Skip to main content
  • 3718 Accesses

Abstract

Nicotiana tabacum is a stout annual of the TOMENTOSAE family, approx 1–3 m high. The stem is erect with few branches. Leaves are ovate, elliptic, or lanceolate, up to 100 cm or more in length, usually sessile or sometimes petiolate with frilled wing or auricle. The inflorescence is a panicle with distinct rachis and several compounds branches. Flowers are light red, light pink, or white. The fruit is a capsule approx 15–20 mm long, narrowly elliptic ovoid or orbicular. Seeds spherical or broadly elliptic, 0.5 mm long, brown, with fluted ridges.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Hatsukami, D. K., C. Lemmonds, Y. Zhang, et al. Evaluation of carcinogen exposure in people who used “reduced exposure” tobacco products. J Natl Cancer Inst 2004; 96(11): 844–852.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Patel, P.S., M. H. Shah, F. P. Jha, et al. Alterations in plasma lipid profile patterns in head and neck cancer and oral precancerous conditions. Indian J Cancer 2004; 41(1): 25–31.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Meckley, D. R., J. R. Hayes, K. R. Van Kampen, P. H. Ayres, A. T. Mosberg, and J. E. Swauger. Comparative study of smoke condensates from 1R4F cigarettes that burn tobacco versus ECLIPSE cigarettes that primarily heat tobacco in the SENCAR mouse dermal tumor promotion assay. Food Chem Toxicol 2004; 42(5): 851–863.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Nguyen Van Binh, P., D. Zhou, F. Baudouin, et al. In vitro and in vivo immunotoxic and immunomodulatory effects of nonsupplemented and selenium-supplemented cigarette smoke condensate. Biomed Pharmacother 2004; 58(2): 90–94.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. West, K. A., I. R. Linnoila, S. A. Belinsky, C. C. Harris, and P. A. Dennis. Tobacco carcinogen-induced cellular transformation increases activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase/Akt pathway in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Res 2004; 64(2): 446–451.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Witschi, H., I. Espiritu, D. Uyeminami, M. Suffia, and K. E. Pinkerton. Lung tumor response in strain a mice exposed to tobacco smoke: some dose-effect relationships. Inhal Toxicol 2004; 16(1): 27–32.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Yang, Y. M., and G. T. Liu. Injury of mouse brain mitochondria induced by cigarette smoke extract and effect of vitamin C on it in vitro. Biomed Environ Sci 2003; 16(3): 256–266.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Jani, D., N. K. Singh, S. Bhattacharya, et al. Studies on the immunogenic potential of plant-expressed cholera toxin B subunit. Plant Cell Rep 2004; 22(7): 471–477.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Wu, L., L. Jiang, Z. Zhou, et al. Expression of foot-and-mouth disease virus epitopes in tobacco by a tobacco mosaic virus-based vector. Vaccine 2003; 21(27–30): 4390–4398.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Sandhir, R., S. Subramanian, and A. Koul. Long-term smoking and ethanol exposure accentuates oxidative stress in hearts of mice. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2003;3(2):135–140.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Jalas, J. R., X. Ding, and S. E. Murphy. Comparative metabolism of the tobacco-specific nitrosamines 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyri-dyl)-1-butanol by rat cytochrome P450 2A3 and human cytochrome P450 2A13. Drug Metab Dispos 2003; 31(10): 1199–1202.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Huang, Y., W. Liang, A. Pan, Z. Zhou, C. Huang, J. Chen, and D. Zhang. Production of FaeG, the major subunit of K88 fimbriae, in transgenic tobacco plants and its immunogenicity in mice. Infect Immun 2003; 71(9): 5436–5439.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Robbins, C. S., D. E. Dawe, S. I. Goncharova, et al. Cigarette smoke decreases pulmonary dendritic cells and impacts antiviral immune responsiveness. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2004; 30(2): 202–211.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Zhou, H., G. M. Calaf, and T. K. Hei. Malignant transformation of human bronchial epithelial cells with the tobacco-specific nitrosamine, 4-(methyl-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone. Int J Cancer 2003; 106(6): 821–826.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Ramirez, N., M. Rodriguez, M. Ayala, et al. Expression and characterization of an anti-(hepatitis B surface antigen) glycosylated mouse antibody in transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants and its use in the immunopurification of its target antigen. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2003; 38(Pt 3): 223–230.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Petro, T. M. Modulation of IL-12 p35 and p40 promoter activity by smokeless tobacco extract is associated with an effect upon activation of NF-kappaB but not IRF transcription factors. Int Immunopharmacol 2003; 3(5): 735–745.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Masuda, Y., S. Ohnuma, M. Kawagoe, and T. Sugiyama. A glycoside of Nicotina tabacum affects mouse dopaminergic behavior. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 2003; 25(1): 41–43.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Churg, A., R. D. Wang, C. Xie, and J. L. Wright. Alpha-1-Antitrypsin ameliorates cigarette smoke-induced emphysema in the mouse. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 168(2): 199–207.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Koul, A., A. Singh, and R. Sandhir. Effect of alpha-tocopherol on the cardiac antioxidant defense system and atherogenic lipids in cigarette smoke-inhaling mice. Inhal Toxicol 2003; 15(5): 513–522.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. De Flora, S., R. M. Balansky, F. D’Agostini, A. Izzotti, A. Camoirano, C. Bennicelli, Z. Zhang, Y. Wang, R. A. Lubet, and M. You. Molecular alterations and lung tumors in p53 mutant mice exposed to cigarette smoke. Cancer Res 2003; 63(4): 793–800.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Pouli, A. E., D. G. Hatzinikolaou, C. Piperi, A. Stavridou, M. C. Psallidopoulos, and J. C. Stavrides. The cytotoxic effect of volatile organic compounds of the gas phase of cigarette smoke on lung epithelial cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2003; 34(3): 345–355.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Poirier, M., M. Fournier, P. Brousseau, and A. Morin. Effects of volatile aromatics, aldehydes, and phenols in tobacco smoke on viability and proliferation of mouse lymphocytes. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2002; 65(19): 1437–1451.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Coggins, C.R. A minireview of chronic animal inhalation studies with mainstream cigarette smoke. Inhal Toxicol 2002; 14(10): 991–1002.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Zhang, J., Y. Liu, J. Shi, D. F. Larson, and R. R. Watson. Side-stream cigarette smoke induces dose-response in systemic inflammatory cytokine production and oxidative stress. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2002; 227(9): 823–829.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Miller, L. M., W. M. Foster, D. M. Dambach, et al. A murine model of cigarette smoke-induced pulmonary inflammation using intranasally administered smoke-conditioned medium. Exp Lung Res 2002; 28(6): 435–455.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Obermueller-Jevic, U.C., I. Espiritu, A. M. Corbacho, C. E. Cross, and H. Witschi. Lung tumor development in mice exposed to tobacco smoke and fed beta-carotene diets. Toxicol Sci 2002; 69(1): 23–29.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Matsunaga, K., T. W. Klein, H. Friedman, and Y. Yamamoto. Epigallocatechin gallate, a potential immunomodulatory agent of tea components, diminishes cigarette smoke condensate-induced suppression of anti-Legionella pneumophila activity and cytokine responses of alveolar macrophages. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2002; 9(4): 864–871.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Witschi, H., and I. Espiritu. Development of tobacco smoke-induced lung tumors in mice fed Bowman-Birk protease inhibitor concentrate (BBIC). Cancer Lett 2002; 183(2): 141–146.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Bosio, A., C. Knorr, U. Janssen, S. Gebel, H. J. Haussmann, and T. Muller. Kinetics of gene expression profiling in Swiss 3T3 cells exposed to aqueous extracts of cigarette smoke. Carcinogenesis 2002; 23(5): 741–748.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Witschi. H., I. Espiritu, M. Suffia, and K. E. Pinkerton. Expression of cyclin D1/2 in the lungs of strain A/J mice fed chemopreventive agents. Carcinogenesis 2002; 23(2): 289–294.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Petro, T. M., L. L. Anderson, J. S. Gowler, X. J. Liu, and S. D. Schwartzbach. Smokeless tobacco extract decreases IL-12 production from LPS-stimulated but increases IL-12 from IFN-gamma-stimulated macrophages. Int Immunopharmacol 2002; 2(2–3): 345–355.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Wang, X., T. Hao, and R. Wu. Effect of cigarette smoke extract on E-cadherin expression of airway epithelial cells. Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi 1999; 22(7): 414–416.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Arredondo, J., V. T. Nguyen, A. I. Chernyavsky, D. L. Jolkovsky, K. E. Pinkerton, and S. A. Grando. A receptor-mediated mechanism of nicotine toxicity in oral keratinocytes. Lab Invest 2001; 81(12): 1653–1668.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Cavarra, E., B. Bartalesi, M. Lucattelli, et al. Effects of cigarette smoke in mice with different levels of alpha(1)-proteinase inhibitor and sensitivity to oxidants. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 164(5): 886–890.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Khaldoyanidi, S., L. Sikora, I. Orlovskaya, V. Matrosova, V. Kozlov, and P. Sriramarao. Correlation between nicotine-induced inhibition of hematopoiesis and decreased CD44 expression on bone marrow stromal cells. Blood 2001; 98(2): 303–312.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Cavarra, E., M. Lucattelli, F. Gambelli, et al. Human SLPI inactivation after cigarette smoke exposure in a new in vivo model of pulmonary oxidative stress. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2001; 281(2): L412–L417.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Castagnoli, K. P., S. J. Steyn, J. P. Petzer, C. J. Van der Schyf, and N. Castagnoli Jr. Neuroprotection in the MPTP Parkinsonian C57BL/6 mouse model by a compound isolated from tobacco. Chem Res Toxicol 2001; 14(5): 523–527.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Hauptmann, N., and J. C. Shih. 2-Naphthylamine, a compound found in cigarette smoke, decreases both mono-amine oxidase A and B catalytic activity. Life Sci 2001; 68(11): 1231–1241.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Bondy, S. C., S. F. Ali, and M. T. Kleinman. Exposure of mice to tobacco smoke attenuates the toxic effect of methamphetamine on dopamine systems. Toxicol Lett 2000; 118(1–2): 43–46.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Gebel, S., and T. Muller. The activity of NF-kappaB in Swiss 3T3 cells exposed to aqueous extracts of cigarette smoke is dependent on thioredoxin. Toxicol 2001; 59(1): 75–81.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Koethe, S. M., J. R. Kuhnmuench, and C. G. Becker. Neutrophil priming by cigarette smoke condensate and a tobacco anti-idiotypic antibody. Am J Pathol 2000; 157(5): 1735–1743.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Chen, S., J. Gong, F. Liu, and U. Mohammed. Naturally occurring polyphenolic antioxidants modulate IgE-mediated mast cell activation. Immunology 2000; 100(4): 471–480.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Seredenin, S. B., V. N. Zhukov, M. G. Miramedova, et al. A chamber for evaluating the free choice by laboratory rats and mice of a space containing tobacco smoke. Eksp Klin Farmakol 2000; 63(1): 66–70.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Tsuda, S., N. Matsusaka, S. Ueno, N. Susa, and Y. F. Sasaki. The influence of antioxidants on cigarette smoke-induced DNA single-strand breaks in mouse organs: a preliminary study with the alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis assay. Toxicol Sci 2000; 54(1): 104–109.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Dhami, R., B. Gilks, C. Xie, K. Zay, J. L. Wright, and A. Churg. Acute cigarette smoke-induced connective tissue breakdown is mediated by neutrophils and prevented by alpha 1-antitrypsin. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2000; 22(2): 244–252.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. March, T.H., E. B. Barr, G. L. Finch, et al. Cigarette smoke exposure produces more evidence of emphysema in B6C3F1 mice than in F344 rats. Toxicol Sci 1999; 51(2): 289–299.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Raza, M. W., S. D. Essery, R. A. Elton, D. M. Weir, A. Busuttil, and C. Blackwell. Exposure to cigarette smoke, a major risk factor for sudden infant death syndrome: effects of cigarette smoke on inflammatory responses to viral infection and bacterial toxins. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 1999; 25(1–2): 145–154.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Raza, M. W., S. D. Essery, D. M. Weir, M. M. Ogilvie, R. A. Elton, and C. C. Blackwell. Infection with respiratory syncytial virus and water-soluble components of cigarette smoke alter production of tumour necrosis factor alpha and nitric oxide by human blood monocytes. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 1999; 24(4): 387–394.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Petro, T. M., S. D. Schwartzbach, and S. Zhang. Smokeless tobacco and nicotine bring about excessive cytokine responses of murine memory T-cells. Int J Immunopharmacol 1999; 21(2): 103–114.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Winn, L. M., P. M. Kim, and P. G. Wells. Investigation of the tobacco-specific carcinogen 4-(methylnitro-samino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanonefor in vivo and in vitro murine embryopathy and embryonic ras mutations. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1998; 287(3): 1128–1135.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Dertinger, S. D., A. E. Silverstone, and T. A. Gasiewicz. Influence of aromatic hydrocarbon receptor-mediated events on the genotoxicity of cigarette smoke condensate. Carcinogenesis 1998; 19(11): 2037–2042.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Grasso, P. and A. H. Mann. Smokeless tobacco and oral cancer: an assessment of evidence derived from laboratory animals. Food Chem Toxicol 1998; 36(11): 1015–1029.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Jalili, T., G. G. Murthy, and R. H. Schiestl. Cigarette smoke induces DNA deletions in the mouse embryo. Cancer Res 1998; 58(12): 2633–2638.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Seyedroudbari, S. A., and M. M. Khan. In vitro effects of smokeless tobacco extract on tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) production, and on lymphocyte proliferation. Toxicon 1998; 36(4): 631–637.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Brown, B., J. Kolesar, K. Lindberg, D. Meckley, A. Mosberg, and D. Doolittle. Comparative studies of DNA adduct formation in mice following dermal application of smoke condensates from cigarettes that burn or primarily heat tobacco. Mutat Res 1998; 414(1–3): 21–30.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Howard, D. J., L. A. Briggs, and C. A. Pritsos. Oxidative DNA damage in mouse heart, liver, and lung tissue due to acute side-stream tobacco smoke exposure. Arch Biochem Biophys 1998; 352(2): 293–297.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Singh, A., and S. P. Singh. Postnatal effect of smokeless tobacco on phytic acid or the butylated hydroxyanisole-modulated hepatic detoxication system and antioxidant defense mechanism in suckling neonates and lactating mice. Cancer Lett 1998; 122(1–2): 151–156.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Bagchi, M., D. Bagchi, E. Adickes, and S. J. Stohs. Chronic effects of smokeless tobacco extract on rat liver histo-pathology, and production of HSP-90. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol 1995; 14(2): 61–68.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Singh, A., and S. P. Singh. Modulatory potential of smokeless tobacco on the garlic, mace or black mustard-altered hepatic detoxication system enzymes, sulfhydryl content and lipid peroxidation in murine system. Cancer Lett 1997; 118(1): 109–114.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Hautamaki, R. D., D. K. Kobayashi, R. M. Senior, and S. D. Shapiro. Requirement for macrophage elastase for cigarette smoke-induced emphysema in mice. Science 1997; 277(5334): 2002–2004.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Sipowicz, M. A., S. Amin, D. Desai, K. S. Kasprzak, and L. M. Anderson. Oxidative DNA damage in tissues of pregnant female mice and fetuses caused by the tobacco-specific nitrosamine, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK). Cancer Lett 1997; 117(1): 87–91.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Petro, T. M., and S. Zhang. The effect of smokeless tobacco extract on murine T cell cytokine production. Immunopharmacology 1997; 36(1): 17–26.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Geiselhart, L. A., T. Christian, F. Minnear, and B. M. Freed. The cigarette tar component p-benzoquinone blocks T-lymphocyte activation by inhibiting interleukin-2 production, but not CD25, ICAM-1, or LFA-1 expression. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1997; 143(1): 30–36.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Witschi, H., I. Espiritu, J. L. Peake, K. Wu, R. R. Maronpot, and K. E. Pinkerton. The carcinogenicity of environmental tobacco smoke. Carcino-genesis 1997; 18(3): 575–586.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Muller, T., H. J. Haussmann, and G. Schepers. Evidence for peroxynitrite as an oxidative stress-inducing compound of aqueous cigarette smoke fractions. Carcinogenesis 1997; 18(2): 295–301.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Brown, B.G., C. K. Lee, B. R. Bombick, P. H. Ayres, A. T. Mosberg, and D. J. Doolittle. Comparative study of DNA adduct formation in mice following inhalation of smoke from cigarettes that burn or primarily heat tobacco. Environ Mol Mutagen 1997; 29(3): 303–311.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Attolini, L., M. Gantenbein, and B. Bruguerolle. Effects of tobacco smoke exposure on the kinetics of bupivacaine in mice. Life Sci 1997; 60(10): 725–734.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Zhang, S. and T. M. Petro. The effect of nicotine on murine CD4 T cell responses. Int J Immunopharmacol 1996; 18(8–9): 467–78.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Attolini, L., M. Gantenbein, P. H. Villard, B. Lacarelle, J. Catalin, and B. Bruguerolle. Effects of different exposure times to tobacco smoke intoxication on carboxyhemoglobin and hepatic enzymate activities in mice. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 1996; 35(4): 211–215.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Mason, H. S., J. M. Ball, J. J. Shi, X. Jiang, M. K. Estes, and C. J. Arntzen. Expression of Norwalk virus capsid protein in transgenic tobacco and potato and its oral immunogenicity in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93(11): 5335–5340.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Lazarus, P., A. M. Idris, J. Kim, A. Calcagnotto, and D. Hoffmann. p53 mutations in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas from Sudanese snuff (toombak) users. Cancer Detect Prev 1996; 20(4): 270–278.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Bagchi, D., E. A. Hassoun, M. Bagchi, and S. J. Stohs. Protective effects of free radical scavengers and antioxidants against smokeless tobacco extract (STE)-induced oxidative stress in macrophage J774A.1. Cell cultures. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 1995; 29(3): 424–428.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Balansky, R. M. Effects of cigarette smoke and disulfiram on tumorigenicity and clastogenicity of ethyl carbamate in mice. Cancer Lett 1995; 94(1): 91–95.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Haq, T. A., H. S. Mason, J. D. Clements, and C. J. Arntzen. Oral immunization with a recombinant bacterial antigen produced in transgenic plants. Science 1995; 268(5211): 714–716.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Muller, T. Expression of c-fos in quiescent Swiss 3T3 cells exposed to aqueous cigarette smoke fractions. Cancer Res 1995; 55(9): 1927–1932.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Thanavala, Y., Y. F. Yang, P. Lyons, H. S. Mason, and C. Arntzen. Immunogenicity of transgenic plant-derived hepatitis B surface antigen. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995; 92(8): 3358–3361.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Zeid, N. A., and H. K. Muller. Tobacco smoke condensate cutaneous carcino-genesis: changes in Langerhans’ cells and tumour regression. Int J Exp Pathol 1995; 76(1): 75–83.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Makonkawkeyoon, S., P. Smitamana, C. Hirunpetcharat, and N. Maneekarn. Production of mouse immunoglobulin G by a hybrid plant derived from tobacco-mouse cell fusions. Experientia 1995; 51(1): 19–25.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Guengerich F. P., T. Shimada, C. H. Yun, et al. Interactions of ingested food, beverage, and tobacco components involving human cytochrome P4501A2, 2A6, 2E1, and 3A4 enzymes. Environ Health Perspect 1994; 102(Suppl 9): 49–53.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Villard, P. H., E. Seree, B. Lacarelle, et al. Effect of cigarette smoke on hepatic and pulmonary cytochromes P450 in mouse: evidence for CYP2E1 induction in lung. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1994; 202(3): 1731–1737.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Erenmemisoglu, A., C. Suer, and S. Temocin. Has nicotine a local anaesthetic action? J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 1994; 5(2): 125–131.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Nersessian, A. K., and R. M. Arutyunyan. The comparative clastogenic activity of mainstream tobacco smoke from cigarettes widely consumed in Armenia. Mutat Res 1994; 321(1–2): 89–92.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Muller, T., and S. Gebel. Heme oxygenase expression in Swiss 3T3 cells following exposure to aqueous cigarette smoke fractions. Carcinogenesis 1994; 15(1): 67–72.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Bagwe, A. N., A. G. Ramchandani, and R. A. Bhisey. Skin-tumor-promoting activity of processed bidi tobacco in hairless S/RV Criba mice. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1994; 120(8): 485–489.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Li, Z.Q., H. J. Wei, X. M. Luo, et al. Specific overexpression of P53 in sarcoma derived from Rat-1 cells transformed by cigarette smoking condensate-treated human fetal lung DNA. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol 1994; 13(3): 187–190.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Stoichev, I. I., D. K. Todorov, and L. T. Christova. Dominant-lethal mutations and micronucleus induction in male BALB/c, BDF1 and H mice by tobacco smoke. Mutat Res 1993; 319(4): 285–292.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Hoffmann, D., M. V. Djordjevic, A. Rivenson, E. Zang, D. Desai, and S. Amin. A study of tobacco carcinogenesis. LI. Relative potencies of tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines as inducers of lung tumours in A/J mice. Cancer Lett 1993; 71(1–3): 25–30.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Goud, S. N., L. Zhang, and A. M. Kaplan. Immunostimulatory potential of smokeless tobacco extract in in vitro cultures of murine lymphoid tissues. Immunopharmacology 1993; 25(2): 95–105.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Piao, C. Q., and T. K. Hei. The biological effectiveness of radon daughter alpha particles. I. Radon, cigarette smoke and oncogenic transformation. Carcinogenesis 1993; 14(3): 497–501.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Chung, F. L., and Y. Xu. Increased 8-oxodeoxyguanosine levels in lung DNA of A/J mice and F344 rats treated with the tobacco-specific nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamine)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone. Carcinogenesis 1992; 13(7): 1269–1272.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Randerath, E., T. F. Danna, and K. Randerath. DNA damage induced by cigarette smoke condensate in vitro as assayed by 32P-postlabeling. Comparison with cigarette smoke-associated DNA adduct profiles in vivo. Mutat Res 1992; 268(1): 139–153.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Dash, B. C., and R. K. Das. Genotoxicity of ‘gudakhu’, a tobacco preparation. I. In mice in vivo. Mutat Res 1992; 280(1): 45–53.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Paulson, R. B., J. Shanfeld, J. Dean, D. Mullet, M. Fernandez, and J. O. Paulson. Alcohol and smokeless tobacco effects on the CD-1 mouse fetus. J Craniofac Genet Dev Biol 1992; 12(2): 107–117.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Lenz, L.G., W. K. Ramp, R. J. Galvin, and W. M. Pierce Jr. Inhibition of cell metabolism by a smokeless tobacco extract: tissue and species specificity. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1992; 199(2): 211–217.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Higashimoto, Y., Y. Shimada, Y. Fukuchi, et al. Inhibition of mouse alveolar macrophage production of tumor necrosis factor alpha by acute in vivo and in vitro exposure to tobacco smoke. Respiration 1992; 59(2): 77–80.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Lee, C. K., B. G. Brown, E. A. Reed, et al. DNA adduct formation in mice following dermal application of smoke condensates from cigarettes that burn or heat tobacco. Environ Mol Mutagen 1992; 20(4): 313–319.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Jansson, T., L. Romert, J. Magnusson, and D. Jenssen. Genotoxicity testing of extracts of a Swedish moist oral snuff. Mutat Res 1991; 261(2): 101–115.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Belinsky, S. A., T. R. Devereux, C. M. White, J. F. Foley, R. R. Maronpot, and M. W. Anderson. Role of Clara cells and type II cells in the development of pulmonary tumors in rats and mice following exposure to a tobacco-specific nitrosamine. Exp Lung Res 1991; 17(2): 263–278.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Nair, U. J., N. Ammigan, J. J. Kayal, and S. V. Bhide. Species differences in hepatic pulmonary and upper gastrointestinal tract biotransformation enzymes on long-term feeding of masheri—a pyrolyzed tobacco product. Dig Dis Sci 1991; 36(3): 293–298.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Nair, U. J., N. Ammigan, J. R. Kulkarni, and S. V. Bhide. Species difference in intestinal drug metabolising enzymes in mouse, rat and hamster and their inducibility by masheri, a pyrolysed tobacco product. Indian J Exp Biol 1991; 29(3): 256–258.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Paulson, R.B., J. Shanfeld, L. Prause, S. Iranpour, and J. O. Paulson. Pre-and post-conceptional tobacco effects on the CD-1 mouse fetus. J Craniofac Genet Dev Biol 1991; 11(1): 48–58.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Carr, L. A., and J. K. Basham. Effects of tobacco smoke constituents on MPTP-induced toxicity and monoamine oxidase activity in the mouse brain. Life Sci 1991; 48(12): 1173–1177.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Crebelli, R., L. Conti, S. Fuselli, P. Leopardi, A. Zijno, and A. Carere. Further studies on the comutagenic activity of cigarette smoke condensate. Mutat Res 1991; 259(1): 29–36.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Padma, P. R., A. J. Amonkar, and S. V. Bhide. Effect of long-term treatment of two tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines on the vitamin A status of mice. Nutr Cancer 1991; 15(3–4): 217–220.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Balansky, R. M., P. M. Blagoeva, and Z. I. Mircheva. Modulation of genotoxic activity of tobacco smoke. IARC Sci Publ 1991; (105): 535–537.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Hoffmann, D., A. A. Melikian, and K. D. Brunnemann. Studies in tobacco carcinogenesis. IARC Sci Publ 1991; (105): 482–484.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Brunnemann, K. D., M. V. Djordjevic, R. Feng, and D. Hoffmann. Analysis and pyrolysis of some N-nitrosamino acids in tobacco and tobacco smoke. IARC Sci Publ 1991; (105): 477–481.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Beregi, E., O. Regius, K. Rajczy, M. Boross, and L. Penzes. Effect of cigarette smoke and 2-mercaptoethanol administration on age-related alterations and immunological parameters. Gerontology 1991; 37(6): 326–334.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Gijare, P. S., K. V. Rao, and S. V. Bhide. Inhibitory effects of snuff extract on ornithine decarboxylase and aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activities in relation to cell proliferation of mouse tongue epithelial cells. Indian J Exp Biol 1990; 28(11): 1012–1026.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Uejima, Y., Y. Fukuchi, T. Nagase, et al. Influences of inhaled tobacco smoke on the senescence accelerated mouse (SAM). Eur Respir J 1990; 3(9): 1029–1036.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Reddy, M. V., and K. Randerath. A comparison of DNA adduct formation in white blood cells and internal organs of mice exposed to benzo[a]pyrene, dibenzo[c,g]carbazole, safrole and cigarette smoke condensate. Mutat Res 1990; 241(1): 37–48.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Chang, J. C., S. G. Distler, and A. M. Kaplan. Tobacco smoke suppresses T cells but not antigen-presenting cells in the lung-associated lymph nodes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1990; 102(3): 514–523.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Mohtashamipur, E., A. Mohtashamipur, P. G. Germann, H. Ernst, K. Norpoth, and U. Mohr. Comparative carcinogenicity of cigarette mainstream and sidestream smoke condensates on the mouse skin. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1990; 116(6): 604–608.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Paulson, R., J. Shanfeld, L. Sachs, T. Price, and J. Paulson. Effect of smokeless tobacco on the development of the CD-1 mouse fetus. Teratology 1989; 40(5): 483–494.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Rivenson, A., M. V. Djordjevic, S. Amin, and R. Hoffmann. A study of tobacco carcinogenesis XLIV. Bioassay in A/J mice of some N-nitrosamines. Cancer Lett 1989; 47(1–2): 111–114.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Martinez, R. D., L. Eisenbach, and M. Feldman. Cytotoxic and proliferative effect of tobacco products on Lewis lung adenocarcinoma cells and spleen lymphocytes. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 1989; 17(5): 257–261.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Anderson, L. M., S. S. Hecht, D. E. Dixon, et al. Evaluation of the transplacental tumorigenicity of the tobacco-specific carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone in mice. Cancer Res 1989; 49(14): 3770–3775.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Balansky, R. M., and P. M. Blagoeva. Tobacco smoke-induced clastogenicity in mouse fetuses and in newborn mice. Mutat Res 1989; 223(1): 1–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Bjelogrlic, N., M. Iscan, H. Raunio, O. Pelkonen, and K. Vahakangas. Benzo[a]pyrene-DNA-adducts and monooxygenase activities in mice treated with benzo[a]pyrene, cigarette smoke or cigarette smoke condensate. Chem Biol Interact 1989; 70(1–2): 51–61.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Gijare, P. S., K. V. Rao, and S. V. Bhide. Effects of tobacco-specific nitrosamines and snuff extract on cell proliferation and activities of ornithine decarboxylase and aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase in mouse tongue primary epithelial cell cultures. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1989; 115(6): 558–563.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Kulkarni, J., V. S. Lalitha, and S. Bhide. Weak carcinogenic effect of masheri, a pyrolysed tobacco product, in mouse skin tumor models. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1989; 115(2): 166–169.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Kulkarni, J. R., V. S. Lalitha, and S. V. Bhide. Carcinogenicity studies of masheri, a pyrolysed product of tobacco. Carcinogenesis 1988; 9(11): 2137–2138.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Hecht, S. S., A. Abbaspour, and D. Hoffman. A study of tobacco carcinogenesis. XLII. Bioassay in A/J mice of some structural analogues of tobacco-specific nitrosamines. Cancer Lett 1988; 42(1–2): 141–145.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Balansky, R. M., P. M. Blagoeva, and Z. I. Mircheva. The mutagenic and clastogenic activity of tobacco smoke. Mutat Res 1988; 208(3–4): 237–241.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Yokode, M., T. Kita, H. Arai, C. Kawai, S. Narumiya, and M. Fujiwara. Cholesteryl ester accumulation in macrophages incubated with low density lipoprotein pretreated with cigarette smoke extract. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1988; 85(7): 2344–2348.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Pakhale, S. S., S. Sarkar, K. Jayant, and S. V. Bhide. Carcinogenicity of Indian bidi and cigarette smoke condensate in Swiss albino mice. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1988; 114(6): 647–649.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Paulson, R., J. Shanfeld, L. Sachs, M. Ismail, and J. Paulson. Effect of smokeless tobacco on the development of the CD-1 mouse fetus. Teratog Carcinog Mutagen 1988; 8(2): 81–93.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Randerath, E., D. Mittal, and K. Randerath. Tissue distribution of covalent DNA damage in mice treated dermally with cigarette ‘tar’: preference for lung and heart DNA. Carcinogenesis 1988; 9(1): 75–80.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. LaVoie, E. J., G. Prokopczyk, J. Rigotty, A. Czech, A. Rivenson, and J. D. Adams. Tumorigenic activity of the tobacco-specific nitrosamines 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), 4-(methylnitrosamino)-4-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (iso-NNAL) and N′-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) on topical application to Sencar mice. Cancer Lett 1987; 37(3): 277–283.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Kulkarni, J. R., S. Sarkar, and S. V. Bhide. Mutagenicity of extracts of brown and black masheri, pyrolysed products of tobacco using short-term tests. Mutagenesis 1987; 2(4): 263–266.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Roth, W. J., H. B. Fleit, S. I. Chung, and A. Janoff. Characterization of two distinct transglutaminases of murine bone marrow-derived macrophages: effects of exposure of viable cells to cigarette smoke on enzyme activity. J Leukoc Biol 1987; 42(1): 9–20.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Lasnitzki, I., and W. Bollag. Prevention and reversal by a non-polar arotinoid (Ro 15-0778) of 3,4-benzpyrene-and cigarette smoke condensate-induced hyperplasia and metaplasia of rodent respiratory epithelia grown in vitro. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 1987; 23(6): 861–865.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Balansky, R. M., P. M. Blagoeva, and Z. I. Mircheva. Investigation of the mutagenic activity of tobacco smoke. Mutat Res 1987; 188(1): 13–19.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Perry, T. L., S. Hansen, and K. Jones. Exposure to cigarette smoke does not decrease the neurotoxicity of N-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-pyridine in mice. Neurosci Lett 1987; 74(2): 217–220.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Watson, E. S., A. B. Jones, M. K. Ashfaq, and J. T. Barrett. Spectrophotometric evaluation of carboxyhemoglobin in blood of mice after exposure to marijuana or tobacco smoke in a modified Walton horizontal smoke exposure machine. J Anal Toxicol 1987;11(1): 19–23.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Bhide, S. V., J. Kulkarni, U. J. Nair, B. Spiegelhalder, and R. Preussmann. Mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of masheri, a pyrolysed tobacco product, and its content of tobacco-specific nitrosamines. IARC Sci Publ 1987; (84): 460–462.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Park, N. H., E. G. Herbosa, and J. P. Sapp. Effect of tar condensate from smoking tobacco and water-extract of snuff on the oral mucosa of mice with latent herpes simplex virus. Arch Oral Biol 1987; 32(1): 47–53.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Randerath, E., T. A. Avitts, M. V. Reddy, R. H. Miller, R. B. Everson, and K. Randerath. Comparative 32P-analysis of cigarette smoke-induced DNA damage in human tissues and mouse skin. Cancer Res 1986; 46(11): 5869–5877.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Nguyen D. T., and D. Keast. Effects of chronic daily exposure to tobacco smoke on the high leukemic AKR strain of mice. Cancer Res 1986; 46(7): 3334–3340.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Henry, C. J., and R. E. Kouri. Chronic inhalation studies in mice. II. Effects of long-term exposure to 2R1 cigarette smoke on (C57BL/Cum × C3H/AnfCum)F1 mice. J Natl Cancer Inst 1986; 77(1): 203–212.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Gairola, C. G. Free lung cell response of mice and rats to mainstream cigarette smoke exposure. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1986; 84(3): 567–575.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Sonnenfeld, G., and R. W. Hudgens. Effect of sidestream and mainstream smoke exposure on in vitro interferon-alpha/beta production by L-929 cells. Cancer Res 1986; 46(6): 2779–2783.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Lehrer, S. B., R. P. Stankus, and J. E. Salvaggio. Tobacco smoke sensitivity: a result of allergy? Ann Allergy 1986; 56(5): 369–381.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Hegab, E. S., and D. H. Matulionis. Pulmonary macrophage mobilization in cigarette smoke-exposed mice after halothane anesthesia. Anesth Analg 1986; 65(1): 37–45.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Tanaka, T. and A. Rivenson. Mastocytoma induced by cigarette smoke particulates: “cigarette tar”. Arch Dermatol Res 1986; 279(2): 130–135.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Sonnenfeld, G., R. B. Griffith, and R. W. Hudgens. The effect of smoke generation and manipulation variables on the cytotoxicity of mainstream and sidestream cigarette smoke to monolayer cultures of L-929 cells. Arch Toxicol 1985; 58(2): 120–122.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Saito, Y., H. Takizawa, S. Konishi, D. Yoshida, and S. Mizusaki. Identification of cembratriene-4,6-diol as anti-tumor-promoting agent from cigarette smoke condensate. Carcinogenesis 1985; 6(8): 1189–1194.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Cerna, M. and K. J. Angelis. Mutagenicity in the Salmonella/microsome assay of tobacco condensates formed during pipe smoking. Mutat Res 1985; 143(3): 161–164.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Putman, D. L., R. M. David, J. M. Melhorn, D. R. Dansie, C. J. Stone, and C. J. Henry. Dose-responsive increase in sister-chromatid exchanges in bone-marrow cells of mice exposed nose-only to whole cigarette smoke. Mutat Res 1985; 156(3): 181–186.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Matulionis, D. H., E. Kimmel, and L. Diamond. Morphologic and physiologic response of lungs to steroid and cigarette smoke: an animal model. Environ Res 1985; 36(2): 298–313.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Vahakangas, K., H. Rajaniemi, and O. Pelkonen. Ovarian toxicity of cigarette smoke exposure during pregnancy in mice. Toxicol Lett 1985; 25(1): 75–80.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Park, N. H., E. G. Herbosa, K. Niukian, and G. Shklar. Combined effect of herpes simplex virus and tobacco on the histopathologic changes in lips of mice. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1985; 59(2): 154–158.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Graziano, M. J., C. Gairola, and H. W. Dorough. Effects of cigarette smoke and dietary vitamin E levels on selected lung and hepatic biotransformation enzymes in mice. Drug Nutr Interact 1985; 3(4): 213–222.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Shah, A. S., A. V. Sarode, and S. V. Bhide. Experimental studies on mutagenic and carcinogenic effects of tobacco chewing. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1985; 109(3): 203–207.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Menon, M. M., and S. V. Bhide. Mutagenicity of urine of bidi and cigarette smokers and tobacco chewers. Carcinogenesis 1984; 5(11): 1523–1524.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Shirname, L. P., M. M. Menon, S. S. Pakhale, and S. V. Bhide. Mutagenicity of smoke condensate of bidi—an indigenous cigarette of India. Carcinogenesis 1984; 5(9): 1179–1181.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Benedict, W. F., A. Banerjee, K. K. Kangalingam, D. R. Dansie, R. E. Kouri, and C. J. Henry. Increased sister-chromatid exchange in bone-marrow cells of mice exposed to whole cigarette smoke. Mutat Res 1984; 136(1): 73–80.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Tjalve, H., A. Castonguay, and S. S. Hecht. Fate of the tobacco-specific carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone in pregnant and newborn C57BL mice. IARC Sci Publ 1984; (57): 787–796.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  159. Bhide, S. V., A. S. Shah, J. Nair, and D. Nagarajrao. Epidemiological and experimental studies on tobacco-related oral cancer in India. IARC Sci Publ 1984; (57): 851–857.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Sonnenfeld, G., and R. W. Hudgens. Effect of carcinogenic components of cigarette smoke on in vivo production of murine interferon. Cancer Res 1983; 43(10): 4720–4722.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Keast, D., and K. Taylor. The effects of chronic tobacco smoke exposure from high-tar cigarettes on the phagocytic and killing capacity of polymorphonuclear cells of mice. Environ Res 1983; 31(1): 66–75.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Matulionis, D. H. Pulmonary tissue and cigarette smoke. 2. Parenchymal response. Environ Res 1983; 31(1): 176–188.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Francus, T., G. W. Siskind, and C. G. Becker. Role of antigen structure in the regulation of IgE isotype expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1983; 80(11): 3430–3434.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Sonnenfeld, G. Effect of sidestream tobacco smoke components on alpha/beta interferon production. Oncology 1983; 40(1): 52–56.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Lasnitzki, I., and W. Bollag. Prevention and reversal by a retinoid of 3,4-benzpyrene-and cigarette smoke condensate-induced hyperplasia and metaplasia of rodent respiratory epithelia in organ culture. Cancer Treat Rep 1982; 66(6): 1375–1380.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. Hoffmann, D., J. D. Adams, K. D. Brunnemann, A. Rivenson, and S. S. Hecht. Tobacco specific N-nitrosamines: occurrence and bioassays. IARC Sci Publ 1982; (41): 309–318.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Keast, D., D. J. Ayre, and J. M. Papadimitriou. A survey of pathological changes associated with long-term high tar tobacco smoke exposure in a murine model. J Pathol 1981; 135(4): 249–257.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Rasmussen, R. E., C. H. Boyd, D. R. Dansie, R. E. Kouri, and C. J. Henry. DNA replication and unscheduled DNA synthesis in lungs of mice exposed to cigarette smoke. Cancer Res 1981;41(7):2583–2588.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. Ohmori, T., H. Mori, and A. Rivenson. A study of tobacco carcinogenesis XX: mastocytoma induction in mice by cigarette smoke particulates (“cigarette tar”). Am J Pathol 1981; 102(3): 381–387.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Ayre, D. J., D. Keast, and J. M. Papadimitriou. Effects of tobacco smoke exposure on splenic architecture and weight, during the primary immune response of BALB/c mice. J Pathol 1981; 133(1): 53–59.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Hecht, S. S., S. Carmella, H. Mori, and D. Hoffmann. A study of tobacco carcinogenesis. XX. Role of catechol as a major cocarcinogen in the weakly acidic fraction of smoke condensate. J Natl Cancer Inst 1981; 66(1): 163–169.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Jacob, C. V., G. T. Stelzer, and J. H. Wallace. The influence of cigarette tobacco smoke products on the immune response. The cellular basis of immunosuppression by a water-soluble condensate of tobacco smoke. Immunology 1980; 40(4): 621–627.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Bock, F. G., and D. F. Clausen. Further fractionation and co-promoting activity of the large molecular weight components of aqueous tobacco extracts. Carcinogenesis 1980; 1(4): 317–321.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Lehrer, S. B., M. R. Wilson, and J. E. Salvaggio. Immunogenicity of tobacco smoke components in rabbits and mice. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 1980; 62(1): 16–22.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. Herscowitz, H. B., and R. B. Cooper. Effect of cigarette smoke exposure on maturation of the antibody response in spleens of newborn mice. Pediatr Res 1979; 13(9): 987–991.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. Matulionis, D. H. Reaction of macro-phages to cigarette smoke. II. Immigration of macrophages to the lungs. Arch Environ Health 1979; 34(5): 298–301.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. Matulionis, D. H. Reaction of macrophages to cigarette smoke. I. Recruitment of pulmonary macrophages. Arch Environ Health 1979; 34(5): 293–298.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. Mackenzie, J. S., and R. L. Flower. The effect of long-term exposure to cigarette smoke on the height and specificity of the secondary immune response to influenza virus in a murine model system. J Hyg (Lond) 1979; 83(1): 135–141.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  179. Hirota, N. Intranuclear rodlets in un-differentiated carcinomas of salivary glands in strain A mice in a study involving a tobacco specific nitrosamine, N-nitrosonornicotine. Cancer Lett 1979; 6(6): 365–369.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  180. Kouri, R. E., T. H. Rude, R. D. Curren, K. R. Brandt, R. G. Sosnowski, L. M. Schechtman, W. F. Benedict, and C. J. Henry. Biological activity of tobacco smoke and tobacco smoke-related chemicals. Environ Health Perspect 1979; 29: 63–69.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. Hecht, S. S., C. B. Chen, N. Hirota, R. M. Ornaf, T. C. Tso, and D. Hoffmann. Tobacco-specific nitrosamines: formation from nicotine in vitro and during tobacco curing and carcinogenicity in strain A mice. J Natl Cancer Inst 1978; 60(4): 819–824.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. Essman, W. B. Serotonin and mono-amine oxidase in mouse skin: effects of cigarette smoke exposure. J Med 1977; 8(2): 95–101.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. Van Duuren, B. L., and B. M. Goldschmidt. Cocarcinogenic and tumor-promoting agents in tobacco carcinogenesis. J Natl Cancer Inst 1976; 56(6): 1237–1242.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  184. Chortyk, O. T., and F. G. Bock. Tumor-promoting activity of certain extracts of tobacco. J Natl Cancer Inst 1976; 56(5): 1041–1045.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  185. Keller, K. F., and R. J. Doyle. A mechanism for tobacco smoke-induced allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1976; 57(3): 278–282.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  186. Justus, D. E., and D. A. Adams. Evaluation of tobacco hypersensitivity responses in the mouse. A potential animal model for critical study of tobacco allergy. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 1976; 51(6): 687–695.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. Hoffmann, D., S. S. Hecht, R. M. Ornaf, E. L. Wynder, and T. C. Tso. Chemical studies on tobacco smoke. XLII. Nitrosonornicotine: presence in tobacco, formation and carcinogenicity. IARC Sci Publ 1976; (14): 307–320.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  188. Hecht, S. S., R. L. Thorne, R. R. Maronpot, and D. Hoffmann. A study of tobacco carcinogenesis. XIII. Tumor-promoting subfractions of the weakly acidic fraction. J Natl Cancer Inst 1975; 55(6): 1329–1336.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. Pilotti, A., K. Ancker, E. Arrhenius, and C. Enzell. Effects of tobacco and tobacco smoke constituents on cell multiplication in vitro. Toxicology 1975; 5(1): 49–62.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  190. Brody, A. R., and J. E. Craighead. Cytoplasmic inclusions in pulmonary macrophages of cigarette smokers. Lab Invest 1975; 32(2): 125–132.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  191. Onoue, S., Y. Ohmori, K. Endo, S. Yamada, R. Kimura, and T. Yajima. Vasoactive intestinal peptide and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide attenuate the cigarette smoke extract-induced apoptotic death of rat alveolar L2 cells. Eur J Biochem 2004; 271(9): 1757–1767.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  192. Higuchi, M. A., J. Sagartz, W. K. Shreve, and P. H. Ayres. Comparative subchronic inhalation study of smoke from the 1R4F and 2R4F reference cigarettes. Inhal Toxicol 2004; 16(1): 1–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  193. Wang, R. D., H. Tai, C. Xie, X. Wang, J. L. Wright, and A. Churg. Cigarette smoke produces airway wall remodeling in rat tracheal explants. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 168(10): 1232–1236.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  194. Li, T., A. Molteni, P. Latkovich, W. Castellani, and R. C. Baybutt. Vitamin A depletion induced by cigarette smoke is associated with the development of emphysema in rats. J Nutr 2003; 133(8): 2629–2634.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  195. Kinsler, S., D. H. Pence, W. K. Shreve, A. T. Mosberg, P. H. Ayres, and J. W. Sagartz. Rat subchronic inhalation study of smoke from cigarettes containing flue-cured tobacco cured either by direct-fired or heat-exchanger curing processes. Inhal Toxicol 2003;15(8): 819–854.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  196. Ueta, E., Y. Tadokoro, T. Yamamoto, et al. The effect of cigarette smoke exposure and ascorbic acid intake on gene expression of antioxidant enzymes and other related enzymes in the livers and lungs of Shionogi rats with osteogenic disorders. Toxicol Sci 2003; 73(2): 339–347.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  197. Wang, H. Y., V. Y. Shin, S. Y. Leung, S. T. Yuen, and C. H. Cho. Involvement of bcl-2 and caspase-3 in apoptosis induced by cigarette smoke extract in the gastric epithelial cell. Toxicol Pathol 2003; 31(2): 220–226.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  198. Kayyali, U. S., R. Budhiraja, C. M. Pennella, S. Cooray, J. J. Lanzillo, R. Chalkley, and P. M. Hassoun. Upregulation of xanthine oxidase by tobacco smoke condensate in pulmonary endothelial cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2003; 188(1): 59–68.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  199. Delibas, N., R. Ozcankaya, I. Altuntas, and R. Sutcu. Effect of cigarette smoke on lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzymes and NMDA receptor subunits 2A and 2B concentration in rat hippocampus. Cell Biochem Funct 2003; 21(1): 69–73.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  200. Chen, S. H., Y. H. Lee, F. C. Wei, J. Y. Huang, and H. C. Chen. In vivo evaluation of leucocyte dynamics in cremaster muscle in rats after exposure to cigarette smoke. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg 2002; 36(6): 321–325.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  201. Smith, K. R., D. L. Uyeminami, U. P. Kodavanti, J. D. Crapo, L. Y. Chang, and K. E. Pinkerton. Inhibition of tobacco smoke-induced lung inflammation by a catalytic antioxidant. Free Radic Biol Med 2002; 33(8): 1106–1114.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  202. Mullick, A. E., J. M. McDonald, G. Melkonian, P. Talbot, K. E. Pinkerton, and J. C. Rutledge. Reactive carbonyls from tobacco smoke increase arterial endothelial layer injury. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2002; 283(2): H591–H597.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  203. Odoni, G., H. Ogata, C. Viedt, K. Amann, E. Ritz, and S. R. Orth. Cigarette smoke condensate aggravates renal injury in the renal ablation model. Kidney Int 2002; 61(6): 2090–2098.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  204. Dwoskin, L. P., L. H. Teng, and P. A. Crooks. Nornicotine, a nicotine metabolite and tobacco alkaloid: desensitization of nicotinic receptor-stimulated dopamine release from rat striatum. Eur J Pharmacol 2001; 428(1): 69–79.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  205. Raij, L., E. G. DeMaster, and E. A. Jaimes. Cigarette smoke-induced endothelium dysfunction: role of superoxide anion. J Hypertens 2001; 19(5): 891–897.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  206. Yim, S. H., and S. S. Hee. Bacterial mutagenicity of some tobacco aromatic nitrogen bases and their mixtures. Mutat Res 2001; 492(1–2): 13–27.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  207. Chang, W. C., Y. C. Lee, C. L. Liu, et al. Increased expression of iNOS and c fos via regulation of protein tyrosine phosphorylation and MEK1/ERK2 proteins in terminal bronchiole lesions in the lungs of rats exposed to cigarette smoke. Arch Toxicol 2001; 75(1): 28–35.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  208. Slotkin, T. A., K. E. Pinkerton, M. C. Garofolo, J. T. Auman, E. C. McCook, and F. J. Seidler. Perinatal exposure to environmental tobacco smoke induces adenylyl cyclase and alters receptor-mediated cell signaling in brain and heart of neonatal rats. Brain Res 2001; 898(1): 73–81.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  209. Izzotti, A., R. M. Balansky, F. Dagostini, et al. Modulation of biomarkers by chemopreventive agents in smoke-exposed rats. Cancer Res 2001; 61(6): 2472–2479.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  210. Ferchmin, P. A., R. J. Lukas, R. M. Hann, et al. Tobacco cembranoids block behavioral sensitization to nicotine and inhibit neuronal acetylcholine receptor function. J Neurosci Res 2001; 64(1): 18–25.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  211. Zhang, Z., Z. Heng, A. Li, and R. Zhao. Study on the effects of DNA damage induced by cigarette smoke in male mice testicular cells using comet assay. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu 2001; 30(1): 28–30.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  212. Feng, H., Y. Li, Z. Xu, and J. Wu. Effects of high temperature and cigarette smoke on the development of nervous system in early rat embryos. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu 2001; 30(1): 25–27.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  213. D’Agostini, F., R. M. Balansky, A. Izzotti, R. A. Lubet, G. J. Kelloff, and S. De Flora. Modulation of apoptosis by cigarette smoke and cancer chemopreventive agents in the respiratory tract of rats. Carcinogenesis 2001; 22(3): 375–380.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  214. Ayres, P. H., J. R. Hayes, M. A. Higuchi, A. T. Mosberg, and J. W. Sagartz. Subchronic inhalation by rats of mainstream smoke from a cigarette that primarily heats tobacco compared to a cigarette that burns tobacco. Inhal Toxicol 2001; 13(2): 149–186.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  215. Hartwig, W., J. Werner, E. Ryschich, et al. Cigarette smoke enhances ethanol-induced pancreatic injury. Pancreas 2000; 21(3): 272–278.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  216. Trauth, J. A., F. J. Seidler, and T. A. Slotkin. Persistent and delayed behavioral changes after nicotine treatment in adolescent rats. Brain Res 2000; 880(1–2): 167–172.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  217. Ma, L., W. P. Wang, J. Y. Chow, S. K. Lam, and C. H. Cho. The role of polyamines in gastric mucus synthesis inhibited by cigarette smoke or its extract. Gut 2000; 47(2): 170–177.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  218. Arif, J. M., C. G. Gairola, G. J. Kelloff, R. A. Lubet, and R. C. Gupta. Inhibition of cigarette smoke-related DNA adducts in rat tissues by indole-3-carbinol. Mutat Res 2000; 452(1): 11–18.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  219. Jung, M., W. P. Davis, D. J. Taatjes, A. Churg, and B. T. Mossman. Asbestos and cigarette smoke cause increased DNA strand breaks and necrosis in bronchiolar epithelial cells in vivo. Free Radic Biol Med 2000; 28(8): 1295–1299.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  220. Baskaran, S., S. Lakshmi, and P. R. Prasad. Effect of cigarette smoke on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes in albino rat. Indian J Exp Biol 1999; 37(12): 1196–1200.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  221. Wang, H., L. Ma, Y. Li, and C. H. Cho. Exposure to cigarette smoke increases apoptosis in the rat gastric mucosa through a reactive oxygen species-mediated and p53-independent pathway. Free Radic Biol Med 2000; 28(7): 1125–1131.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  222. Kalra, R., S. P. Singh, S. M. Savage, G. L. Finch, and M. L. Sopori. Effects of cigarette smoke on immune response: chronic exposure to cigarette smoke impairs antigen-mediated signaling in T cells and depletes IP3-sensitive Ca(2+) stores. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2000; 293(1): 166–171.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  223. McIntee, E. J., and S. S. Hecht. Metabolism of N′-nitrosonornicotine enantiomers by cultured rat esophagus and in vivo in rats. Chem Res Toxicol 2000; 13(3): 192–199.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  224. Lee, C. Z., F. H. Royce, M. S. Denison, and K. E. Pinkerton. Effect of in utero and postnatal exposure to environmental tobacco smoke on the developmental expression of pulmonary cytochrome P450 monooxygenases. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2000; 14(3): 121–130.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  225. Ma, L., E. S. Liu, J. Y. Chow, J. Y. Wang, and C. H. Cho. Interactions of EGF and ornithine decarboxylase activity in the regulation of gastric mucus synthesis in cigarette smoke exposed rats. Chin J Physiol 1999; 42(3): 137–143.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  226. McKarns, S. C., D. W. Bombick, M. J. Morton, and D. J. Doolittle. Gap junction intercellular communication and cytotoxicity in normal human cells after exposure to smoke condensates from cigarettes that burn or primarily heat tobacco. Toxicol In Vitro 2000; 14(1): 41–51.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  227. Bershtein, L. M., E. V. Tsyrlina, V. B. Gamaiunova, et al. Effect of tobacco smoke on the level of estrogens and DNA in the rat uterus. Ross Fiziol Zh Im I M Sechenova 1999; 85(11): 1440–1444.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  228. Johansson, S., M. Landstrom, L. Bjermer, and R. Henriksson. Effects of tobacco smoke on tumor growth and radiation response of dunning R3327 prostate adenocarcinoma in rats. Prostate 2000; 42(4): 253–259.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  229. Kim, H. C., W. K. Jhoo, K. H. Ko, et al. Prolonged exposure to cigarette smoke blocks the neurotoxicity induced by kainic acid in rats. Life Sci 2000; 66(4): 317–326.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  230. Wright, J. L., J. P. Sun, and A. Churg. Cigarette smoke exposure causes constriction of rat lung. Eur Respir J 1999; 14(5): 1095–1099.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  231. March, T. H., L. M. Kolar, E. B. Barr, G. L. Finch, M. G. Menache, and K. J. Nikula. Enhanced pulmonary epithelial replication and axial airway mucosubstance changes in F344 rats exposed short-term to mainstream cigarette smoke. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1999; 161(2): 171–179.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  232. Ma, L., J. Y. Chow, E. S. Liu, and C. H. Cho. Cigarette smoke and its extract delays ulcer healing and reduces nitric oxide synthase activity and angiogenesis in rat stomach. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1999; 26(10): 828–829.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  233. Hwang, D., P. Chanmugam, M. Boudreau, K. H. Sohn, K. Stone, and W. A. Pryor. Activation and inactivation of cyclo-oxygenase in rat alveolar macrophages by aqueous cigarette tar extracts. Free Radic Biol Med 1999; 27(5–6): 673–682.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  234. Ozlu, T., M. Cay, A. Akbulut, H. Yekeler, M. Naziroglu, and M. Aksakal. The facilitating effect of cigarette smoke on the colonization of instilled bacteria into the tracheal lumen in rats and the improving influence of supplementary vitamin E on this process. Respirology 1999; 4(3): 245–248.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  235. Wright, J. L., J. Dai, K. Zay, K. Price, C. B. Gilks, and A. Churg. Effects of cigarette smoke on nitric oxide synthase expression in the rat lung. Lab Invest 1999; 79(8): 975–983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  236. Avunduk, A. M., S. Yardimci, M. C. Avunduk, and L. Kurnaz. Cadmium and iron accumulation in rat lens after cigarette smoke exposure and the effect of vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) treatment. Curr Eye Res 1999; 18(6): 403–407.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  237. Radcliffe, K. A., J. L. Fisher, R. Gray, and J. A. Dani. Nicotinic modulation of glutamate and GAB A synaptic transmission of hippocampal neurons. Ann NY Acad Sci 1999; 868: 591–610.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  238. Ofulue, A. F., and M. Ko. Effects of depletion of neutrophils or macrophages on development of cigarette smoke-induced emphysema. Am J Physiol 1999; 277(1 Pt 1): L97–L105.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  239. Morimoto, Y., T. Tsuda, H. Hori, et al. Combined effect of cigarette smoke and mineral fibers on the gene expression of cytokine mRNA. Environ Health Perspect 1999; 107(6): 495–500.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  240. Berstein, L. M., E. V. Tsyrlina, V. B. Gamajunova, et al. Study of tobacco smoke influence on content of estrogens and DNA flow cytometry data in uterine tissue of rats of different age. Horm Metab Res 1999; 31(1): 27–30.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  241. Soto-Otero, R., E. Mendez-Alvarez, R. Riguera-Vega, E. Quinoa-Cabana, I. Sanchez-Sellero, and M. Lopez-Rivadulla Lamas. Studies on the interaction between 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline and cigarette smoke: a potential mechanism of neuroprotection for Parkinson’s disease. Brain Res 1998; 802(1–2): 155–162.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  242. Bagchi, M., D. Bagchi, E. A. Hassoun, and S. J. Stohs. Subchronic effects of smokeless tobacco extract (STE) on hepatic lipid peroxidation, DNA damage and excretion of urinary metabolites in rats. Toxicology 1998; 127(1–3): 29–38.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  243. Kurata, T., E. Suzuki, M. Hayashi, and M. Kaminao. Physiological role of L-ascorbic acid in rats exposed to cigarette smoke. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 1998; 62(5): 842–845.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  244. Vidal, M. V., B. Gutfilen, L.M. da Fonseca, and M. Bernardo-Filho. Influence of tobacco on the labelling of red blood cells and plasma proteins with technetium-99m. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 1998; 17(1): 41–46.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  245. Izzotti, A., R. M. Balansky, P. M. Blagoeva, et al. DNA alterations in rat organs after chronic exposure to cigarette smoke and/or ethanol ingestion. FASEB J 1998; 12(9): 753–758.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  246. Wardlaw, S. A., K. J. Nikula, D. A. Kracko, G. L. Finch, J. R. Thornton-Manning, and A. R. Dahl. Effect of cigarette smoke on CYP1A1, CYP1A2 and CYP2B1/2 of nasal mucosae in F344 rats. Carcinogenesis 1998; 19(4): 655–662.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  247. Ma, L., J. Y. Chow, and C. H. Cho. Mechanistic study of adverse actions of cigarette smoke exposure on acetic acid-induced gastric ulceration in rats. Life Sci 1998; 62(3): 257–266.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  248. Cerami, C., H. Founds, I. Nicholl, et al. Tobacco smoke is a source of toxic reactive glycation products. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997; 94(25): 13915–13920.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  249. Gilks, C. B., K. Price, J. L. Wright, and A. Churg. Antioxidant gene expression in rat lung after exposure to cigarette smoke. Am J Pathol 1998; 152(1): 269–278.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  250. Richie, J. P. Jr, S. G. Carmella, J. E. Muscat, D. G. Scott, S. A. Akerkar, and S. S. Hecht. Differences in the urinary metabolites of the tobacco-specific lung carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone in black and white smokers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1997; 6(10): 783–790.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  251. Sanberg, P. R., A. A. Silver, R. D. Shytle, et al. Nicotine for the treatment of Tourette’s syndrome. Pharmacol Ther 1997; 74(1): 21–25.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  252. Kamisaki, Y., K. Wada, K. Nakamoto, Y. Kishimoto, K. Ashida, and T. Itoh. Substances in the aqueous fraction of cigarette smoke inhibit lipid peroxidation in synaptosomes of rat cerebral cortex. Biochem Mol Biol Int 1997; 42(1): 1–10.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  253. Wright, J. L., J. P. Sun, and S. Vedal. A longitudinal analysis of pulmonary function in rats during a 12 month cigarette smoke exposure. Eur Respir J 1997; 10(5): 1115–1159.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  254. Matsuka, N., K. Furuno, K. Eto, R. Oishi, and Y. Gomita. Effects of cigarette smoke inhalation on plasma diltiazem levels in rats. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 1997; 19(3): 173–179.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  255. Dadmanesh, F., and J. L. Wright. Endothelin-A receptor antagonist BQ-610 blocks cigarette smoke-induced mitogenesis in rat airways and vessels. Am J Physiol 1997; 272(4 Pt 1): L614–L618.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  256. Carmella, S. G., A. Borukhova, D. Desai, and S. S. Hecht. Evidence for endogenous formation of tobacco-specific nitrosamines in rats treated with tobacco alkaloids and sodium nitrite. Carcinogenesis 1997; 18(3): 587–592.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  257. Mendez-Alvarez, E., R. Soto-Otero, I. Sanchez-Sellero, and M. Lopez-Rivadulla Lamas. Inhibition of brain monoamine oxidase by adducts of 1, 2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline with components of cigarette smoke. Life Sci 1997; 60(19): 1719–1727.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  258. Yardimci, S., A. Atan, T. Delibasi, K. Sunguroglu, and M. C. Guven. Long-term effects of cigarette-smoke exposure on plasma testosterone, luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone levels in male rats. Br J Urol 1997; 79(1): 66–69.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  259. Ringdahl, B. E., G. K. Johnson, R. B. Ali, and C. C. Organ. Effect of nicotine on arachidonic acid metabolites and epithelial parameters in rat oral mucosa. J Oral Pathol Med 1997; 26(1): 40–45.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  260. Selman, M., M. Montano, C. Ramos, et al. Tobacco smoke-induced lung emphysema in guinea pigs is associated with increased interstitial collagenase. Am J Physiol 1996; 271(5 Pt 1): L734–L743.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  261. Roberts, K. A., A. A. Rezai, K. E. Pinkerton, and J. C. Rutledge. Effect of environmental tobacco smoke on LDL accumulation in the artery wall. Circulation 1996; 94(9): 2248–2253.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  262. Soto-Otero, R., R. Riguera-Vega, E. Mendez-Alvarez, I. Sanchez-Sellero, and M. Lopez-Rivadulla Lamas. Interaction of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline with some components of cigarette smoke: potential implications for Parkinson’s Disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1996; 222(2): 607–611.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  263. Anand, C. V., U. Anand, and R. Agarwal. Anti-oxidant enzymes, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and lipid peroxidation in kidney of rats exposed to cigarette smoke. Indian J Exp Biol 1996; 34(5): 486–488.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  264. Li, X. Y., I. Rahman, K. Donaldson, and W. MacNee. Mechanisms of cigarette smoke induced increased airspace permeability. Thorax 1996; 51(5): 465–471.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  265. Tesfaigzi, J., J. Th’ng, J. A. Hotchkiss, J. R. Harkema, and P. S. Wright. A small proline-rich protein, SPRR1, is upregulated early during tobacco smoke-induced squamous metaplasia in rat nasal epithelia. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1996; 14(5):478–486.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  266. Subramaniam, S., P. Bummer, and C. G. Gairola. Biochemical and biophysical characterization of pulmonary surfactant in rats exposed chronically to cigarette smoke. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1995; 27(1): 63–69.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  267. Yasuda, K., M. Takashima, and I. Sawaragi. Influence of a cigarette smoke extract on the hormonal regulation of platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase in rats. Biol Reprod 1995; 53(2): 244–252.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  268. Uejima, Y., Y. Fukuchi, T., Nagase, T. Matsuse, M. Yamaoka, and H. Orimo. Influences of tobacco smoke, and vitamin E depletion on the distal lung of weanling rats. Exp Lung Res 1995; 21(4): 631–642.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  269. Iwata, F., X. Y. Zhang, and F. W. Leung. Aggravation of gastric mucosal lesions in rat stomach by tobacco cigarette smoke. Dig Dis Sci 1995; 40(5): 1118–1124.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  270. Iwata, F., O. U. Scremin, and F. W. Leung. Tobacco cigarette smoke attenuates duodenal ulcer margin hyperemia in the rat. Comparison of IAP clearance and hydrogen gas clearance techniques for measurements of gastrointestinal blood flow. Dig Dis Sci 1995; 40(5): 1112–1117.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  271. Hotchkiss, J. A., W. A. Evans, B. T. Chen, G. L. Finch, and J. R. Harkema. Regional differences in the effects of mainstream cigarette smoke on stored mucosubstances and DNA synthesis in F344 rat nasal respiratory epithelium. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1995; 131(2): 316–324.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  272. Iwata, F., and F. W. Leung. Tobacco cigarette smoke aggravates gastric ulcer in rats by attenuation of ulcer margin hyperemia. Am J Physiol 1995; 268(1 Pt 1):G153–G160.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  273. Leichter, J. Decreased birth weight and attainment of postnatal catch-up growth in offspring of rats exposed to cigarette smoke during gestation. Growth Dev Aging 1995; 59(1-2): 63–66.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  274. Shalini, V. K., M. Luthra, L. Srinivas, et al. Oxidative damage to the eye lens caused by cigarette smoke and fuel smoke condensates. Indian J Biochem Biophys 1994; 31(4): 261–266.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  275. Bagchi, M., D. Bagchi, E. A. Hassoun, and S. J. Stohs. Smokeless tobacco induced increases in hepatic lipid peroxidation, DNA damage and excretion of urinary lipid metabolites. Int J Exp Pathol 1994; 75(3): 197–202.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  276. Skowronski, R. J., and D. Feldman. Inhibition of aldosterone synthesis in rat adrenal cells by nicotine and related constituents of tobacco smoke. Endocrinology 1994; 134(5): 2171–2177.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  277. Paulson, R. B., J. Shanfeld, C. J. Vorhees, J. Cole, A. Sweazy, and J. O. Paulson. Behavioral effects of smokeless tobacco on the neonate and young Sprague Dawley rat. Teratology 1994; 49(4): 293–305.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  278. Paulson, R. B., J. Shanfeld, D. Mullet, J. Cole, and J. O. Paulson. Prenatal smokeless tobacco effects on the rat fetus. J Craniofac Genet Dev Biol 1994; 14(1): 16–25.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  279. Morimoto, Y., M. Kido, I. Tanaka, A. Fujino, T. Higashi, and Y. Yokosaki. Synergistic effects of mineral fibres and cigarette smoke on the production of tumour necrosis factor by alveolar macrophages of rats. Br J Ind Med 1993; 50(10): 955–960.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  280. Torok, B. Chemoluminescence induced by t-butyl hydroperoxide increases under the effect of cigarette smoke (preliminary report). Orv Hetil 1993; 134(37): 2045–2047.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  281. Liu, S. Q., and Y. C. Fung. Changes in the structure and mechanical properties of pulmonary arteries of rats exposed to cigarette smoke. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 148(3): 768–777.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  282. Bjermer, L., Y. Cai, K. Nilsson, S. Hellstrom, and R. Henriksson. Tobacco smoke exposure suppresses radiation-induced inflammation in the lung: a study of bronchoalveolar lavage and ultrastructural morphology in the rat. Eur Respir J 1993; 6(8): 1173–1180.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  283. Skold, C. M., K. Andersson, J. Hed, and A. Eklund. Short-term in vivo exposure to cigarette-smoke increases the fluorescence in rat alveolar macrophages. Eur Respir J 1993; 6(8): 1169–1172.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  284. Pan, X. M., I. Staprans, T. E. Read, and J. H. Rapp. Cigarette smoke alters chylomicron metabolism in rats. J Vasc Surg 1993; 18(2): 161–167.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  285. Lai, Y. L., and L. Diamond. Cigarette smoke exposure does not prevent cadmium-induced alterations in rat lungs. J Toxicol Environ Health 1992; 35(1): 63–76.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  286. Yang, G. T., and D. X. Wang. Influence of cigarette smoking on the hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in isolated rat lungs—the role of prostaglandins and leukotrienes. J Tongji Med Univ 1992; 12(1): 6–10.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  287. Pryor, W. A., N. C. Arbour, B. Upham, and D. F. Church. The inhibitory effect of extracts of cigarette tar on electron transport of mitochondria and submitochondrial particles. Free Rad Biol Med 1992; 12(5): 365–372.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  288. Pi, Y. Q. Effect of cigarette smoke extract on hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi 1991; 14(6): 356–358, 377–378.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  289. Johansson, S. L., J. M. Hirsch, and D. R. Johnson. Effect of repeated oral administration of tobacco snuff on natural killer-cell activity in the rat. Arch Oral Biol 1991; 36(6): 473–476.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  290. Eto, K., Y. Gomita, K. Furuno, K. Yao, M. Moriyama, and Y. Araki. Influences of cigarette smoke inhalation on pharmacokinetics of cimetidine in rats. Drug Metab Drug Interact 1991; 9(2): 103–114.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  291. Zwijsen, R. M., L. H. de Haan, J. S. Oosting, H. L. Pekelharing, and J. H. Koeman. Inhibition of intercellular communication in smooth muscle cells of humans and rats by low density lipoprotein, cigarette smoke condensate and TPA. Atherosclerosis 1990; 85(1): 71–80.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  292. Lee, L. Y. Inhibitory effect of gas phase cigarette smoke on breathing: role of hydroxyl radical. Respir Physiol 1990; 82(2): 227–238.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  293. Gomita, Y., K. Eto, K. Furuno, and Y. Araki. Effects of standard cigarette and nicotine-less cigarette smoke inhalings on nicorandil plasma levels in rats. Pharmacology 1990; 40(6): 312–317.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  294. Osawa, Y., B. Tochigi, M. Tochigi, et al. Aromatase inhibitors in cigarette smoke, tobacco leaves and other plants. J Enzyme Inhib 1990; 4(2): 187–200.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  295. Rogers, D. F., N. C. Turner, C. Marriott, and P. K. Jeffery. Oral N-acetylcysteine or S-carboxymethylcysteine inhibits cigarette smoke-induced hypersecretion of mucus in rat larynx and trachea in situ. Eur Respir J 1989; 2(10): 955–960.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  296. Pour, P. M., and A. Rivenson. Induction of a mixed ductal-squamous-islet cell carcinoma in a rat treated with a tobacco-specific carcinogen. Am J Pathol 1989; 134(3): 627–631.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  297. Chen, S. Y. Effects of smokeless tobacco on the buccal mucosa of HMT rats. J Oral Pathol Med 1989; 18(2): 108–112.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  298. Mousa, S. A., V. J. Aloyo, and G. R. Van Loon. Tolerance to tobacco smoke-and nicotine-induced analgesia in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1988; 31(2): 265–268.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  299. Rogers, D. F., N. C. Turner, C. Marriott, and P. K. Jeffery. Cigarette smoke-induced ‘chronic bronchitis’: a study in situ of laryngo-tracheal hypersecretion in the rat. Clin Sci (Lond) 1987;72(5): 629–637.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  300. Rogers, D. F., and P. K. Jeffery. Inhibition by oral N-acetylcysteine of cigarette smoke-induced “bronchitis’ in the rat. Exp Lung Res 1986; 10(3): 267–283.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  301. Stagnaro, E., R. Tumino, S. Parodi, et al. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and type of tobacco smoke. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2004; 13(3): 431–437.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  302. Meisel, P., C. Schwahn, D. Gesch, O. Bernhardt, U. John, and T. Kocher. Dose-dependent relation of smoking and the interleukin-1 gene polymorphism in periodontal tissue. J Periodontol 2004; 75(2): 236–242.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  303. Mavropoulos, A., H. Aartd, and P. Brodin. The involvement of nervous and some inflammatory response mechanisms in the acute snuff-induced gingival hyperaemia in humans. J Clin Periodontol 2002; 29(9): 855–864.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  304. Calsina, G., J. M. Ramon, and J. J. Echeverria. Effects of smoking on periodontal tissues. J Periodontol 2002; 29(8): 771–776.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  305. Cornelius, M. D., S. L. Leech, L. Goldsmidt, and N. L. Day. Prenatal tobacco exposure: is a risk factor for early tobacco experimentation? Nicotine Tob Res 2000; 2(1): 45–52.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  306. Gocze, P. M., and D. A. Freeman. Cytotoxic effects of cigarette smoke alkaloids inhibit the progesterone production and cell growth of cultured MA-10 Leydig tumor cells. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2000, 93(1): 77–83.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  307. Milunsky, A., S. G. Carmella, M. Ye, and S. S. Hecht. A tobacco-specific carcinogen in the fetus. Prenat Diagn 2000; 20(4): 307–310.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  308. Smuts, C. M., H. Y. Tichelaar, M. A. Dhansay, M. Faber, J. Smith, and G. F. Kirsten. Smoking and alcohol use during pregnancy affects preterm infants’ docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) status. Acta Paediatr 1999; 88(7): 757–762.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  309. Filippini, G., M. Farinotti, G. Lovicu, P. Maisonneuve, and P. Boyle. Mothers’ active and passive smoking during pregnancy and risk of brain tumours in children. Int J Cancer 1994; 57(6): 769–774.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  310. Krischnamurty, S., and S. Joshi. Gender differences and low birth weight with maternal smokeless tobacco use in pregnancy. J Trop Pediatr 1993; 39(4): 253–254.

    Google Scholar 

  311. DiCarlantonio, G., and P. Talbot. Inhalation of mainstream and sidestream cigarette smoke retards embryo transport and slow muscle contraction in oviducts of hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). Biol Reprod 1999; 61(3): 651–656.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  312. Makler, A., J. Reiss. J. Stoller, Z. Blumenfeld, and J. M. Brandes. Use of sealed minichamber for direct observation and evaluation of the in vitro effect of cigarette smoke on sperm motility. Fertil Steril 1993; 59(3): 645–651.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  313. Dikshit, R. K., J. G. Buch, and S. M. Mansuri. Effect of tobacco consumption on semen quality of a population of hypofertile males. Fertil Steril 1987; 48(2): 334–336.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  314. Kulikauskas, V., D. Blaustein, and R. J. Ablin. Cigarette smoking and its possible effects on sperm. Fertil Steril 1985; 44(4): 526–528.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  315. Merino, G., S. C. Lira, and J. C. Mertinez-Chequer. Effects of cigarette smoking on semen characteristics of a population in Mexico. Arch Androl 1998; 41(1): 11–15.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  316. Pakrashi, A. and S. Chatterjee. Effect of tobacco consumption on the function of male accessory sex glands. Int J Androl 1995; 18(5): 232–236.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  317. Attia, A. M., M. R. el-Dakhly, F. A. Halawa, N. F. Ragab, and M. M. Mossa. Cigarette smoking and male reproduction. Arch Androl 1989; 23(1): 45–49.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  318. Gocze, P. M., I. Szabo, and D. A. Freeman. Influence of nicotine, cotinine, anabasine and cigarette smoke extract on human granulose cell progesterone and estradiol synthesis. Gynecol Endocrinol 1999; 13(4): 266–272.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  319. Bos, R. P., C. H. van Heijst, H. M. Hollanders, J. L. Theuws, R. F. Thijssen, and T. K. Eskes. Is there influence of smoking on the mutagenicity of follicular fluid? Fertil Steril 199; 52(5): 774–777.

    Google Scholar 

  320. Dymicki, M. and R. L. Stedman. Composition studies on tobacco. I. Beta-sitosteryl D-glucoside from flue-cured tobacco leaves. Tobacco 1958; 147(3): 21.

    Google Scholar 

  321. Kisaki, T., S. Mizusaki, and E. Tamaki. Phytochemical studies on tobacco alkaloids. 11. A new alkaloid in Nicotiana tabacum roots. Phytochemistry 1968; 7: 323–327.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  322. Osman, S., and J. Barson. The volatile bases of cigar smoke. Phytochemistry 1964; 3(5): 587–590.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  323. Poindexter Jr, E. H., and R. D. Carpenter. The isolation of harmane and norharmane from tobacco and cigarette smoke. Phytochemistry 1962; 1(3): 215–221.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  324. Noguchi, M., H. Sakum, and E. Tamaki. The isolation and identification of nicotianine: a new amino acid from tobacco leaves. Phytochemistry 1968; 7(10): 1861–1866.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  325. Reid, W. W. Accumulation of squalens-2,3-oxide during inhibition of phytosterol biosynthesis in Nicotiana tabacum. Phytochemistry 1968; 7(3): 451–452.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  326. Chamberlain, W. J., and R. L. Stedman. Composition studies of tobacco. XXVIII. 2,3,6-trimethyl-1,4-aphthoquinone in cigarette smoke. Phytochemistry 1968; 7: 1201–1203.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  327. Irvine, W. J., and M. J. Saxby. The constituents of certain tobacco types. I. Phytochemistry 1968; 7: 277–281.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  328. Wahlberg, I., I. Forsblom, C. Vogt, et al. Tobacco chemistry. Five new cembranoids from tobacco. J Org Chem 1985; 50(23): 4527–4538.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  329. Vainio, H., and E. Heseitine. Tobacco and cancer. Cancer Res 1986; 46(1): 444–447.

    Google Scholar 

  330. Koseki, K., F. Saito, N. Kawashima, and M. Noma. New cembranoic diterpene with IAA inhibitory activity from Nicotina tabacum. Agr Biol Chem 1986; 50(7): 1917–1918.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  331. Tazaki, H., H. Kodama, T. Fujimori, and A. Ohnishi. Hydroxysolanascone glucosides from flue-cured tobacco leaves. Agr Biol Chem 1986; 50(9): 2231–2235.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  332. Wahlberg, I., R. Arndt, T. Nishida, and C. R. Enzell. Tobacco chemistry. Syntheses and stereostructures of six tobacco seco-cembranoids. Acta Chem Scand Ser B 1986; 40: 123–134.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  333. Wahlberg, I., A. M. Eklund, C. Vogt, C. R. Enzell, and J. E. Berg. Tobacco chemistry. Two new 7,8-epoxycembranods from tobacco. Acta Chem Scand Ser B 1986; 40(10): 855–860.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  334. Uegaki, R., T. Fujimori, N. Ueda, and A. Ohnishi. Cembrane-derived diterpenoid having a carbotricyclic skeleton. Phytochemistry 1987; 26(11): 3029–3031.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  335. Wahlberg, I., C. Vogt, A. M. Eklund, and C. R. Enzell. Tobacco chemistry. Two new 20-norcembranoids from tobacco. Acta Chem Scand Ser B 1987; 41(10): 749–753.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  336. Koseki, Y., Y. Tanabe, S. Kubo, and M. Noma. New diterpene from Nicotiana tabacum and its use as a tobacco flavorant. Patent-Japan Kokai Tokkyo Koho-62 148,439 1987; 3 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  337. Arndt, R, I. Wahilberg, C. R. Enzell, and J. E. Berg. Tobacco chemistry. Structure determination and biomimetic syntheses of two new tobacco cembranoids. Acta Chem Scand Ser B 1988; 42(5): 294–302.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  338. Wahilberg, I., A. M. Eklund, K. Nordfors, C. Vogt, C. R. Enzell, and J. E. Berg. Tobacco chemistry. Five new labdanic compounds from tobacco. Acta Crystallogr Ser B 1988; 42(10): 708–716.

    Google Scholar 

  339. Isogai, A., N. Fukuchi, M. Hayashi, H. Kamada, H. Harada, and A. Suzuki. Structure of a new opine, mikimopine, in hairy root induced by Agrobacterium rhizogenes. Agr Biol Chem 1988; 52(12): 3235–3237.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  340. Tazaki, H., H. Kodama, A. Ohnishi, and T. Fujimori. Structures of new solanascone glucosides from flue-cured tobacco leaves. Agr Biol Chem 1989; 53(11): 3037–3038.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  341. Arndt, R., J. E. Berg, and I. Wahlberg. Tobacco chemistry. Structure determination and biomimetic studies of five new tobacco cembranoids. Acta Chem Scand 1990; 44(8): 814–825.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  342. Olsson, E., A. M. Eklund, and I. Wahlberg. Tobacco chemistry. Five new cembratrientriols from tobacco. Acta Chem Scand 1991; 45(1): 92–98.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  343. Tazaki, H., H. Kodama, A. Ohnishi, and T. Fujimori. Structure of sesquiter-penoid glucoside from flue-cured tobacco leaves. Agr Biol Chem 1991; 55(7): 1889–1890.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  344. Vogt, C., J. E. Berg, and I. Wahlberg. Tobacco chemistry. Four new epoxy-cembranoids from tobacco. Acta Chem Scand 1992; 46(8): 789–795.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  345. Eklund, A. M., J. E. Berg, and I. Wahlberg. Tobacco chemistry. 4,6,8-Trihydroxy-11-capnosene-2,10-dione, a new cembrane-derived bicyclic diterpenoid from tobacco. Acta Chem Scand 1992; 46(4): 367–371.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  346. Forsblom, I., J. E. Berg, and I. Wahlberg. Tobacco chemistry. Two new cembratrienetriols from tobacco. Acta Chem Scand 1993; 47(1): 80–88.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  347. Olsson, E., J. E. Berg, and I. Wahlberg. Eight new cembranoids from tobacco-structural elucidation and conforma-tional studies. Tetrahedron 1993; 49(22): 4975–4992.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  348. Eklund, A. M. and I. Wahlberg. Tobacco chemistry. Seven new cembrane-derived compounds from tobacco. Acta Chem Scand 1994; 48(10): 850–856.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  349. Pettersson, T., A. M. Eklund, and I. Wahlberg. New lactones from tobacco. J Agr Food Chem 1993; 41(11): 2097–2103.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  350. Balint, R., G. Cooper, M. Staebell, and P. Filner. N-Caffeoyl-4-amino-N-bu-tyric acid, a new flower-specific metabolite in cultured tobacco cells and tobacco plants. J Biol Chem 1987; 262(23): 11026–11031.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  351. Shvets, S. A., P. K. Kintya, and O. N. Gutsu. Steroid glycosides of Nicotiana tabacum seeds. I. The structures of nicotianosides A, B, and E. Chem Nat Comp 1994; 30(6): 684–688.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  352. Shvets, S. A., P. K. Kintya, O. N. Gutsu, and V. I. Grishkovets. Steroid glycosides of the seeds of Nicotiana tabacum. II. The structures of nicotianosides C and F. Chem Nat Comp 1995; 31(3): 332–335.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  353. Shinozaki, Y., T. Tobita, M. Mizutani, and T. Matsuzaki. Isolation and identification of two new diterpene glycosides from Nicotiana tabacum. Biosci Biotech Biochem 1996; 60(5): 903–905.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  354. Ohshima, N., H. Nishitani, S. Nishi-kawa, K. Okumura, and H. Taguchi. 1-O-nicotinoyl-beta-D-glucopyranose in cultured tobacco cells. Phytochemistry 1997; 44(8): 1483–1484.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  355. Zook, M., K. Johnson, T. Hohn, and R. Hammerschmidt. Structural characterization of 15-hydroxytrychodiene, a sesquiterpenoid produced by tansformed tobacco cell suspension cultures expressing a trichodiene synthase gene from Fusarium sporotrichoides. Phy-tochemistry 1996; 43(6): 1235–1237.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  356. Eklund, A.M., I. Forsblom, J. E. Berg, C. Damberg, and I. Wahlberg. Tobacco chemistry. Four new cyclized cembranoids from tobacco. Acta Chem Scand Ser A 1998; 52(10): 1254–1262.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  357. Carter, C., R. A. Graham, and R. W. Thornburg. Nectarin is a novel, soluble germin-like protein pexpressed in the nectar of Nicotiana sp. Plant Mol Biol 1999; 41(2): 207–216.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  358. Zargari, A. Medicinal plants. Vol 3, 5th Ed, Tehran Unversity Publications, No 1810/3, Tehran, Iran 1992; 889 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  359. Gaines, T. P., and J. D. Miles. Protein composition and classification of tobacco. J Agr Food Chem 1975; 23(4): 690.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  360. Mahmoud, A. E. S., and Y. A. Mo-hamed. An extractive-spectrophoto-metric method for the determination of nicotine. Planta Med 1975; 27: 140.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  361. Springer, J. P., J. Clardy, R. H. Cox, H. G. Culter, and R. J. Cole. The structure of a new type of plant growth inhibitor extracted from immature tobacco leaves. Tetrahedron Lett 1975; 1975:2737.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  362. Rylander, R. Review of studies on environmental tobacco smoke. Scand J Resp Dis Suppl 1974; 91: 10.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  363. Bazhanova, N. V., and A. G. Gevorkyan. Daily change of the contents of photosynthesizing pigments in hydroponic plant leaves. Sobshch Inst Agrokhim Probl Gidroponiki Akad Nauk Arm SSR 1974; 14: 89.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  364. Hussey, J. S. Some useful plants of early New England. Econ Bot 1974; 28: 311.

    Google Scholar 

  365. Mokhnachew, I. G., and S. W. Kamenshchikova. Chlorogenic acid in tobacco. Tabak (Moscow) 1974; 1974(4): 35.

    Google Scholar 

  366. Chirek, Z. Physiological and biochemical effects of morphactin IT 3233 on callus and tumor tissues of Nicotiana tabacum cultured in vitro. III. Transamination process catalyzed by aminotransferase 1-alanine:2-oxogluta-rate. Acta Soc Bot Pol 1974; 43: 169.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  367. Aasen, A. J., C. H. G. Vogt, and C. R. Enzell. Tobacco chemistry. Structure and synthesis of drim-8-en-7-one, a new tobacco constituent. Acta Chem Scand SerB 1975; 29: 51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  368. Grunwald, C. Phytosterols in tobacco leaves at various stages of physiological maturity. Phytochemistry 1975; 14: 79–82.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  369. Demole, A., and C. Demole. A chemical study of burley tobacco flavour (Nicotiana tabacum). V. Identification and synthesis of the novel terpenoid alkaloids 1,3,6,6-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-8-one and 3-6-6-trimethyl-5-6-dihydro-7H-2-pyrindin-7-one. Helv Chim Acta 1975; 58: 523.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  370. Powell, B. L., J. W. Pickering, S. H. Wender, and E. C. Smith. Isoperoxidases from tobacco tissue cultures. Phytochemistry 1975; 14: 1715–1717.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  371. Schneider, H. A. W., and W. W. Beisenherz. Determination of the sites of synthesis of chlorophyll synthesizing enzymes in cell cultures of Nicotiana tabacum. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1974; 60: 468.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  372. Demole, E., and P. Enggist. A chemical study of burley tobacco flavour (Nicotiana tabacum). VI. Identification and synthesis of four irregular terpenoids related to solanone, including a ‘prenylsolanone’. Helv Chim Acta 1975; 58: 1602.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  373. Aasen, A. J., J. R. Hlubucek, and C. R. Enzell. Tobacco chemistry. The structures of four stereoisomeric 8,12-XI-epoxylabd-14-en-13-XI-ols isolated from Greek Nicotiana tabacum. Acta Chem Scand Ser B 175; 29: 589.

    Google Scholar 

  374. Fujimori, T., R. Kasuga, H. Kaneko, and M. Noguchi. A new acetylenic diol, 3-hydroxy-7,8-dihydro-betaionol, from burley Nicotiana tabacum. Phytochemistry 1975; 14: 2095.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  375. Aasen, A. J., J. R. Hlubucek and C. R. Enzell. Tobacco chemistry. (7S)-10-oxo-4-XI-methyl-7-isopropyl-5E-undecen-4-olide, a new thunbergan-type nor-isoprenoid isolated from Greek Nicotiana tabacum. Acta Chem Scand Ser B 175; 29: 677.

    Google Scholar 

  376. Blomberg, L., and G. Widmark. Separation of fresh tobacco smoke on a packed polar gas chromatographic column prior to on-line analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry using a non-polar capillary column. J Chromatogr 1975; 106: 59.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  377. Leete, E. Biosynthesis of azetidine-2-carboxylic acid from methionine in Nicotiana tabacum. Phytochemistry 1975; 14: 1983–1984.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  378. Hoffmann, D., S. S. Hecht, R. M. Ornaf, and E. L. Wynder. N’-nitro-sonornicotine in tobacco. Science 1974; 186: 265.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  379. Lichtenthaler, H. K., and V. Straub. The formation of lipoquinones in tissue cultures. Planta Med Suppl 1975; 198.

    Google Scholar 

  380. Woolf, C. R. Clinical findings, sputum examinations and pulmonary function tests related to the smoking habit of 500 women. Chest 1974; 66: 652.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  381. Gayard, P., J. Orehek, C. Grimaud, and J. Charpin. Bronchoconstriction due to the inhalation of tobacco smoke: comparison of effects in the normal and the asthmatic subject. Bull Physio Pathol Respir 1974; 10: 451.

    Google Scholar 

  382. Tomita, Y., and A. Uomori. Biosynthesis of isoprenoids. III. Mechanism of alkylation during biosynthesis of stigmasterol in tissue cultures of higher plants. J Chem Soc Perkin Trans I 1973; 2656.

    Google Scholar 

  383. Mader, M. Change of the peroxidase-isoenzyme-pattern in callus cultures independent of the differentiation. Planta Med Suppl 1975; 153.

    Google Scholar 

  384. Al-Khateeb, F. A. L. Effect of light quality on protein synthesis and per-oxidase-indoleacetic oxidase activity in cultured tobacco pith tissues. Diss Abstr Int B 1974; 35: 2035.

    Google Scholar 

  385. Kanamaru, K., K. Kato, and M. Noguchi. Isolation and identification of gamma-L-glutamyl-L-glutamic acid from tobacco cells in suspension culture. Agr Biol Chem 1974; 38: 2285.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  386. Kaul, K., and P. S. Sabbarwal. Kine-tin induced changes in delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase of tobacco callus. Plant Physiol 174; 54: 644.

    Google Scholar 

  387. Maeder, P., and M. Bopp. Regulation and significance of peroxidase pattern variations during shoot differentiation in callus cultures of Nicotiana tabacum. Planta 1975; 123: 257.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  388. Laurent’eva, L. M., and M. P. Pyatniskii. Quantitative determination of citric acid in tobacco. Patent-USSR-454,458 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  389. Leu, S. L. K., S. H. Wender, and E. C. Smith. Effect of darkness on isoperoxidases in tobacco tissue cultures. Phytochemistry 1975; 14: 2551–2554.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  390. Chirek, Z. Physiological and biochemical effects of morphactin IT3233 on callus and tumor tissues of Nicotiana tabacum cultured in vitro. IV. Beta-indolylacetic acid oxidase activity. Oat Coleoptile. Acta Soc Bot Pol 1974; 43: 177.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  391. Izman, G. V., N. A. Sherstyannykh, and L. G. Astaghova. Analysis of the tobacco haploids, produced by culturing anthers in vitro, in regards to their content of alkaloids and volatile acids. Genetika (Moscow) 1975; 11(3): 50.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  392. Kemp, J. D. Protein metabolism in cultured plant tissues. V. Identification of the nonprecursor pool as L-leucine. Physiol Plant 1975; 35: 53.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  393. Fujimori, T., R. K. Asuga, and M. Nouchi. Isolation of R-(−)-3-hydroxy-beta-ionone from burley tobacco. Agr Biol Chem 1974; 38: 891.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  394. Thorpe, T. A., and D. D. Meier. Starch metabolism in shoot-forming tobacco callus. J Exp Bot 1974; 25: 288.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  395. Konstantinova, T. N., L. V. Golfstein, O. I. Molodyuk, T. V. Bavrina, and N. P. Aksenova. Study of histones of calluses with vegetative and generative morphogenesis in trapezoid tobacco. Dokl Akad Nauk SSR 1974; 216: 226.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  396. Ackermann, L. Evidence of a glycopro-tein, until now unknown, in tissue culture of Nicotiana tabacum. C R Seances Soc Biol Ses Fil 1974; 168: 344.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  397. Feng, K. A., and J. W. Unger. Presence of adenosine triphosphate in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) tissue grown in nutrient medium containing various concentrations of kinetin. Experientia 1975; 31: 31.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  398. Chuman, T., H. Kaneko, T. Fukuzumi, and M. Noguchi. Isolation of two terpenoid acids, 4-isopropyl-7-methyl-5E, 7-octadienoic acid and 3-isopropyl-6-methyl-4E, 6-methyl-4E, 6-heptadieonoic acid from Turkish tobacco. Agr Biol Chem 1974; 38: 2295.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  399. Fujimori, T., R. Kasuga, H. Kaneko, and M. Noguchi. Isolation of 3-(4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)-furan (phytofuran) from burley tobacco. Agr Biol Chem 1974; 38: 2293.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  400. Wojnarowicz, C. Tobacco seed oil. Tluszcze Jadalne 1974; 18: 7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  401. Legrand, M., B. Fritig, and L. Hirth. Metabolism of phenylpropanoids in the leaf veins of healthy hypersensitive tobacco or tobacco infected by tobacco mosaic virus. C R Acad Sci Ser D 1974; 279: 1043.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  402. Kier, L. D., E. Yamasaki, and and B. N. Ames. Detection of mutagenic activity in cigarette smoke condensates. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1974; 71: 4159.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  403. Van Cantfort, J., and J. Gielen. Organ specificity of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase induction by cigarette smoke in rats and mice. Biochem Pharmacol 1975; 24: 1253.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  404. Benedict, W. F., N. Rucker, J. Faust, and R. E. Kouri. Malignant transformation of mouse cells by cigarette smoke condensate. Cancer Res 1975; 35: 857.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  405. Perkins, D. L., and L. S. Ciereszko. Effect of macrocyclic diterpene from tobacco on Tetrahymena pyriformis. Proc Okla Acad Sci 1974; 54: 34–35.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  406. Demole, E., and C. Demole. A chemical study of burley tobacco flavour (Nicotiana tabacum). VII. Identification and synthesis of twelve irregular terpenoids related to solanone, including 7,8-dioxabicyclo[3,2,1]-octane and 4,9-dioxabicyclo[3.3.1 ]nonane derivatives. Helv Chim Acta 1975; 58:1867.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  407. Bharadwaj, B. V., S. Takayama, T. Yamada, and A. Tanimura. N′-nitro-sonornicotine in Japanese tobacco products. Gann 1975; 66: 585.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  408. Randolph, H. R. Gas chromatographic determination of nicotine in an isopropyl alcohol extract of smoke particulate matter. Tobacco 1974; 176: 44.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  409. Yung, K. H., and D. H. Northcote. Enzymes in the walls of mesophyll cells of tobacco leaves. Biochem J 1975; 151:141.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  410. Semenova, N. I., V. V. Chenikov. E. N. Shopovalov, and A. D. Zelenskaya. Effect of isoquercitrin on the taste indexes of tobacco. Ezv Vyssh Uchebn Zaved Pishch Tekhnol 1974; 1974(5): 167–168.

    Google Scholar 

  411. Lichtenthaler, H. K., V. Straub, and K. H. Grumbach. Unequal formation of prenyl-lipids in a plant tissue culture and in leaves of Nicotiana tabacum. Plant Sci Lett 1975; 4: 61.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  412. Moree-Testa, P., M. Donzel, M. H. Bergerol, and M. M. Luzinier. Determination of pyridinic and pyrazinic compounds in tobacco and cigarette smoke. Ann Tab Sect 1974; 1(12): 27.

    Google Scholar 

  413. Richter, M. Composition of essential oils in tobacco. III. Analysis of phenolic fraction. Ber Inst Tabakforsch (Dresden) 1974; 21: 52.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  414. Ilham, M., M. Yaday, and A. W. Norhanom. Tumour-promoting activity of plants used in Malaysian traditional medicine. Nat Prod Sci 1995; 1(1): 31–42.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  415. Shin, N. H., K. S. Lee, S. H. Kang, K. R. Ming, S. H. Lee, and Y. S. Kim. Inhibitory effect of herbal extracts on DOPA oxidase activity of tyrosinase. Nat Prod Sci 1997; 3(2): 111–121.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  416. Park, K. H., J. D. Park, K. H. Hyun, M. Nakayama, and T. Yokota. Brassino-steroids and monoglycerides with brassinosteroid-like activity in immature seeds of Oryza sativa and Perilla frutescens and in cultured cells of Nicotiana tabacum. Biosci Biotech Biochem 1994; 58(12): 2241–2243.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  417. Aragozzini, F., R. Gualandris, E. Maconi, and R. Craveri. Coenzyme Q-10 in plant cell cultures. Ann Microbiol Enzimol 1984; 34(1): 75–81.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  418. Reuveny, Z. Regulation of ATP sulfurylase in cultured tobacco cells. Diss Abstr Int B 1976; 36: 4450.

    Google Scholar 

  419. Rennenberg, H. Glutathione in conditioned media of tobacco suspension cultures. Phytochemistry 1976; 15: 1433–1434.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  420. Chuman, T., and M. Noguchi. The structure of a new terpenoid acid 6(S)-isopropyl-3 epsilon methyl-3-epsilon-hy-droxy-9-oxo-4E-decenid acid, isolated from Turkish tobacco. Agr Biol Chem 1976; 40:1793–1796.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  421. Nishio, M., C. S. Zushi, and T. Ischii. Mass fragmentation determination of indole-3-acetic acid in callus tissues of Panax ginseng and Nicotiana tabacum. Chem Pharm Bull 1976; 24: 2038.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  422. Janski, A. M. Purification and characterization of a sugar unspecific nuclease from tobacco suspension cultures. Diss Abstr Int B 1976; 36: 6128.

    Google Scholar 

  423. Kamenshchikova, S. V., and I. G. Moknachev. Hydrogen cyanide in tobacco smoke. Tabak (Moscow) 1975; 1975(2): 49.

    Google Scholar 

  424. Colledge, A., and W. W. Reid. The phytochemistry of the genus Nicotiana. Part V. The biosynthesis of is—abienol and phytosterols in Nicotiana tabacum PB. Ann Tab Sect 2 1974; 1974(11): 177.

    Google Scholar 

  425. Harrell, T. G., K. L. Rush, and A. J. Sensabaugh Jr. Colorimetric method for the determination of ammonia in tobacco smoke. Tob Sci 1975; 19:154.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  426. Ieda, T., T. Matsumoto, and M. Noguchi. Culture conditions of higher plant cells in suspension culture. Part 7. Formation of ubiquinone by tobacco plant cells in suspension culture. Phytochemistry 1976; 15: 568–569.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  427. Noguchi, M., T. Matsumoto, K. Okunishi, and T. Ikeda. Production of ubiquinone 10 from callus. Patent-Japan Kokai-76 32,788 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  428. Fujimori, T., R. Kasuga, H. Matsuhita, H. Kaneko, and M. Noguchi. Neutral aroma constituents in burley tobacco. Agr Biol Chem 1976; 40: 303.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  429. Aasen, A. J., A. Pilotti, C. R. Enzell, J. E. Berg, and A. M. Pilotti. Tobacco chemistry 31. (1S,4S,8R,11S,12R)-8,12-epoxy-2E,6E-thunbergadiene-4,11-diol, a new constituent of Greek tobacco. Acta Chem Scand Ser B 1976; 30: 999.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  430. Demole, E. and P. Enggist. A chemical study of Virginia tobacco flavour (Nicotiana tabacum). I. Isolation and synthesis of two bicyclodamascenones. Helv Chim Acta 1976; 59: 1938.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  431. Chuman, T., H. Kaneko, and T. Fukuzumi. Acidic aroma constituents of Turkish tobacco: terpenoid acids related to tobacco thunberganoids. Agr Biol Chem 1976; 40: 587.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  432. Lance, B., R. C. Durley, D. M. Rreid, T. A. Thorpe, and R. P. Pharis. Metabolism of (3H)gibberellin A-20 in light and dark-grown tobacco callus cultures. Plant Physiol 1976; 58: 387.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  433. Nishinari, N., and T. Yamaki. Relation between cell division and endogenous auxin in synchronously-cultured tobacco cells. Bot Mag (Tokyo) 1976; 89: 73.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  434. Novotny. M., M. L. Lee, and K. D. Bartle. A possible chemical basis for the higher mutagenicity of marijuana smoke as compared to tobacco smoke. Experientia 1976; 32: 280.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  435. Yasumatsu, N., M. Eda, Y. Tsujino, and M. Noguchi. Isolation of oxygenated derivatives of solanesol from burley tobacco. Agr Biol Chem 1976:40:1757.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  436. Hutchinson, C. R., M. T. S. Hsia, and R. A. Carver. Biosynthetic studies with 13CO2 secondary plant metabolites. Nicotiana alkaloids. 1. Initial experiments. J Am Chem Soc 1976; 98: 6006.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  437. Leete, E., and S. A. Slattery. Incorporation of (2-14C) nicotinic acid into the tobacco alkaloids. Biosynthesis of anatabine and alpha, beta-dipyridyl. J Am Chem Soc 1976; 98: 6326.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  438. Viesca-Trevino, C. Estudios sobre etnobotanica y antropologia medica. Inst Mexicano Para Est Pl Medic, Mexico 1976: 104.

    Google Scholar 

  439. Noma, M., and M. Noguchi. Occurrence of nicotianamine in higher plants. Phytochemistry 1976; 15: 1701–1702.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  440. Nagaraj, G., and M. K. Chakraborty. Alkaloids and volatile acids of natu tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) Indian J Chem 1979; 17B(6): 648–649.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  441. Zao, S. H., and X. Zhang. On the antifeedant and toxicities of natural organic insecticides against snout moth’s larva of rice. Chin J Agr Sci 1982; 1982(2): 55–60.

    Google Scholar 

  442. Shimazaki, M., and A. Ohta. Asymmetric synthesis of (−)-(E)-5-hydroxy-5-isopropyl-3-hepten-2-one, a cembrane-derived compound from Greek tobacco. Synthesis 1992; 1992(10): 957–958.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  443. Hodges, L. C., G. W. Robinson, and K. Green. Extract of tobacco callus with antiglaucoma activity. Phytother Res 1991; 5(1): 15–18.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  444. Nielsen, M. T., and R. F. Severson. Inheritance of diterpene constituent in tobacco trichome exudates. Crop Sci 1992; 32(5): 1148–1150.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  445. Miedzybrodzka, M. B. W., and M. M. Yeoman. Effect of culture origin and conditions of duvatrienedol accumulation in shoot cultures of tobacco. J Exp Bot 1992; 43(256): 1419–1427.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  446. Trivgedi, A. H., B. J. Dave, and S. G. Adhvaryu. Genotoxic effects of tobacco extract on Chinese hamster ovary cells. Cancer Lett 1993; 70(1/2): 107–112.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  447. Guedes, M. E. M., J. Kuc, R. Hammerschmidt, and R. Bostock. Accumulation of six sesquiterpenoid phytoalexins in tobacco leaves infiltrated with Pseudomonas lachrymans. Phytochemistry 1982; 21(12): 2987–2988.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  448. Hayashi, K., Y. Shimizu, and H. Takahara. Extraction of nerve growth factor biosynthesis promoters from tobacco. Patent-Japan Kokai Tokkyo Koho-04 210,643 1992; 5 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  449. Goud, S. N., L. Zhang, and A. M. Kaplan. Immunostimulatory potential of smokeless tobacco extract in in vitro cultures of murine lymphoid tissues. Immunopharmacology 1993; 25(2): 95–105.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  450. Demian, B. A. Trace analysis of vanillin in tobacco. J Liq Chromatogr 1993; 16(161): 3563–3574.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  451. Ollson, E., A. Holth, E. Kumlin, L. Bohlin, and I. Wahlberg. Structure-related inhibiting activity of some tobacco cembranoids on the prostaglandin synthesis in vitro. Planta Med 1993; 59(4): 293–295.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  452. Anon. Green tobacco sickness in tobacco harvesters-Kentucky 1992. Morbid Mortal Wkly Rep 1993; 42(13): 237–240.

    Google Scholar 

  453. Shankaran, K., S. V. Kandarkar, Q. Q. Contractor, R. H. Kalro, and H. G. Desai. Ultrastructural changes in esophageal mucosa of chronic tobacco chewers. Indian J Med Res 1993; 98(1): 15–19.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  454. Vogeli, U., R. Vogeli-Lange, and J. Chappell. Inhibition of phytoalexin biosynthesis in elicitoritreated tobacco cell-suspension cultures by calcium/calmodulin antagonists. Plant Physiol 1992; 100: 1369–1376.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  455. Holdsworth, D., and L. Balun. Medicinal plants of the East and West Sepik provinces, Papua New Guinea. Int J Pharmacog 30(3): 218–222.

    Google Scholar 

  456. Schmeda-Hirschmann, G., and A. Rojas de Arias. A screening method for natural products on triatomine drugs. Phytother Res 1992; 6(2): 68–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  457. Wibberley, M. S., J. R. Lenton, and S. J. Neill. Sesquiterpenoid phytoalexins produced by hairy roots of Nicotiana tabacum. Phytochemistry 1994; 37(2): 349–351.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  458. Parkih, S. S., K. B. Chopra, R. H. Kalro, and H. G. Desai. The effect of chewing toacco on portal hypertensive gastric mucosa. J Clin Gastroenterol 1994; 18(4): 348–350.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  459. Tabata, M., E. Sezik, G. Honda, et al. Traditional medicine in Turkey. III. Folk medicine in East Anatolia, Van and Biltis provinces. Int J Pharmacog 1994; 32(1): 3–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  460. Misuzaki, S., D. Yoshida, and Y. Saito. Antineoplastic agent. Patent-PCT Int Apl-86 02,835 1986; 26 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  461. Selvaraj, G., R. K. Jain, D. J. Olson, R. Hirji, S. Jana, and L. R. Hogge. Glycinebetaine in oilseed rape and flax leaves: detection by liquid chromatography/continuous flow secondary ionmass spectrometry. Phytochemistry 1995; 38(5): 1143–1146.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  462. Tazaki, H., H. Kodama, M. Fujimori, and A. Onishi. Extraction of 15-hydroxysolanascone-beta-glucoside, and flavoring agent of tobacco. Patent-Japan Kokai Tokkyo Koho-61 227,587 1986; 4 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  463. Bhattarai, N. K. Medical ethnobotany in the Karnali zone, Nepal. Econ Bot 1992; 46(3): 257–261.

    Google Scholar 

  464. Giron, L. M., V. Freire, A. Alonzo, and A. Caceres. Ethnobotancal survey of the medicinal flora used by the Caribs of Guatemala. J Ethnopharmacol 1991; 34(2i3): 173–187.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  465. Barrett, B. Medicinal plants of Nicaragua’s atlantic coast. Econ Bot 1994; 48(1): 8–20.

    Google Scholar 

  466. Loewenthal, R., and J. Peer. Traditional methods used in the treatment of ophthalmic diseases among the Turkana tribe in north west Kenya. J Ethnopharmacol 1991; 33(3): 27–229.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  467. Singh, V. K., Z. A. Ali, and M. K. Siddioui. Ethnomedicines in the Bahraich district of Uttar Pradesh, India. Fitoterapia 1996; 67(1): 65–76.

    Google Scholar 

  468. Coee, F. G., and G. J. Anderson. Ethnobotany of the Garifuna of eastern Nicaragua. Econ Bot 1996; 50(1): 71–107.

    Google Scholar 

  469. Flores, J. S., and R. V. Ricalde. The secretions and exudates of plants used in Mayan traditional medicine. J Herbs Spices Med Plants 1996; 4(1): 53–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  470. Comerford, S. C. Medicinal plants of two Mayan healers from San Andres, Peten, Guatemala. Econ Bot 1996; 50(3): 327–336.

    Google Scholar 

  471. Smith, I. K. Evidence for o-acetyl-serine in Nicotiana tabacum. Phytochemistry 1977; 16: 1293–1294.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  472. Ishiguro, S., and S. Sugawara. Comparison of volatile N-containing compounds in the smoke of Lamina and Midrib of flue-cured tobacco leaves. Agr Biol Chem 1977; 41: 377.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  473. Chuman, T., M. Noguchi, A. Okhubo, and S. Toda. The structure of a novel acid ‘3 XI-hydroxy-4 XI, 9-dimethyl-6E, 9E-dodecadienedioic acid’ isolated from Turkish tobacco. Tetrahedron Lett 1977; 1977: 3045–3048.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  474. Zelcer, A. and E. Galun. Culture of newly isolated tobacco protoplasts: precursor incorporation into protein, RNA and DNA. Plant Sci Lett 1976; 7:331.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  475. Deki, M. Determination of solanesol in tobacco extracts by thin layer chromatography and high pressure liquid chromatography. Kanzei Chuo Bun-sekishoho 1977; 17:9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  476. Behr, D., I. Wahlberg, T. Nishida, and C. R. Enzell. Tobacco chemistry. 34. (3E,6E)-2,6-dimethyl-10-oxo-3, 6-undecadien-2-ol and (2E)-3-me-thyl-4-oxo-2-nonen-8-ol. Two new constituents of Greek Nicotiana tabacum. Acta Chem Scand Ser B 1977; 31:573.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  477. Anderson, R. C., D. M. Gunn, J. Murray-Rust, P. Murry-Rust, and J. S. Roberts. Vetispirane sesquiterpene glucosides from flue-cured Virginia tobacco: structure, absolute stereochemistry, and synthesis. X-ray structure of the P-bromobenzenesulphonate of one of the derived aglycones. Chem Commun 1977; 1977: 27.

    Google Scholar 

  478. Behr, D., I. Wahlberg, and C. R. Enzell. Tobacco chemistry. Structure elucidation and synthesis of 3,3-dim-ethyl-7-hydroxy-2-octanone, a new seco nor-carotenoid constituent of Greek tobacco. Acta Chem Scand Ser B 1977; 31: 793.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  479. Behr, D., I. Wahlberg, T. Nishida, and C. R. Enzell. Tobacco chemistry. Structure elucidation and synthesis of 5(13),7E-megastigmadien-6,9-diol, a new constituent of Greek tobacco. Acta Chem Scand Ser B 1977; 31: 609.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  480. Itoh, T., T. Tamura, and T. Matsumoto. Triterpene alcohols in the seeds of Solanaceae. Phytochemistry 1977; 16:1723–1726.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  481. Desmarchelier, C., A. Gurni, G. Ciccia, and A. M. Giuletti. Ritual and medicinal plants of the Ese’ejas of the Amazonian rainforest (Madre de Dios, Peru). J Ethnopharmacol 1996; 52(1): 45–51.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  482. Akinpelu, D. A. and E. M. Obuotor. Antibacterial activity of Nicotiana tabacum leaves. Fitoterapia 2000; 1(2): 199–200.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  483. Ballard, T., J. Ehlers, E. Freund, M. Auslander, V. Brandt, and W. Halperin. Green tobacco sickness: occupational nicotine poisoning in tobacco workers. Arch Environ Health 1995; 50(5): 384–389.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  484. Ulbelen, A., G. Iskender, G. Topcu, and S. Atmaca. Flavonoids of the cured tobacco leaves from black sea area. J Fac Pharm Istancul Univ 1981; 17: 71–76.

    Google Scholar 

  485. Pakrashi, A., and S. Chatterjee. Effect of tobacco consumption on the function of male accessory sex glands. Int J Androl 1995; 18(5): 232–236.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  486. Anon. Cigarette smoking and spontaneous abortion. Br Med J 1978; 1: 259.

    Google Scholar 

  487. Demole, E., and P. Enggist. A chemical study of Virginia tobacco flavour (Nicotinia tabacum). II. Isolation and synthesis of cis-2-isopropenyl-8-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthalemol and 3-isopropenyl-5-methyl-1,2-dihydronaphthalene. Helv Chim Acta 1978; 61: 1335.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  488. Fujimori, T., R. Kasuga, H. Kaneko, and M. Noguchi. Isolation of solaveti-vone from Nicotiana tabacum. Phytochemistry 1977; 16: 392.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  489. Kawashima, N., N. Inoue, and M. Noma. Saccharopine from tobacco leaves. Phytochemistry 1978; 17:991 A.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  490. Itoh, T., T. Ishii, T. Tamura, and T. Matsumoto. Four new and other 4-al-pha-methylserols in the seeds of Solanaceae. Phytochemistry 1978; 17: 971–977.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  491. Jeong, T. M., M. S. Yang, and H. H. Nah. Sterols compositions in three Solanaceae seed oils. Hanguk Nonghwa Hakhoe Chi 1978; 21(1): 51–57.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  492. Chilton, W. S., J. Temple, M. Marzke, and M. D. Chilton. Succinamopine: A new crown gall opine. J Bacteriol 1984; 157(2): 357–362.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  493. Puangnak, W. and S. Vorabhleuk. Studies on organic acids in Thai flue-cured tobaccos and their relationship to quality. Thai JAgr Sci 1984; 17(2): 103–118.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  494. Sinnwell, V., V. Heemann, A. M. Bylov, W. Hass, C. Kahrec, and F. Seehofer. A new cembranoid from tobacco, IV. Z Naturforsch Ser C 1985; 39(11/12): 1023–1026.

    Google Scholar 

  495. Plowman, T. The ethnobotany of coca (Erythroxylum spp., Erythroxylaceae). Advances in Economic botany ethnobotany in the Neotropics G. T. Prance, and J. A. Kallunki (eds.) New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY 1984; 1: 62–111.

    Google Scholar 

  496. Anon. 3-Hydroxysolamascone-beta-sophoroside. Patent-Japan Kokai Tokkyo Koho-59 141,595: 4 pp (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  497. Gupta, M. and T. Chatterjee. Effects of citrinin on cigarette smoke inhaled and nicotine treated mice. Indian Drugs 1981; 18: 309–316.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  498. Anderson, R. C., A. G. Kelly, and J. S. Roberts. Two new acidic constituents of flu-cured Virginia tobacco. J Agr Food 1983; 31(2): 458–459.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  499. Tiburcio, A. F., R. Ingersoll, and A. W. Galston. Modified alkaloid pattern in developing tobacco callus. Plant Sci 1985; 38(3): 207–212.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  500. Takagi, Y., T. Fujimori, H. Kaneko, and K. Kato. Isolation of new tobacco constituents, 8,9-dihydroxymegastigmatrienone, from Japanese domestic suifu tobacco. Agr Biol Chem 1981; 45(3): 787–788.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  501. Wahlberg, I., E. B. Walsh, I. Forsblom, et al. Tobacco chemistry 64. A new sucrose ester from Greek tobacco. Acta Chem Scand Ser B 1986; 40(9): 724–730.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  502. Nyiredy, S. Z., G. A. Gross, and O. Sticher. Minor alkaloids from Nicotiana tabacum. J Nat Prod 1986; 49(6): 1156–1157.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  503. Behr, D., I. Wahlberg, T. Nishida, and C. R. Enzell. Tobacco chemistry. 47. (3S,6R,7E,9R)-and (3S,6R,7E,9S)-4,7-megastigmadiene-3,9-diol. Two new nor-carotenoids of Greek tobacco. Acta Chem Scand Ser B 1978; 32(6): 391–394.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  504. Eda, S., K. Miyabe, Y. Akiyama, A. Ohnishi, and K. Kato. A pectic poly-saccharide from cell walls of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) mesophyll. Carbohydr Res 1986; 158(12): 205–216.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  505. Takagi, Y., T. Fujimori, H. Kaneko, and K. Kato. C-15 and C-1 7 aldehydes from Japanese domestic tobacco, Nicotiana tabacum cv. Suifu. Acta Biol Chem 1981; 45(3): 769–770.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  506. Burton, H. R., R. A. Andersen, P. D. Fleming, and L. R. Walton. Changes in chemical composition of burley tobacco during senescence and curing. 2. J Agr Food Chem 1988; 36(3): 579–584.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  507. Begley, M. J., L. Crombie, D. Mc Namara, D. F. Firth, S. Smith, and P. C. Bevan. Cembrenediols in the cutting of tobacco. X-ray crystal structures of beta-cembrenediol and alpha-cembreneketol. Phytochemistry 1988; 27(6): 1695–1703.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  508. Saitoh, F., M. Noma, and N. Kawashima. The alkaloid contents of sixty Nicotiana species. Phytochemistry 1985; 24(3): 477–480.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  509. Kolossa, E., B. Deus-Neumann, and M. H. Zenk. Radioimmunoassays for the quantitative determination of cembratrienediol. Planta Med 1987; 53(5): 449–456.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  510. Whitehead, I. M., D. R. Trelfall, and D. F. Ewing. 5-Epi-aristolochene is a common precursor of the sesquiterpenoid phytoalexins capsidiol and debneyol. Phytochemistry 1989; 28(3): 775–779.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  511. Borys, D. J., S. C. Setzer, L. J. Ling. CNS depression in an infant after the ingestion of tobacco: A case report. Vet Hum Toxicol 1988; 30(1): 20–22.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  512. Deutsch, H. M., K. Green, and L. H. Zalkow. Water soluble high molecular weight components from plants with potent intraocular pressure lowering activity. Curr Eye Res 1987; 6(7): 949–950.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  513. Goncalo, M., J. Couto, and S. Goncalo. Allergic contact dermatitis from Nicotiana tabacum. Contact Dermatitis 1990; 22(3): 188–189.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  514. Walhberg, I., A. M. Eklund, and C. R. Enzell. Tobacco chemistry. Six new cembrane-derived compounds from tobacco. Acta Chem Scand 1990; 44(5): 504–512.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  515. Frega, N., F. Bocci, L. S. Conte, and F. Testa. Chemical composition of tobacco seeds (Nicotiana tabacum L.). J Am Oil Chem Soc 1991; 68(1): 29–33.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  516. Caceres, A., B. R. Lopez, M. A. Giron, and H. Logemann. Plants used in Guatemala for the treatment of dermatophytic infections. I. Screening for antomycotic activity of 44 plant extracts. J Ethnopharmacol 1991; 31(3): 263–276.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  517. Nagaraju, N., and K. N. Rao. A survey of plant crude drugs of Rayalaseema, Andhra Pradesh, India. J Ethnopharmacol 1990; 29(2): 137–158.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  518. Sun, J. S., Z. Q. Zhu, S. Q. Li, and Y. Zhu. Studies on 6-benzuladenine localization in callus cells of tobacco. Zhiwa Xuebao 1986; 25(5): 480–482.

    Google Scholar 

  519. Song, Y. N., M. Shibuya, Y. Ebizuka and U. Sankawa. Indentification of plant factors inducing virulence gene expression in Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Chem Pharm Bull 1991; 39(9): 2347–2350.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  520. Songstad, D. D., W. G. W. Kurz, and C. L. Nessler. Tyramine accumulation in Nicotiana tabacum transformed with a chimeric tryptophan decarboxylase gene. Phytochemistry 1991; 30(10): 3245–3246.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  521. Adhvaryu, S. G., B. J. Dave, and A. H. Trivedi. Cytogenetic surveillance of tobacco-areca nut (mava) chewers, including patients with oral cancers and premalignant conditions. Mutat Res 1991; 261(1): 41–49.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  522. Matsuzaki, T. and A. Koiwai. Antioxidative beta-diketones in stigma lipids of tobacco. Agr Biol Chem 1988; 52(9): 2341–2342.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  523. Cusack, M. and W. S. Pierpoint. Similarities between sweet protein thauma-tin and A pathogenesis-related protein from tobacco. Phytochemistry 1988; 27(12): 3817–3821.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  524. Sen, S., G. Talukder, and A. Sharma. Betel cytotoxicity: further evidence from mouse bone marrow cells. Int J Pharmacog 1991; 29(2): 130–140.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  525. Johansson, S. L., J. M. Hirsch, and D. R. Johnson. Effect of repeated oral administration of tobacco snuff on natural killer-cell activity in the rat. Arch Oral Biol 1991; 36(6): 473–476.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  526. Bowman, D. T., W. W. Weeks, and C. A. Wilkinson. Stability of alkaloid production in flue-cured tobacco. Comp Sci 1991; 31(5): 1121–1124.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  527. Grasso, S. and R. J. Shepherd. Isolation and partial characterization of virus inhibitors from plant species taxonomically related to Phytolacca. Phytopathology 1978; 68: 199.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  528. Fujimori, T., R. Kasuga, H. Kaneko, S et al. Isolation and structure determination of solanascone, a new tetracyclic sesquiterpene ketone from Nicotiana tabacum. Tennen Yuki Kagobutsu Toronkai Koen Yoshishu 1978; 417.

    Google Scholar 

  529. Demole, E., P. Enggist, M. Winter, et al. Megastigma-5,8-dien-4-one, an aroma constituent of the yellow passion fruit and Virginia tobacco. Helv Chim Acta 1979; 62: 67.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  530. Chuman, T., and M. Noguchi. Isolation of new terpenoid acids (−)-3-me-thyl-6-isopropyl-9-oxo-2E,4E-decadienoic acid and 3-isopropyl-6-oxo-2Z-hep-tenoic acid from Turkish tobacco. Agr Biol Chem 1975; 39: 1169.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  531. Matsushita, H., Y. Tsujino, D. Yoshida, A. Saito, K. Kato, and M. Noguchi. New minor alkaloids in flue-cured tobacco leaf (Nicotiana tabacum cv BY-260-9). Agr Biol Chem 1979; 43: 193–194.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  532. Behr, D., I. Wahlberg, T. Nishid, and C. R. Enzell. Tobacco chemistry. 45. (2E,6S)-2,6-dimethyl-2,7-octadiene-1,6-diol, a new monoterpenoid from Greek tobacco. Acta Chem Scand Ser B 1978; 32: 228–234.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  533. Chuman, T., and M. Noguchi. Isolation of a new terpenoid acid 2-methyl-5-isopropyl-1-cyclopentene-1-carboxylic acid from Turkish tobacco. Agr Biol Chem 1975; 39: 567–568.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  534. Takagi, Y., T. Fujimori, H. Kaneko, T. Fukuzumi, and M. Noguchi. Isolation of a new tobacco constituent, (3S,5R, 6S,9Zeta)-3-hydroxy-5,6-epoxy-beta-ionol, from Japanese domestic suifu tobacco. Agr Biol Chem 1978; 42: 1785–1787.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  535. Demole, E., and P. Enggist. Indentification of twenty-one novel constituents of oriental tobacco flavour (Nicotiana tabacum L.) including (E)-3-methyl-non-2-en-4-one,15-olide, 8-alpha,13:9-alpha,13-diepoxy-15,16-dinorlabdane,(z)-octadec-9-en-18-olide, and (E)-2-ethylidene-6,10,14-trimethyl, trans-2-ethylidene. Helv Chim Acta 1978; 61: 2318–2327.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  536. Behr, D., I, Wahlberg, A. J. Aasen, et al. Tobacco chemistry. 44. (1S,2E,4R, 6E,8R,11S,12R): and (1s,2E,4S,6E, 8R,11S,12R)-8,11-eposy-2,6-thunbergadiene-4,12-diol. Two new diterpenoids of Greek tobacco. Acta Chem Scand Ser B 1978; 32: 221–227.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  537. Takagi, Y., T. Chuman, T. Fujimori, H. Kaneko, T. Fukuzumi, and M. Noguchi. Isolation of new nor-isoprenoids related to tobacco thunberganoids from Japanese domestic suifu tobacco. Agr Biol Chem 1978; 42: 327–331.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  538. Coxon, D. T., A. M. C. Davies, G. R. Fenwick, R. Self, J. L. Firmin, D. Lipkin and N. F. Janes. Agropine, a new amino acid derivative from crown gall tumors. Tetrahedron Lett 1980; 21: 495–498.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  539. Takagi, Y., T. Fujimori, H. Kaneko, and K. Kato. Phytuberol from Japanese domesto tobacco, Nicotiana tabacum cv. Suifu. Agr Biol Chem 1979; 43: 2395–2396.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  540. Chortyk, O. T., R. F. Severson, and R. F. Arrendale. Isolation and quantitation of terpenoid and lipid constituents of tobacco. Lloydia 1978; 41(6): 647–648.

    Google Scholar 

  541. Takagi, Y., T. Fujimori, H. Kaneko, and K. Kato. Cembrene, from Japanese domestic tobacco Nicotiana tabacum. Agr Biol Chem 1980; 44: 467–468.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  542. Kung, S. D., J. A. Saunder, T. C. Tso, D. A. Vaughan, M. Womack, R. C. Staples, and G. R. Beecher. Tobacco as a potential food source and smoke material nutritional evaluation of tobacco leaf protein. J Food Sci 1980; 45: 320–327.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  543. De Salles, L. The water soluble fraction of cigarette smoke condensate identification of the principal components. Ann Tab Sect 1976; 1(14): 119–124.

    Google Scholar 

  544. Court, W. A., and J. G. Hendel. Determination of nonvolatile organic and fatty acids in flue-cured tobacco by gas liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr Sci 1978; 16: 314–317.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  545. Kawashima, N., and Y. Tanabe. Comparison of the primary structure of the large and small subunits of fraction 1 protein from Solanaceae plants and other families. Biochem Syst Ecol 1975; 2:193–199.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  546. Behr, D., I. Wahlberg, T. Nishida, C. R. Enzell, J. Berg, and A. Pilotti. Tobacco chemistry. New cembranic diterpenoids from Greek tobacco. Acta Chem Scand Ser B 1980; 34:195–202.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  547. Uegaki, R., T. Fujimori, H. Kaneko, K. Kato, and M. Noguchi. Isolaton of dehydrololiolide and 3-oxo-actinidol from Nicotiana tabacum. Agr Biol Chem 1979; 43(5): 1149–1150.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  548. Kodama, H., T. Fujimori, and K. Kato. Non-volatile constituents in tobacco. Part 1. Isolation of a new terpene clucoside,3-hydroxy-5,6-epoxy-beta-ionyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside from flue-cured tobacco. Agr Biol Chem 1981; 45: 941–944.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  549. Wahlberg, I., D. Behr, A. M. Eklund, T. Nishida, and C. R. Enzell. Tobacco chemistry. Seven new nor-cembra-noids isolated from Greek tobacco. Acta Chem Scand Ser B 1980; 34(34): 675–683.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  550. Miyano, M., N. Yasumatsu, H. Matsushita, and K. Nishida. 1-(6-hydroxyoctanoyl)nornicotine and 1-(7-hydroxyoctanoyl)nornicotine, two new alkaloids from Japanese deomestic tobacco. Agr Biol Chem 1981; 45: 1029–1032.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  551. Rao, V. P., D. Chowdary, and R. Narayanan. Effect of aqueous tobacco extract on the bioenergetis parameters of the snail host, Lymnaea luteola. Proc Tent Int Congress Trop Med & Malaria 1980; 355.

    Google Scholar 

  552. Wahlberg, I., D. Behr, A. M. Eklund, T. Nishida, C. R. Enzell, and J. E. Berg. Tobacco chemistry. 54. (1S,2E,4S,6E, 8S,1 1R,12S)-8-11-epoxy-cembradiene-1,12-diol, a new constituent of Greek tobacco. Acta Chem Scand Ser B 1982; 36: 37–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  553. Wahlberg, I., I. Wallin, C. Narbonne, N. Toshiaki, C. R. Enzell, and J. E. Berg. Tobacco chemistry. Three new cemebranoids from Greek tobacco. The stereochemistry of (1S,2E,4S, 6R,7E,11E)-2,7,11-cembratriene-4,6-diol. Acta Chem Scand Ser B 1982; 36: 147–153.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  554. Katz, T., T. P. Pitner, R. D. Kinser, R. N. Gerfuson, and W. N. Einolf. Isolation and indentification of two new secocembranoids from cigarette smoke. Tetrahedron Lett 1981; 22: 4771–4774.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  555. Siddiqui, I. R., N. Rosa, and G. L. Benzing. An amadori compound from tobacco. Carbohydr Res 1981; 98: 57–63.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  556. Jujimori, T., Y. Takagi, and K. Kato. Isolation of 8,9-dehydrotheaspirone from Nicotiana tabacum. Agr Biol Chem 1981; 45: 2925–2926.

    Google Scholar 

  557. Uegaki, R., T. Fujimori, H. Kaneko, and K. Kato. Isolation of geranyl-geraniadiene from Nicotiana tabacum cv. burley. Agr Biol Chem 1980; 44: 2215.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  558. Kodama, H., T. Fujimori, and K. Kato. Non-volatile constituents on tobacco. Isolation of a new perpene glucoside, loliolide-beta—D-glucopyranoside from flue-cured tobacco. Agr Biol Chem 1982; 46: 1409–1411.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  559. Bolt, A. J. N., S. W. Purkis, and J. S. Sadd. A damascene derivative from Nicotiana tabacum. Phytochemistry 1983; 22(2): 613–614.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  560. Park, O. S. Isolation of solanesol from Korean native tobacco. Korean J Pharmacol 1981; 12: 211–214.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  561. Wahlberg, I., A. M. Eklund, T. Nishida, C. R. Enzell, and J. E. Berg. Tobacco chemistry. 58. 7,8-Epoxy-4-basmen-6-one, a tobacco diterpenoid having a novel skeleton. Tetrahedron Lett 1983; 24(8): 843–846.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  562. Leete, E. Biosynthesis and metabolism of the tobacco alkaloids. Alkaloids: Chemical and Biological Perspectives. John Wiley and Sons, NY, 1983: 85–152.

    Google Scholar 

  563. Matsuzaki, T., A. Koiwai, and N. Kawashima. Isolation of tetra-, penta-, and hepta-acyl glycerides from stigmas of Nicotiana tabacum. Agr Biol Chem 1983; 47(1): 77–82.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  564. Grady, K. L., and J. A. Bassham. 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid concentrations in shoot-forming and non-shoot forming tobacco callus cultures. Plant Physiol 1982; 70: 919–921.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  565. Nishikawaji, S., T. Fujimori, S. Matsu-shima, and K. Kato. Sesquiterpenoids from flue-cured tobacco leaves. Phytochemistry 1983; 22(8): 1819–1820.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  566. Matsushima S., T. Ohsumi, and S. Sugawara. Composition of trace alkaloids in tobacco lean lamina. Agr Biol Chem 1983; 47(3): 507–510.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  567. Heemann, V., A. M. Bylov, U. Brummer, W. Hass, and F. Seehofer. 3,7,11,15-Cembratetraen-6-ol, a new cembranoid from tobacco, III. Z Naturforsch Ser C 1983; 38(7/8): 517–518.

    Google Scholar 

  568. Kodama, H., T. Fujimori, and K. Kato. Structure determination of new sesquiterpene glycosides from flue-cured tobacco by two dimensional NMR. Proc 26th Symposium on the Chemistry of Natural Products, Kyoto, Japan 1983; 26: 1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  569. Wahlberg, I., K. Nordfors, C. Vogt, T. Nishida, and C. R. Enzell. Tobacco chemistry. Five new hydroperoxy-cembratrinediols from tobacco. Acta Chem Scand Ser B 1983; 37(7): 653–656.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  570. Bylov, A. M., U. Brummer, W. Hass, F. Seehofer, V. Heemann, and V. Sinnwell. New cembranoids from tobacco, II. Z Naturforsch Ser C 1983; 38(7/8): 515–516.

    Google Scholar 

  571. Gore, N. R., and J. L. Wray. Leucine: tRNA ligase from cultured cells of Nicotiana tabacum var. xanthi. Evidence for de novo synthesis and for loss of functional enzyme molecules. Plant Physiol 1978; 61(1): 20–24.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  572. Kodama, H., T. Fujimori, and K. Kato. Glucosides of ionone-related compounds in several Nicotiana species. Phytochemistry 1984; 23(3): 583–585.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  573. Kodama, H., T. Fujimori, and K. Kato. A nor-sesquiterpene glycoside, rishitin-beta-sophoroside, from tobacco. Phytochemistry 1984; 23(3): 690–692.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  574. Hirsch, J. M., B. Svennerholm, and A. Vahlne. Inhibition of herpes simplex virus replication by tobacco extracts. Cancer Res 1984; 44(5): 1991–1997.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  575. Wahlberg, I., R. Arndt, I. Wallin, C. Vogt, T. Nishida, and C. R. Enzell. Tobacco chemistry. Six new cembratrienetriols from tobacco. Acta Chem Scand Ser B 1984; 38(1): 21–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  576. Misawa, M. Production of natural substances by plant cell cultures described in Japanese Patents. Plant Tissue Culture its Bio-Technol Appl Int Congr 1st 1976; 17–26.

    Google Scholar 

  577. Yamada, Y., Y. Hara, M. Senda, M. Nishihara, and M. Kito. Phospholipids of membranes of cultured cells and the products of protoplast fusion. Phytochemistry 1979; 18: 423–426.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  578. Sheveleva, G. A., and A. P. Kiryushchenkov. Effect of nicotine on fetal development and offspring (of treated rats). Akush Ginekol 1981; 6: 31–34.

    Google Scholar 

  579. Thelestam, M., M. Curvall, and C. R. Enzell. Effect of tobacco smoke compounds on the plasma membrane of cultured human lung fibroblasts. Toxicology 1980; 15: 203–217.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  580. Adesina, S. K. Studies on some plants used as anticonvulsants in Amerindian and African traditional medicine. Fitoterapia 1982; 53: 147–162.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  581. Mousdale, D. M. A. Reversed-phase ion-pair high-performance liquid chro-matography of the plant hormones indolyl-3-acetic, and abscisic acid. J Chromatogr 1981; 209: 489–493.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  582. Agarwal, J. L., A. K. Sisodia, C. D. Pande. An effect of cigarette smoking on serum total cholesterol level. Ann Natl Acad Med Sci (India) 1982; 18(1): 15–20.

    Google Scholar 

  583. Chang, C. C., C. M. Chen, B. R. Adams, and B. M. Trost. Leucinopine. A characteristic compound of some crown gall tumors. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 1983; 80: 3573–3576.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  584. Nemity, W. Agents to wean smokers from nicotine. Patent-Ger Offen-1,911,112: 1970; 8 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  585. Luna, L. E. The concept of plants as teachers among four Mestizo shamans of Iquitos, northeastern Peru. J Ethnopharmacol 1984; 11(2): 135–156.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  586. Kargbo, T. K. Traditional practices affecting the health of women and children in Africa. Unpublished manuscript, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  587. Bredon, M., A. M. Quero, and A. German. Tobacco smoke influence on mice resistance to different viral diseases. Ann Pharm Fr 1982; 40(2): 153–165.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  588. Ojewole, J. A. O., A. D. Adekile, and O. O. Odebiyi. Pharmacological studies on a Nigerian herbal preparation: 1. Cardiovascular actions of cow’s urine concoction (cuc) and it individual components. Int J Crude Drug Res 1982; 20: 71–85.

    Google Scholar 

  589. Boyd, E. J. S., J. A. Wilson, and K. G. Wormsley. Smoking impairs therapeutic gastric inhibition. Lancet 1983; 8316:95–97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  590. Khan, N. A. and S. S. Hasan. Effect of Cannabis hemp (hashish) on normal and rats subjected to psychological stress. Proc Indian Acad Sci Anim 1984; 93(2): 121–129.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  591. Adesina, S. K. Studies on a Nigerian herbal anticonvulsant recipe. Int J Crude Drug Res 1982; 20: 93–100.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  592. Hedberg, I., O. Hedberg, P. J. Madati, K. E. Mshigeni, E. N. Mshiu, and G. Samuelsson. Inventory of plants used in traditional medicine in Tanzania. II. Plants of the families Dilleniaceae-Opilliaceae. J Ethnopharmacol 1983; 9(1): 105–127.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  593. Van Puyvelde, L., D. Geysen, F. X. Ayobangira, E. Hakizamungu, A. Nshimiyimana, and A. Kalisa. Screening of medicinal plants of Rwanda for ascaricidal activity. J Ethnopharmacol 1985; 13(2):209–215.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  594. Singh, Y. N. Traditional medicine in Fiji: Some herbal folk cures by Fiji Indians. J Ethnopharmacol 1986; 15(1): 57–88.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  595. Barrieri, R. L., P. M. Mc Shane, and K. J. Ryan. Constituents of cigarette smoke inhibit human granulose cell aromatase. Farmatsiya (Sofia) 1986; 46(2): 232–236.

    Google Scholar 

  596. Matsuzaki, T., and A. Koiwai. Germination inhibition in stigma extracts of tobacco and indentification of MeABA, ABA and ABA-Beta-D-glucopyranoside. Agr Biol Chem 1986; 50(9): 2193–2199.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  597. Wahlberg, I., A. M. Eklund, C. R. Enzell, and J. E. Berg. Tobacco chemistry. (5R,6S,7E,9S)-7-megastigmene-5,6-9-triol, a new constituent of Greek tobacco. Acta Chem Scand Ser B 1987; 41(6): 455–458.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  598. Weniger, B., M. Rouzier, R. Daguilh, D. Henrys, J. H. Henrys, and R. Anton. Popular medicine of the central plateau of Haiti. Ethnopharmacological inventory. J Ethnopharmacol 1986; 17(1): 13–30.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  599. Hoffman, D., J. D. Adams, D. Lisk, I. Fisenne, and K. D. Brunnemann. Toxic and carcinogenic agents in dry and moist snuff. J Nat Cancer Inst 1987; 79(6): 1281–1286.

    Google Scholar 

  600. Arenas, P. Medicine and magic among the Maka Indians of the Paraguayan Chaco. J Ethnopharmacol 1987; 21(3): 279–295.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  601. Kulakkattolickal, A. Piscicidal plants of Nepal: Preliminary toxicity screening using grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) fingerlings. J Ethnopharmacol 1987; 21(1): 1–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  602. Whitehead, I. M., D. F. Ewing, and D. R. Threlfall. Sesquiterpenoids related to the phytoalexin debneyol from elicited cell suspension cultures of Nicotiana tabacum. Phytochemistry 1988;27(5): 1365–1370.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  603. Becker, C. G., D. P. Hajjar, and J. M. Hefton. Tobacco constituents are mitogenic for arterial smooth-muscle cells. Am J Pathol 1985; 120(1): 1–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  604. Leifertova, I., and M. Lisa. The antifungal properties of higher plants affecting some species of the genus Aspergillus. Folia Pharm (Prague) 1979; 2: 29–54.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  605. Caceres, A., L. M. Giron, and A. M. Martinez. Diuretic activity of plants used for the treatment of urinary ailments in Guatemala. J Ethnopharmacol 1987;19(3): 233–245.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  606. Ramirez, V. R., L. J. Mostacero, A. E. Garcia, et al. Vegetales empleados en Medicina Tradicional Norperuana. Banco Agrario Del Peru & NACL Univ Trujillo, Peru, June 1988: 54 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  607. Caceres, A., L. M. Giron, S. R. Alvarado, and M. F. Torres. Screening of antimicrobial activity of plants popularly used in Guatemala for the treatment of dermatomucosal diseases. J Ethnopharmacol 1987; 20(3): 223–237.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  608. Tanaka, H., R. Uegaki, T. Fujimori, and K. Kato. Antibacterial activity of sesquiterpenoids from tobacco leaves elicited by Pseudomonas solanacearum and tobacco mosaic virus. Nippon Shokubutsu Byori Gakkaiho 1983; 49(4): 501–507.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  609. Hirschmann, G. S., and A. Rojas De Arias. A survey of medicinal plants of Minas Gerais, Brazil. J Ethnopharmacol 1990; 29(2): 159–172.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  610. Grunweller, S., E. Schroder, and J. Kesselmeier. Biological activities of furostanol saponins from Nicotiana tabacum. Phytochemistry 1990; 29(8): 2485–2490.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  611. Holdsworth, D., and H. Sakulas. Medicinal plants of the Morobe province part II. The Aseki valley. Int J Crude Drug Res 1986; 24(1): 31–40.

    Google Scholar 

  612. Sen, S., G. Talukder, and A. Sharma. Potentiation of betel-induced alterations of mouse glandular stomach mucosa by tobacco in studies simulating betel addiction. Int J Crude Drug Res 1987; 25(4): 209–215.

    Google Scholar 

  613. Yamaguchi, K., T. Suzuki, A. Katayama, M. Sasa, and S. Iida. Insectidcidal action of Japanese plants. II. A general method of detecting effective fractions and its application to 24 species of insecticidal plants. Botyu Kagaku 1950; 15: 62–70.

    Google Scholar 

  614. Roig, Y., and J. T. Mesa. Plantas Medicinales, Aromaticas o Venenosas de Cuba. Ministerio de Agricultura, Republica de Cuba, Havana. Book 1945; 872 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  615. Humphreys, F. R. The occurrence and industrial productin of rutin in southeastern Australia. Econ Bot 1964; 18: 195–253.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  616. Bhasin, H. D. Annual report of the entomologist to Government, Punjab, Lyallpur, for the year 1924–25. Report Operations Dept Agr Punjab 1926; 1(II): 69–121.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  617. Prance, G. T. An ethnobotanical comparison of four tribes of Amazonian Indians. Acta Amazonica 1972; 2(2): 7–27.

    Google Scholar 

  618. Moller, M. S. G. Custom, pregnancy and child bearing in Tanganyika. J Trop Pediatrics Afr Child Health 1961; 7(3): 66–78.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  619. Schultes, R. E., and R. F. Raffauf. The Healing Forest: medicinal and toxic plants of the northwest Amazonia. Dioscorides Press, Portland, OR. 1995; 432–436.

    Google Scholar 

  620. Nakao, Y., X. Yang, M. Yokoyama, M. M. Pater, and A. Pater. Malignant transformation of human ectocervical cells immortalized by HPV 18: in vitro model of carcinogenesis by cigarette smoke. Carcinogenesis 1996; 17(3): 577–83.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  621. Shahi, G. S., N. P. Das, and S. M. Moochhala. 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3, 6-tetrahydropyridine-induced neuro-toxicity: partial protection against striatonigral dopamine depletion in C57BL/6J mice by cigarette smoke exposure and by beta-naphthoflavone-pretreatment. Neurosci Lett 1991; 127(2): 247–250.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  622. Aasen, A. J., T. Chuman, and C. R. Enzell. (6S)-6-isopropyl-3-methyl-9-oxo-2E, 4E-decadenoic acid from Turkish Nicotiana tabacum, assignment of absolute configuration. Agr Biol Chem 1975; 39; 2085.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  623. Wahlberg, I., A. M. Ecklund, T. Nishida, and C. R. Enzell. Tobacco chemistry. Two new nor-drimanes from Greek tobacco. Acta Chem Scand Ser B 1981; 35: 307–310.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  624. Nagai, N., Y. Kojima, M. Shimosaka, and M. Okazaki. Effects of kinetin on L-phenylalanine ammonialyase activity in tobacco cell culture. Agr Biol Chem 1988; 52(10): 2617–2619.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  625. Kodama, H., T. Fujimori, and K. Kato. Three new sesquiterpenoid glycosides from tobacco. Agr Biol Chem 1985; 49(9): 2537–2541.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  626. Ferguson, F. N., F. F. Whidby., E. B. Sanders, et al. Isolation and characterization of 2,3-dimethyl-6-(4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)-1,4-naphthoquinone from tobacco, and smoke. Tetrahedron Lett 1978; 1978: 2645–2648.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  627. Maisch, R., B. Knoop, and R. Beiderbeck. Absorbent culture of tobacco cell suspensions with different absorbents. Z Naturforsch Ser C 1986; 41(11/12): 1040–1044.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2005 Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

(2005). Nicotiana tabacum. In: Medicinal Plants of the World, Volume 3. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-887-8_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-887-8_9

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-58829-129-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-887-8

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics