, Dickes W, Alton I, et al. Pregnancy in the massively obese: Course, outcome, and obesity prognosis of the infant. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1978;131:479–483.
Gross T, Sokol R, King K. Obesity in pregnancy: Risks and outcome. Obstet Gynecol 1980;56:446–551.
Kerr M. The problem of the overweight patient in pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1962;69:988–994.
Maeder E, Barno A, Mecklenburg F. Obesity: A maternal high-risk factor. Obstet Gynecol 1975;45:669–674.
Naeye R. Weight gain and the outcome of pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1979;135:3–7.
Tracy T, Miller G. Obstetric problems of the massively obese. Obstet Gynecol 1969;33:204–209.
Jovanovic L, Peterson C. Screening for gestational diabetes. Diabetes 1985;34:21–26.
Leikin E, Jenkins J, Pomerantz G, Klein L. Abnormal glucose screening tests in pregnancy: A risk factor for fetal macrosomia. Obstet Gynecol 1987;69:570–74.
Gabbe S, Mestman J, Freeman R, Anderson G, Lowensohn R. Management and outcome of class A diabetes mellitus. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1977;127:465–469.
Grimes D, Gross G. Pregnancy outcomes in black women aged 35 and older. Obstet Gynecol 1981;58:614–618.
Hansen J. Older maternal age and pregnancy outcome: A review of the literature. Obstet Gynecol Surv 1986;41:726–731.
Kajanoja P, Widholm O. Pregnancy and delivery in women aged 40 and over. Obstet Gynecol 1978;51:47–53.
Kirz D, Dorchester W, Freeman R. Advanced maternal age: The mature gravida. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1985;152:7–11.
Lehman D, Chism J. Pregnancy outcome in medically complicated and uncomplicated patients aged 40 years or older. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1987;157:738–744.
Martel M, Wacholder S, Lippman A, Brohan J, Hamilton E. Maternal age and primary cesarean section rates: A multivariate analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1987;156:305–310.
Mestman J. Outcome of diabetes screening in pregnancy and perinatal morbidity in infants of mothers with mild impairment in glucose tolerance. Diabetes Care 1980;3:447–451.
Modanlcu H, Dorchester W, Thorosian A, Freeman R. Macrosomia—maternal, fetal and neonatal implications. Obstet Gynecol 1980;55:420–426.
Spellacy W, Miller M, Winegar A, Peterson P. Macrosomia—maternal characteristics and infant complications. Obstet Gynecol 1985;66:158–162.
Yasin S, Beydoun S. Pregnancy outcome at greater than or equal to 20-weeks gestation in women in their 40 s. A case control study. J Reprod Med 1988;33:209–212.
Klebanoff M, Mills J, Berendes H. Mothers birth weight as a predictor of macrosomia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1985;153:253–258.
Coustan D, Widness J, Carpenter M, Rotondo L, Pratt D, Oh W. Should the fifty gram, one hour plasma glucose screening test for gestational diabetes be administered in the fasting or fed state? Am J Obstet Gynecol 1986;154:1031–1035.
Eastman N, Jackson E. Weight relations in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Survey 1968;23:1003–1024.
Gurewitsch E, Johnson E, Hamzehzadeh S, Allen R. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006;194:486–492.
Robinson H, Tkatch S, Mayes A, Bott N, Okun N. Is maternal obesity a predictor of shoulder dystocia? Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003;101:24–27.
Creasy R, Resnik R. Maternal-Fetal Medicine. Fifth ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2004:1035.
Weiss, J, Malone F, Emig D, et al. Obesity, obstetric complications and cesarean delivery rate—a population-based screening study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004;190:1091–1097.
Garbaciak J, Richter M, Miller S, Barton J. Maternal weight and pregnancy complications. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1985;152:238–242.
Johnson S, Kolberg B, Varner M. Maternal obesity and pregnancy. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1987;164:431–435.
Emerson R. Obesity and its association with the complications of pregnancy. Br Med J 1962;2:515–519.
Parks D, Ziel H. Macrosomia, a proposed indication for primary cesarean section. Obstet Gynecol 1978;52:407–412.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2009 Humana Press, a part of Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
O’Leary, J.A. (2009). Preconceptual Risk Factors. In: O'Leary, J. (eds) Shoulder Dystocia and Birth Injury. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-473-5_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-473-5_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press
Print ISBN: 978-1-934115-28-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-59745-473-5
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)