Skip to main content

Part of the book series: Current Clinical Psychiatry ((CCPSY))

  • 4763 Accesses

Abstract

Alcohol and tobacco are among the leading causes of preventable deaths and are frequently used in combination. Because of the exceptional morbidity and mortality associated with the use of these substances, it is important to maximize opportunities for the detection of maladaptive use and subsequent intervention whenever a healthcare point of contact is made. This chapter provides a brief description of the health impact of these substances, as well as concise descriptions of helpful alcohol- and tobacco-related screening and assessment tools. The tools that are highlighted were chosen because of their excellent psychometric properties, but also for their high clinical utility and free availability for ease of use in a busy practice setting.

The original version of this chapter was revised. An erratum to this chapter can be found at DOI 10.1007/978-1-59745-387-5_16

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 279.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Mokdad AH, Marks JS, Stroup DF, Gerberding JL. Actual causes of death in the united states, 2000. JAMA 2004;291(10):1238–1245.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. National Institue on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Unpublished data from the 2001–2002 national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions (nesarc), a nationwide survey of 43,093 U.S. Adults aged 18 or older. In; 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  3. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. 10th special report to the us congress on alcohol and health: Highlights from current research from the secretary of health and human services; 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  4. World Health Organization. Global status report on alcohol. Geneva, Switzerland; 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Harwood H. Updating estimates of the economic cost of alcohol abuse in the united states: Estimates, update methods, and data: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism; 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  6. McGlynn E, Asch S, Adams J, et al. The quality of health care delivered to adults in the united states. N Engl J Med 2003;348(26):2635–2645.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Fleming M, Mundt M, French M, Manwell L, Staauffacher E, Barry K. Brief physician advice for problem drinkers: Long-term efficacy and cost-benefit analysis. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2002;26(1):36–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Anton R, O’Malley S, Ciraulo D, et al. Combined pharmacotherapies and behavioral interventions for alcohol dependence: The combine study: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2006;295:2003–2017.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Babor TF, Higgins-Biddle JC, Saunders JB, Monteiro MG. The alcohol use disorders identification test: Guidelines for use in primary care. 2nd ed. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Allen JP, Litten RZ, Fertig JB, Babor TF. A review of research on the alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT). Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1997;21(4):613–619.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Cherpitel CJ. Analysis of cut points for screening instruments for alcohol problems in the emergency room. J Stud Alcohol 1995;56:695–700.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Conigrave KM, Hall WD, Saunders JB. The AUDIT questionnaire: Choosing a cut-off score. Addiction 1995;90:1349–1356.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. National Institue on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Helping patients who drink too much. Rockville, MD: NIAAA Publications; 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Sobell LC, Sobell MB. Timeline follow-back: A technique for assessing self-reported alcohol consumption. In: Litten JR, Allen J, eds. Measuring alchol consumption. Totowa, NJ: Humana, 1992:41–72.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  15. Raistrick D, Bradshaw J, Tober G, Weiner J, Allison J, Healey C. Development of the leeds dependence questionnaire (ldq): A questionnaire to measure alcohol and opiate dependence in the context of a treatment evaluation package. Addiction 1994;89:563–572.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. World Health Organization. International classification of diseases, 10th revision. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.; 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Heather N, Raistrick D, Tober G, Godfrey C, Parrott S. Leeds dependence questionnaire: New data from a large sample of clinic attenders. Addiction Res Theory 2001;9(3):253–269.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Stockwell T, Murphy D, Hodgson R. The severity of alcohol dependence questionnaire: Its use, reliability and validity. Br J Addiction 1983;78(2):145–155.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Castenada R, Cushman P. Alcohol withdrawal: A review of clinical management. J Clin Psychiatry 1989;50:278–284.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Sullivan JT, Sykora K, Schneiderman J, Naranjo CA, Sellers EM. Assessment of alcohol withdrawal: The revised clinical institute withdrawal assessment for alcohol scale (CIWA-Ar). Br J Addiction 1989;84:1353–1357.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Shaw JM, Kolesar GS, Sellers EM, Kaplan HL, Sandor P. Development of optimal treatment tactics for alcohol withdrawal. I. Assessment and effectiveness of supportive care. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1981;1:382–389.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Reoux JP, Oreskovich MR. A comparison of two versions of the clinical institute withdrawal assessment for alcohol: The CIWA-Ar and CIWA-Ad. Am J Addict 2006;15:83–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Favre J, Allain H, Aubin H, et al. Double-blind study of cyamemazine and diazepam in the alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Human Psychopharmacol: Clin Exp 2005;20(7):511–519.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Myrick H, Taylor B, LaRowe S, et al. A retrospective chart review comparing tiagabine and benzodiazepines for the treatment of alcohol withdrawal. J Psychoactive Drugs 2005;37(4):409–414.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Weaver M, Hoffman H, Johnson R, Mauck K. Alcohol withdrawal pharmacotherapy for inpatients with medical comorbidity. J Addict Dis 2006;25(2):17–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Sellers EM, Sullivan JT, Somer G, Sykora K. Characterization of DSM-III-r criteria for uncomplicated alcohol withdrawal provides an empirical basis for DSM-IV. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991;48(5):442–447.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Miller WR, Tonigan JS, Longabaugh R. The drinker inventory of consequences (DrInc): An instrument for assessing adverse consequences of alcohol abuse. In: US Department of Health and Human Services PHS, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, ed. Project MATCH Monograph Series. Rockville, MD; 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Kenna G, Longabaugh R, Gogineni A, et al. Can the short index of problems (SIP) be improved? Validity and reliability of the three-month sip in an emergency department sample. J Stud Alcohol 2005;66:433–437.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Feinn R, Tennen H, Kranzler H. Psychometric properties of the short index of problems as a measure of recent alcohol-related problems. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2003;27(9):1436–1441.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Tucker J, Vuchinich R, Murphy J. Substance use disorders. In: Antony M, Barlow D, eds. Handbook of assessment and treatment planning for psychological disorders. New York, NY: The Guilford Press, 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  31. White H, Labouvie E. Toward the assessment of adolescent problem drinking. J Stud Alcohol 1989;50:30–37.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Miller WR, Harris R. A simple scale of Gorski’s warning signs for relapse. J Stud Alcohol 2000;61:759–765.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Gorski T, Miller M. Counseling for relapse prevention. Independence, MO: Herald House, Independence Press; 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  34. MacKay J, Eriksen M. The tobacco atlas. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. National survey on drug use and health. Rockville, MD: Department of Health and Human Services.; 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Tobacco use among adults – United States, 2005. In: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report; 2006:1145–1148.

    Google Scholar 

  37. National Center for Health Statistics. Health, United States, 2004 with chart book on trends in the health of Americans. Hyattsville, MD; 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Hall SM, Humfleet GL, Reus VI, Munoz RF, Hartz DT, Maude-Griffin R. Psychological intervention and antidepressant treatment in smoking cessation. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2002;59(10):930–936.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Hays JT, Hurt RD, Rigotti NA, et al. Sustained-release bupropion for pharmacologic relapse prevention after smoking cessation. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 2001;135(6):423–433.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Hurt RD, Sachs DP, Glover ED, et al. A comparison of sustained-release bupropion and placebo for smoking cessation. N Engl J Med 1997;337(17):195–1202.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Kenford SL, Smith SS, Wetter DW, Jorenby DE, Fiore MC, Baker TB. Predicting relapse back to smoking: contrasting affective and physical models of dependence. J Consult Clin Psychol 2002;70(1):216–227.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Swan GE, Ward MM, Jack LM. Abstinence effects as predictors of 28-day relapse in smokers. Addict Behav 1996;21(4):481–890.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Jorenby DE, Leischow SJ, Nides MA, et al. A controlled trial of sustained-release bupropion, a nicotine patch, or both for smoking cessation. N Engl J Med 1999;340(9):685–691.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Hughes JR, Higgins ST, Bickel WK. Nicotine withdrawal versus other drug withdrawal syndromes: Similarities and dissimilarities. Addiction 1994;89(11):1461–1470.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Patten CA, Martin JE. Measuring tobacco withdrawal. A review of self report questionnaires. J Substance Abuse 1996;8(1):93–113.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Benowitz NL, Fitzgerald GA, Wilson M, Zhang Q. Nicotine effects on eicosanoid formation and hemostatic function: Comparison of transdermal nicotine and cigarette smoking. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993;22(4):1159–1167.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Williamson DF, Madans J, Anda RF, Kleinman JC, Giovino GA, Byers T. Smoking cessation and severity of weight gain in a national cohort. N Engl J Med 1991;324(11):739–745.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Skogh E, Bengtsson F, Nordin C. Could discontinuing smoking be hazardous for patients administered clozapine medication? A case report. Ther Drug Monit 1999;21(5):580–582.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Covey LS, Glassman AH, Stetner F. Major depression following smoking cessation. Am J Psychiatry 1997;154(2):263–265.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Benowitz NL, Jacob P, 3rd. Nicotine and cotinine elimination pharmacokinetics in smokers and nonsmokers. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1993;53(3):316–323.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Machacek DA, Jiang NS. Quantification of cotinine in plasma and saliva by liquid chromatography. Clin Chem 1986;32(6):979–982.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Cummings SR, Richard RJ. Optimum cutoff points for biochemical validation of smoking status. Am J Public Health 1988;1988(78):574–575.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Galvin KT, Kerin MJ, Williams G, Gorst KL, Morgan RH, Kester RC. Comparison of three methods for measuring cigarette smoking in patients with vascular disease. Cardiovasc Surg 1994;2(1):48–51.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Gilbert DD. Chemical analyses as validators in smoking cessation programs. J Behav Med 1993;16(3):295–308.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Irving JM, Clark EC, Crombie IK, Smith WC. Evaluation of a portable measure of expired-air carbon monoxide. Prev Med 1988;17(1):109–115.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Cox LS, Tiffany ST, Christen AG. Evaluation of the brief questionnaire of smoking urges (QSU-brief) in laboratory and clinical settings. Nicotine Tob Res 2001;3(1):7–16.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Colletti G, Supnick JA, Payne TJ. The smoking self-efficacy questionnaire (SSEQ): Preliminary scale development and validation. Behav Assess 1985;7:249–260.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Schneider NG, Jarvik ME. Time course of smoking withdrawal symptoms as a function of nicotine replacement. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1984;82(1–2):143–144.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Hughes JR, Hatsukami D. Signs and symptoms of tobacco withdrawal. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1986;43(3):289–294.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Welsch SK, Smith SS, Wetter DW, Jorenby DE, Fiore MC, Baker TB. Development and validation of the Wisconsin smoking withdrawal scale. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 1999;7(4):354–361.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Heatherton TF, Kozlowski LT, Frecker RC, Fagerstrom KO. The Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence: A revision of the Fagerstrom tolerance questionnaire. Br J Addict 1991;86(9):1119–1127.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Chabrol H, Niezborala M, Chastan E, Montastruc JL, Mullet E. A study of the psychometric properties of the Fagestrom test for nicotine dependence. Addict Behav 2003;28(8):1441–1445.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Etter JF, Le Houezec J, Perneger TV. A self-administered questionnaire to measure dependence on cigarettes: the cigarette dependence scale. Neuropsychopharmacology 2003;28(2):359–370.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Ether JF. A comparison of the content-, construct- and predictive validity of the cigarette dependence scale and the Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence, Drug Alcohol Depend. 2005 Mar 7;77(3):259–268.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to John Kelly .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2009 Humana Press, a part of Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Yeterian, J., Pachas, G., Evins, A.E., Kelly, J. (2009). Rating Scales for Alcohol and Nicotine Addictions. In: Baer, L., Blais, M.A. (eds) Handbook of Clinical Rating Scales and Assessment in Psychiatry and Mental Health. Current Clinical Psychiatry. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-387-5_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-387-5_5

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-58829-966-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-59745-387-5

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics