Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Malnutrition

  • Chapter
Nutrition and Health in Developing Countries

Part of the book series: Nutrition and Health Series ((NH))

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Black RE, Brown KH, Becker S. Malnutrition is a determining factor in diarrheal duration, but not incidence, among young children in a longitudinal study in rural Bangladesh. Am J Clin Nutr 1984;39:87–94.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Sepulveda J, Willett W, Munoz A. Malnutrition and diarrhea: a longitudinal study among urban Mexican children. Am J Epidemiol 1988;127:365–376.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Pelletier DL. The relationship between child anthropometry and mortality in developing countries: implications for policy, programs and future research. J Nutr 1994;124:2047S–2081S.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Schroeder DG, Brown KH. Nutritional status as a predictor of child survival: summarizing the association and quantifying its global impact. Bull World Health Organ 1994;72:569–579.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Pollitt E, Husaini MA, Harahap H, Halati S, Nugraheni A, Sherlock A. Stunting and delayed motor development in rural West Java. Am J Hum Biol 1994;6:627–635.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Pollitt E. Malnutrition and infection in the classroom. Paris: UNESCO, United Nations, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Haas JD, Martinez EJ, Murdoch E, Conlisk E, Rivera JA, Martorell R. Nutritional supplementation during the preschool years influences body size and composition of Guatemalan adolescents. J Nutr 1995;125:1078S–1089S.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Martorell R, Ramakrishnan U, Schroeder DG, Ruel M. Reproductive performance and nutrition during childhood. Nutr Rev 1996;54:S15–S21.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Ramakrishnan U, Martorell R, Schroeder DG, Flores R. Role of intergenerational effects on linear growth. J Nutr 1999;129:544S–549S.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. The state of the world's children. Geneva: United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund, Oxford University Press, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Waterlow JC. Protein-energy malnutrition. London: Edward Arnold, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Williams CD. A nutritional disease of childhood associated with a maize diet. Arch Dis Child 1933;8:423.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Brock JF, Autret M. Kwashiorkor in Africa. Monograph Series, No. 8. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1952.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Autret M. In: Meeting protein needs of infants and children. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council, 1961:12(84):537. Publication 843.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Wise RP. The case of incaparina in Guatemala. Food Nutr Bull 1980;2:3–8.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Ashworth A, Waterlow JC. Calorie and protein intakes and growth. Lancet 1969;1:776–777.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Gopalan C, Swamminathan MC, Kumari VKK, Rao DH, Vijayaraghavan K. Effect of calorie supplementation on growth of undernourished children. Am J Clin Nutr 1973;26:563–566.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Jelliffe DB. Protein-calorie malnutrition in tropical pre-school children. J Pediatr 1959;54:227–256.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Waterlow JC, Payne PR. The protein gap. Nature 1975;258:113–117.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. McLaren DS. The great protein fiasco. Lancet 1974;(ii):93–96.

    Google Scholar 

  21. King M. Medical Care in developing countries: a primer on the medicine of poverty and a symposium from Makerere, Nairobi. London: Oxford University Press, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Jelliffe DB, Jelliffe EFP. Multimixes as weaning food. J Trop Pediatr 1967;13:46–50.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Allen LH. Nutritional influences on linear growth: a general review. Eur J Clin Nutr 1994;48:S75–S89.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Brown KH. The importance of dietary quality versus quantity for weanlings in less developed countries: a framework for discussion. Food Nutr Bull 1991;13:86–94.

    Google Scholar 

  25. deOnis M, Habicht J-P. Anthropometric reference data for international use: recommendations from a World Health Organization Expert Committee. Am J Clin Nutr 1996;64:650–658.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Zemel BS, Riley EM, Stallings VA . Evaluation of methodology for nutritional assessment in children: anthropometry, body composition, and energy expenditure. Annu Rev Nutr 1997;17:211–235.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Roche AF, Davila GH. Differences between recumbent length and stature within individuals. Growth 1974;38:313–320.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. World Health Organization. Physical status: the use and interpretation of anthropometry. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1995. Report of a WHO Expert Committee, World Health Organization Technical Report Series, No. 854.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Beaton GH, Kelly A, Kevany J, Martorell R, Mason J. Appropriate uses of anthropometric indices in children: a report based on an ACC/SCN workshop, New York, United Nations Administrative Committee on Coordination/Subcommittee on Nutrition. ACC/SCN State-of-the-Art Series. Geneva: ACC/ SCN, 1990. Nutrition Policy Discussion Paper No. 7.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Svedberg P. Poverty and undernutrition: theory, measurement and policy. New Delhi: Oxford India Paperbacks, 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Nandy S, Irving M, Gordon D, Subramanian SV, Smith GD. Poverty, child undernutrition and morbidity: new evidence from India. Bull World Health Organ 2005;83:210–216.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Bhattacharyya AK. Composite index of anthropometric failure (CIAF) classification: is it more useful? Bull World Health Organ 2006;84:335.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Shakir A, Morley D. Measuring malnutrition. Lancet 1974;58–759.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Hall G, Chowdhury S, Bloem M. Use of mid-upper-arm circumference Z-scores in nutritional assessment (letter). Lancet 1993;341:1481.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Mei Z, Grummer-Strawn LM, de Onis M, Yip R. The development of a MUAC-for-height reference, including a comparison to other nutritional status screening indicators. Bull World Health Organ 1997;74:333–341.

    Google Scholar 

  36. deOnis M, Yip R, Mei Z. Mid-upper-arm circumference-for-age reference data: recommendations from a WHO Expert Committee. Bull World Health Organ 1997;75:11–18.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Skinner AM, Cieslak Z, MacWilliam L, Solimano A, Kinson HF. The measurement of knee-heel length in newborn infants using a simple vernier calipers. Acta Pediatr 1997;86:512–517.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Bouchard C. Genetic aspects of anthropometric dimensions relevant to assessment of nutritional status. In: Anthropometric assessment of nutritional status. Himes JR, ed. New York: Wiley-Liss, 1991:213–232.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Habicht JP, Martorell R, Yarbrough C, Malina RM, Klein RE. Height and weight standards for preschool children. How relevant are ethnic differences in growth potential? Lancet 1974;611–615.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Martorell R. Child growth retardation: a discussion of its causes and of its relationship to health. In: Nutritional adaptation in man. Blaxter KL, Waterlow JC, eds. London: Libbey, 1985:13–29.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Waterlow JC, Buzina R, Keller W, Lane JM, Nichaman MZ, Tanner JM. The presentation and use of height and weight data for comparing nutritional status of groups of children under the age of 10 years. Bull World Health Organ 1977;55:489–498.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Hamill PV, Drizd TA, Johnson CL, Reed RB, Roche AF, Moore WM. Physical growth: National Center for Health Statistics percentiles. Am J Clin Nutr 1979;32:607–629.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Dibley MJ, Staehling N, Nieburg P, Trowbridge FL. Interpretation of Z-score anthropometric indicators derived from the international growth reference. Am J Clin Nutr 1987;46:749–762.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. deOnis M, Yip R. The WHO growth chart: historical considerations and current scientific issues. Bibl Nutr Dieta 1996;53:74–89.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Victora CG, Morris SS, Barros FC, deOnis M, Yip R. The NCHS reference and the growth of breastand bottle-fed infants. J Nutr 1998;128:1134–1138.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Macfarlane SB. A universal growth reference or fool's gold? Eur J Clin Nutr 1995;49:745–753.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Davis DP. The importance of genetic influences in early childhood with particular reference to children of Asiatic origin. In: Linear growth retardation in less developed countries. Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series, vol. 14. Waterlow JC, ed. New York: Raven, 1988:75–90.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Eveleth PB, Tanner JM. Worldwide variation in human growth. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Chusilp K, Somnasang P, Kirdpon W, Wongkham S, Sribonlue P, Mahaverawat U, et al. Observations on the development of stunting in children of the Khon Kaen region of Thailand. Eur J Clin Nutr 1992;46:475–487.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Droomers M, Gross R, Schultink W, Sastroamidjojo S. High socio-economic class preschool children from Jakarta, Indonesia are taller and heavier than NCHS reference population. Eur J Clin Nutr 1995;49:740–744.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Yip R, Scanlon K, Trowbridge F. Improving growth status of Asian refugee children in the United States. JAMA 1992;267:937–940.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. deOnis M, Garza C, Habicht JP. Time for a new growth reference. Pediatrics 1997;100:E8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. de Onis M, Garza C, Victora CG, Onyango AW, Frongillo EA, Martines J. The WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study: planning, study design, and methodology. Food Nutr Bull 2004;25:S15–S26.

    Google Scholar 

  54. WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study Group. WHO child growth standards based on length/ height, weight, and age. Acta Paediatr Suppl 2006;450:76–85.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Cole TJ. The use and construction of anthropometric growth reference standards. Nutr Res Rev 1993;6:19–50.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Gorstein J, Sullivan K, Yip R, de Onis M, Trowbridge F, Fajans P, Clugston G. Issues in the assessment of nutritional status using anthropometry. Bull World Health Organ 1994;72:273–283.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Briend A, Prudhon C, Prinzo ZW, Daelmans BMEG, Mason JB. Putting the management of severe malnutrition back on the international health agenda. Food Nutr Bull 2006;27:(suppl 3):S3–S5.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Collins S, Dent N, Binns P, Bahwere P, Sadler K, Hallam A. Management of severe acute malnutrition in children. Lancet 2006;368:1992–2000.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Prudhon C, Briend A, Prinzo ZW, Daelmans BMEG, Mason JB, eds. WHO, UNICEF, and SCN informal consultation on community-based management of severe malnutrition in children. SCN Nutrition Policy Paper No. 21. Food Nutr Bull 2007;27:S3–S108.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Myatt M, Khara T, Collins S. A review of methods to detect cases of severely malnourished children in the community for their admission into community-based therapeutic care programs. Food Nutr Bull 2006;27(suppl 3):S7–S23.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Administrative Committee on Coordination/Subcommittee on Nutrition (ACC/SCN). Second report on the world nutrition situation, vol. 1: global and regional results. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  62. de Onis M, Blossner M. WHO global database on child growth and malnutrition. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  63. World development report: knowledge for development. New York: World Bank/Oxford University Press, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Gross R, Webb P. Wasting time for wasted children: severe child undernutrition must be resolved in non-emergency settings. Lancet 2006;367:1209–1211.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Victora CG. The association between wasting and stunting: an international perspective. J Nutr 1992;122:1105–1110.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Frongillo EA Jr, deOnis M, Hanson KM. Socioeconomic and demographic factors are associated with worldwide patterns of stunting and wasting of children. J Nutr 1997;127:2302–2309.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Falkner F, Holzgreve W, Schloo RH. Prenatal influences on postnatal growth: overview and pointers for needed research. Eur J Clin Nutr 1994;48:S15–S24.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Neufeld LM, Haas JD, Grajeda R, Martorell R. Changes in maternal weight form the first to the second trimester of pregnancy are associated with fetal growth and infant length at birth. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;79:646–652.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Thame M, Osmond C, Bennett F, Wilks R, Forrester T. Fetal growth is directly related to maternal anthropometry and placental volume. Eur J Clin Nutr 2004;58:894–900.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund. The state of the world's children. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Neufeld LM, Pelletier DL, Haas JD. The timing hypothesis and body proportionality of the intra-uterine growth retarded infant. Am J Hum Biol 1999;11:638–646.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Martorell R, Schroeder DG, Rivera JA, Kaplowitz HJ. Patterns of linear growth in rural Guatemalan adolescents and children. J Nutr 1995;125:1060S–1067S.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Ruel MT, Neufeld L, Habicht J-P, Martorell R. Stunting at birth: a simple indicator that predicts both risk and benefit among stunted populations. FASEB J 1996;10:A289.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Karlberg J, Engstrom I, Karlberg P, Fryer JG. Analysis of linear growth using a mathematical model. I. From birth to 3 years. Acta Paediatr Scand 1987;76:478–488.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Neumann CG, Harrison GG. Onset and evolution of stunting in infants and children. Examples from the Human Nutrition Collaborative Research Support Program. Kenya and Egypt studies. Eur J Clin Nutr 1994;48:S90–S102.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Huttly SRA, Victora CG, Barros FC, Teixeira AMB, Vaughan JP. The timing of nutritional status determination: implications for interventions and growth monitoring. Eur J Clin Nutr 1991;45:85–96.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Rivera J, Ruel MT. Growth retardation starts in the first 3 months of life among rural Guatemalan children. Eur J Clin Nutr 1997;51:92–96.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Espo M, Kulmala T, Maleta K, Cullinan T, Salin ML, Ashorn P. Determinants of linear growth and predictors of severe stunting during infancy in rural Malawi. Acta Paediatr 2002;91:1364–1370.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Waterlow JC. Observations on the natural history of stunting. In: Linear growth retardation in less developed countries. Waterlow JC, ed. Vevey: Raven Press, New York: Nestle Nutrition, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Dewey KG, Peerson JM, Brown KH, Krebs NF, Michaelsen KF, Persson LA, et al. Growth of breastfed infants deviates from current reference data: a pooled analysis of US, Canadian, and European Data Sets. Pediatrics 1995;96:495–503.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Lucas A, Fewtrell MS, Davies PS, Bishop NJ, Clough H, Cole TJ. Breast-feeding and catch-up growth in infants born small for gestational age. Acta Paediatr 1997;86(6)/:564–569.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Stoltzfus RJ, Albobnico M, Tielsch JM, Chwaya HM, Savioli L. Linear growth retardation in Zanzibari school children. J Nutr 1997;127:1099–1105.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Martorell R, Kettel Khan L, Schroeder DG. Reversibility of stunting: epidemiological findings in children from developing countries. Eur J Clin Nutr 1994;48:S45–S57.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Boersma B, Witt JM. Catch-up growth. Endocr Rev 1997;18(5):646–661.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Seckler D. Small but healthy: a basic hypothesis in the theory, measurement, and policy of malnutrition. In: Newer concepts in nutrition and their implications for policy. Sukhatme P V, ed. Pune, India: Maharashtra Association for the Cultivation of Science Research Institute, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Martorell R. Body size, adaptation and function. Hum Organ 1989;48:15–20.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Martorell R. Promoting health growth: rationale and benefits. In: Child growth and nutrition in developing countries. Pelletier D, Alderman H, eds. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1995:15–31.

    Google Scholar 

  88. United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund. Strategy for improved nutrition of children and women in developing countries. New York: United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund, 1990. UNICEF Policy Review 1990–1 (E/ICEF/1990/L.6).

    Google Scholar 

  89. Mosley WH, Chen LC. An analytical framework for the study of child survival in developing countries. Pop Dev Rev 1984;10:25–45.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Bongaarts J. Does malnutrition affect fecundity? A summary of evidence. Science 1980;208:564–569.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Mebrahtu S, Pelletier D, Pinstrup-Andersen P. Agriculture and nutrition. In: Child growth and nutrition in developing countries. Pelletier D, Alderman H, eds. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1995:220–242.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Scrimshaw NS, Taylor DI, Gordon JE. Interactions of nutrition and infection. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  93. World Health Organization/United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund. The management of diarrhoea and use of oral rehydration therapy. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  94. Parker D, Jesperson E. Mobilizing resources for children in the 1990's. UNICEF Staff Working Papers. New York: United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  95. Walsh JA, Warren KS. Selective primary health care: an interim strategy for disease control in developing countries. N Engl J Med 1979;301:967–974.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Mata LJ, Kromal RA, Urrutia JJ, Garcia B. Effect of infection on food intake and the nutritional state: perspectives as viewed from the village. Am J Clin Nutr 1977;30:1215–1227.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Grant JP. The state of the world's children. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Pelletier DL. The relationship between child anthropometry and mortality in developing countries: implications for policy, programs and future research. Monograph No. 12. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Food and Nutrition Policy Program, Cornell University, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  99. Pelletier DG, Frongillo EA, Habicht J-P. Epidemiologic evidence for a potentiating effect of malnutrition on child mortality. Am J Public Health 1993;83:1130–1133.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Chen LC, Chowdhury, AKA, Huffman SL. Anthropometric assessment of energy: protein malnutrition and subsequent risk of mortality among preschool aged children. Am J Clin Nutr 1980;33:1836–1845.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Pelletier DL, Frongillo EA, Schroeder DG, Habicht J-P. A Methodology for estimating the contribution of malnutrition to child mortality in developing countries. J Nutr 1994;124:2106S–2122S.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Pelletier DL, Frongillo EA, Schroeder DG, Habicht J-P. The effects of malnutrition on child mortality in developing countries. Bull World Health Organ 1995;7(4):443–448.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Yip R, Scanlon K. The burden of malnutrition: a population perspective. J Nutr 1994;124(suppl 10):2043S–2046S.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Caulfield LE, de Onis M, Blossner M, Black RE. Undernutrition as an underlying cause of child deaths associated with diarrhea, pneumonia, malaria, and measles. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;80:193–198.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Guerrant RL, Schorling JB, McAuliffe JF, Auxiliadora de Souza M. Diarrhea as a cause and an effect of malnutrition: diarrhea prevents catch-up growth and malnutrition increases diarrhea frequency and duration. Am J Trop Hyg 1992;47:28–35.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. El Samani EFZ, Willett WC, Ware JH. Association of malnutrition and diarrhea in children aged under 5 years. A prospective follow-up study in a rural Sudanese community. Am J Epidemiol 1988;128:93–105.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Schorling JB, McAuliffe JF, Auxiliadora de Souza M, Guerrant RL. Malnutrition is associated with increased diarrhoea incidence and duration among children in an urban Brazilian slum. Int J Epidemiol 1990;19:728–735.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Calder PC, Field CJ, Gill HS, eds. Nutrition and immune function. Oxon, UK: CABI, 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  109. Aaby P, Bukh J, Kronborg D, Lisse IM, Clotide de Silva M. Delayed excess mortality after exposure to measles during the first 6 months of life. Am J Epidemiol 1990;132:211–219.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Genton B, Al-Yaman F, Ginny M, Taraika J, Alpers MP. Relation of anthropometry to malaria morbidity and immunity in Papua New Guinean children. Am J Clin Nutr 1998;68:734–741.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Briend A. Is diarrhoea a major cause of malnutrition among the under-fives in developing countries? A review of available evidence. Eur J Clin Nutr 1990;44:611–628.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Pollitt E, Gorman K. Long-term developmental implications of motor maturation and physical activity in infancy in a nutritionally at risk population, Cambridge, MA. In: Activity, energy expenditure and energy requirements of infants and children. Schürch B, Scrimshaw NS, eds. International Dietary Energy Consultative Group Workshop, November 14–17, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  113. Haddad LJ, Bouis HE. The impact of nutritional status on agricultural productivity: wage evidence from the Philippines. Oxford Bull Econ Stat 1990;53(1):45–68.

    Google Scholar 

  114. Grantham-McGregor SM. A review of the studies of the effect of severe malnutrition on mental development. J Nutr 1995;125:2233S–2238S.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Martorell R. Undernutrition during pregnancy and early childhood: consequences for cognitive and behavioral development. In: Early child development: investing in our children's future. Young ME, ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1997:39–83.

    Google Scholar 

  116. Levitsy DA, Strupp BJ. Malnutrition and the brain: changing concepts, changing concerns. J Nutr 1995;125:2212S–2220S.

    Google Scholar 

  117. Brown JL, Pollitt E. Malnutrition, poverty and intellectual development. Sci Am 1996;274:38–43.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Mata L. The children of Santa Maria Cauqué. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  119. Brown KH, Black RE, Lopez de Romana G, Creed de Kanashiro H. Infant-feeding practices and their relationship with diarrheal and other diseases in Huascar (Lima), Peru. Pediatrics 1989;83:678.

    Google Scholar 

  120. Martorell R, Habicht J-P, Yarbrough C, Lechtig A, Klein RE, Western KA. Acute morbidity and physical growth in rural Guatemalan children. Am J Dis Child 1975;129:1296–1301.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Rowland MGM, Cole TJ, Whitehead RG. A quantitative study into the role of infection in determining nutritional status in Gambian village children. Br J Nutr 1977;37:441–450.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Rowland MG, Rowland SG, Cole TJ. Impact of infection on the growth of children from 0 to 2 years in an urban West African community. Am J Clin Nutr 1988;47:134–138.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Lutter CK, Mora JO, Habicht JP, Rasmussen KM, Robson DS, Sellers SG, et al. Nutritional supplementation: effects on child stunting because of diarrhea. Am J Clin Nutr 1989;50:1–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Briend A, Hasan KH, Aziz KMA, Hoque BA. Are diarrhoea control programmes likely to reduce childhood malnutrition? Observations from rural Bangladesh. Lancet 1989;2:319–322.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Black RE. Would control of childhood infectious diseases reduce malnutrition? Acta Paediatr Scand (suppl) 1991;374:133–140.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Brown KH, Dewey K, Allen L. Complementary feeding of young children in developing countries: a review of current scientific knowledge. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  127. Scariati PD, Grummer-Strawn LM, Fein SB. A longitudinal analysis of infant morbidity and the extent of breastfeeding in the United States. Pediatrics 1997;99:E5.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Feachem RG, Koblinsky MA. Interventions for the control of diarrhoeal diseases among young children: promotion of breast-feeding. Bull World Health Organ 1984;62:271–291.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. de Zoysa I, Rea M, Martines J. Why promote breast-feeding in diarrhoeal disease control programmes? Health Policy Plan 1991;6:371–379.

    Google Scholar 

  130. Waterlow JC, Schürch B. Summary of causes and mechanisms of linear growth retardation (stunting). Eur J Clin Nutr 1994;48:S210.

    Google Scholar 

  131. Takahashi E. Secular trend in milk consumption and growth in Japan. Hum Biol 56:427–437.

    Google Scholar 

  132. Lee WTK, Leung SSF, Xu YC, Zeng WP, Lau J, Oppenheimer SJ, Cheng JCY. Double-blind, controlled calcium supplementation and bone mineral accretion in children accustomed to a low-calcium diet. Am J Clin Nutr 1994;60:744–750.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Brown KH, Peerson JM, Allen LH. Effect of zinc supplementation on children's growth: a metaanalysis of intervention trials. Bibl Nutr Dieta 1998;54:76–83.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Allen LH. The nutrition CRSP: what is marginal malnutrition, and does it affect human function? Nutr Rev 1993;51:255–267.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Gershoff SN, McGandy RB, Nondasuta A, Tantiwongse P. Nutrition studies in Thailand: effects of calories, nutrient supplements, and health interventions on growth of preschool Thai village children. Am J Clin Nutr 1988;48:1214–1218.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Liu D-S, Bates CJ, Yin T-A, Wang X-B, Lu C-Q. Nutritional efficacy of a fortified weaning risk in a rural area near Beijing. Am J Clin Nutr 1993;57:506–511.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Rivera JA, González-Cossío T, Flores M, Romero M, Rivera M, Téllez-Rojo MM, et al. Multiple micronutrient supplementation increases the growth of Mexican infants. Am J Clin Nutr 2001;74:657–663.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Thu BD, Schultink W, Dillon D, Gross R, Leswara ND, Khoi HH. Effect of daily and weekly micronutrient supplementation on micronutrient deficiencies and growth in young Vietnamese children. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;69:80–86.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Smuts CM, Lombard CJ, Benade AJ, Dhansay MA, Berger J, Hop le T, et al. Efficacy of a foodletbased multiple micronutrient supplement for preventing growth faltering, anemia, and micronutrient deficiency of infants: the four country IRIS trial pooled data analysis. J Nutr 2005;135:631S–638S.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Allen L, Shrimpton R. The International Research on Infant Supplementation Study: implications for programs and further research. J Nutr 2005;135:666S–669S.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Ramakrishnan U, Aburto N, McCabe G, Martorell R. Multimicronutrient interventions but not vitamin A or iron interventions alone improve child growth: results of three meta-analyses. J Nutr 2004;134:2592–2602.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Huffman SL, Baker J, Shumann MA, Zehner ER. The case for promoting multiple vitamin/mineral supplements for women of reproductive age in developing countries. Washington, DC: USAID/LINK-AGES, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  143. Allen KG, Backsstrand J, Stanek EJ, Pelto GH, Chavez A, Molina E, et al. The interactive effects of dietary quality on the growth and attained size of young Mexican children. Am J Clin Nutr 1992;56:353–364.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Torres A, Orav J, Willett W, Chen L. Association between protein intake and 1-y weight and height gains in Bangladeshi children aged 3–11 years. Am J Clin Nutr 1994;60:448–454.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Chernichovsky D, Coate D. The choice of diet for young children and its relation to children's growth. J Hum Res 1980;15:255–263.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Smith T, Earland J, Bhatia K, Heywood P, Singleton N. Linear growth of children in Papua New Guinea in relation to dietary, environmental and genetic factors. Ecol Food Nutr 1993;31:1–25.

    Google Scholar 

  147. Sigman M, Neumann CG, Baksh M, Bwibo NO, McDonald MA. Relation between nutrition and development in Kenyan toddlers. J Pediatr 1989;115:357–364.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Beaton GH, Calloway DH, Murphy SP. Estimated protein intakes of toddlers: predicted prevalence of inadequate intakes in village populations in Egypt, Kenya, and Mexico. Am J Clin Nutr 1992;55:902–911.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Allen LH, Backstrand JR, Pelto GH, Mata MP, Chavez A. The interactive effects of dietary quality on the growth and attained size of young Mexican children. Am J Clin Nutr 1992;56:353–364.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Golden MHN. Nutritional deficiency as a cause of growth failure. In: Human growth: basic and clinical aspects. Hernández M, Argente J, eds. Proceedings of the Sixth International Congress of Auxology, Madrid, Spain, September 15–19, 1991. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica, 1992:175–182.

    Google Scholar 

  151. Golden MHN. Is complete catch-up possible for stunted malnourished children? Eur J Clin Nutr 1994;48:S58–S71.

    Google Scholar 

  152. Kaplan RM, Toshima MT. Does a reduced fat diet cause retardation in child growth? Prev Med 1992;21:33–52.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Caulfield LE, Huffman SL, Piwoz EG. Interventions to improve the complementary food intakes of 6–12 month old infants in developing countries: impact on growth, prevalence of malnutrition and potential contribution to child survival. Food Nutr Bull 1999;20:183–200.

    Google Scholar 

  154. Becker S, Black RE, Brown KH. Relative effects of diarrhea, fever, and dietary energy intake on weight gain in rural Bangladeshi children. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;53:1499–1503.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Engle P, Lhotska L. The role of care in programmatic actions for nutrition: designing programmes involving care. Food Nutr Bull 1999;20:121–135.

    Google Scholar 

  156. Beaton GH, Ghassemi H. Supplementary feeding programs for young children in developing countries. Am J Clin Nutr 1982;35:864–916.

    Google Scholar 

  157. Pinstrup-Andersen P, Pelletier D, Alderman H. Enhancing child growth and nutrition: lessons for action. In: Child growth and nutrition in developing countries: priorities for action. Pinstrup-Andersen P, Pelletier D, Alderman H, eds. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1995:335–348.

    Google Scholar 

  158. Schroeder DG, Martorell R, Rivera J, Ruel M, Habicht J-P. Age differences in the impact of nutritional supplementation on growth. J Nutr 1995;125:1051S–1059S.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund. Facts for life. Geneva: United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  160. Dicken K, Griffiths M, Piwoz E. Designing by dialogue. Washington, DC: Academy for Educational Development, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  161. Sternin M, Sternin J, Marsh. Designing a community-based nutrition program using the hearth model and the positive deviance approach: a field guide. Westport, CT: Save the Children, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  162. Marsh DR, Schroeder DG. The positive deviance approach to improve health outcomes: experience and evidence from the field: preface. Food Nutr Bull 2002;23(suppl 4):3–6.

    Google Scholar 

  163. Fetterman DM, Kaftarian SJ, Wandersman A, eds. Empowerment evaluation: knowledge and tools for self-assessment and accountability. London: Sage, 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  164. Helen Keller International. Changing behaviors: guidelines on using research to increase consumption of micronutrients. Washington, DC: Helen Keller International, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  165. United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund/World Health Organization. Global strategy for infant and young child feeding. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  166. Manary MJ. Local production and provision of ready-to-use therapeutic food (RUTF) spread for the treatment of severe childhood malnutrition. Food Nutr Bull 2006;27(suppl 3):S83–S89.

    Google Scholar 

  167. Ashworth A. Efficacy and effectiveness of community-based treatment of severe malnutrition. Food Nutr Bull 2006;27(suppl 3):S24–S48.

    Google Scholar 

  168. Valid International. Community-based therapeutic care (CTC): a field manual. Oxford, UK: Valid International, 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  169. Gillespie S. Nutrition and poverty: overview. ACC/SCN Symposium Report, Nutrition Policy Paper 16. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  170. Habicht JP, Victora CG, Vaughan JP. Program evaluations. Int J Epidemiol 1999;28:10–18.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. DrTango, Inc., Roswell, GA

    Dirk G. Schroeder

  2. Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA

    Dirk G. Schroeder

Authors
  1. Dirk G. Schroeder
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Richard D. Semba MD, MPH

  2. Nutrition and HIV/AIDS Policy, United Nations World Food Programme, Rome, Italy

    Martin W. Bloem MD, PhD

  3. Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Martin W. Bloem MD, PhD

  4. Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA

    Martin W. Bloem MD, PhD

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2008 Humana Press, a part of Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Schroeder, D.G. (2008). Malnutrition. In: Semba, R.D., Bloem, M.W., Piot, P. (eds) Nutrition and Health in Developing Countries. Nutrition and Health Series. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-464-3_12

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-464-3_12

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-934115-24-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-59745-464-3

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation